NW-dipping versus SE-dipping causative faults of the 1783 M7.1 Southern Calabria (Italy) earthquake: The contribution from the analysis of the coseismic hydrological changes

Abstract

The 1783 Mw7.1 Southern Calabria (Italy) earthquake originated a remarkable number of observations of hydrological changes (variations of flow in springs and streams, liquefaction, changes in water temperature) that occurred in different localities. To provide further constraints on the mechanism and the geometry of the causative fault of the event, I compared the distribution of the hydrological changes with the coseismic strain produced by eight seismogenic sources proposed for the earthquake. The most important outcomes of the study can be summarized as follows: a) the group of potential sources that display the best agreement between expected deformation and hydrological signature consists of NW-dipping systems of three to four surface-rupturing almost pure normal fault segments (Cittanova fault system), capable of generating earthquakes of magnitude Mw6.9–7.1; b) the distribution of the observed coseismic hydrological anomalies does not support the role of the SEdipping faults as potential sources of the 1783 earthquake; c) the pattern of deformation associated with the best fit source strengthens the hypothesis that the 20 km-long surface ruptures testified soon after the 1783 event reflect primary faulting; d) a minimum magnitude Mw6.9–7.0 is required to obtain the pattern and the extent of distribution of the coseismic hydrological changes observed in the field; e) the location of the hydrological variations that were observed only along the western side of southern Calabria suggests that the Cittanova fault system acts as a hydrological barrier that hampers the groundwater circulation toward the East