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Publication Open Access New low power pulse compressed ionosonde at Gibilmanna Ionospheric Observatory(2005)A digital low power pulse compressed ionosonde was developed at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy. The aim of this Advanced Ionospheric Sounder, AIS-INGV, is to reduce the transmitted power and, consequently, weight, size, power consumption and hardware complexity. To compensate the power reduction the most advanced HF radar techniques such as the pulse compression and a phase coherent integration are used. The ionosonde is completely programmable and a PC supports the data acquisition, control, storage and on-line processing. The first prototype was installed at Gibilmanna Ionospheric Observatory (Sicily), an interesting location in the center of Mediterranean area. The new ionosonde will contribute to ionospheric database and real time knowledge of South European ionospheric conditions for space weather applications. In this work the first results (ionograms and autoscaled characteristics) are presented and briefly discussed.Publication Open Access The new AIS-INGV digital ionosonde(2003)A new digital ionosonde called AIS-INGV (Advanced Ionospheric Sounder) was designed both for research and for routine service of HF radio wave propagation forecast. Nearly the entire system was developed in the Laboratorio di Geofisica Ambientale at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome. It exploits advanced techniques for signal analysis, recent technological devices and PC resources. This paper describes design concepts and performance of the new ionosonde.Publication Open Access The New AIS-INGV Ionosonde at Italian Antarctic Observatory(2004)The Italian Ionospheric Antarctic Observatory of Terra Nova Bay (74.70S, 164.11E) was recently equipped with the AIS-INGV ionosonde developed at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, (Italy). This paper aims to describe briefly which are the main characteristics of the instrument and show the good quality and reliability of the recorded ionograms.Publication Open Access THE NEW INGV DIGITAL IONOSONDE: DESIGN REPORT(2002-04)The ionosonde is a system which exploits the radar technique: it applies electromagnetic waves with variable frequency in the HF band to measure the ionospheric layers electron density, height and other parameters. This paper is a technical report on the new digital ionosonde (AIS-INGV), which was designed both for research purposes and for the routine service of the HF radiowave propagation forecast. It has been developed almost completely within the Laboratorio di Geofisica Ambientale (LGA) at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). It exploits advanced techniques for the signal analysis, recent technological devices and PC resources. The report is divided into two parts; the first is a general description of the design development, the second is a more detailed description of the blocks and circuits actually built and tested, directed to a specialist reader.Publication Open Access IONOSONDA A COMPRESSIONE DI IMPULSI - NOTA TECNICA PRELIMINARE(2002)Nel laboratorio di geofisica ambientale dell'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia è stato progettato e realizzato il prototipo di una ionosonda a bassa potenza a compressione di impulsi secondo i dettami della moderna tecnica radaristica. Si è puntato sulla realizzazione di una macchina a bassa potenza e dal costo contenuto con possibilità di costituire una rete di ionosonde per scopi di sorveglianza ionosferica. Il sistema con una potenza di 200W consente di investigare la ionosfera da 90 a 700km con una risoluzione verticale di 5km in un range di frequenza da 1 a 20MHz.
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Publication Open Access Earth-prints Open Archive: brochure(2006-04-02)www.earth-prints.org aims to satisfy the increasing demand of fast, up-to-date, easy-accessible, and free-of-charge sources of information in all branches of Geosciences. It allows earth scientists to deposit electronic documents into its collections and to index them by subjects and keywords. Earth-prints provides a time-stamp to all deposited materials to insure precedence rights to original ideas and scientific results. It deals with copyright issues through Creative Common standards that offer a wide variety of licenses. All deposited material is made immediately available to the public. Subscribers will be sent a daily newsletter according to the topics they have signed in. The archive has a three-level hierarchical structure. The top level includes Atmosphere, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, Solid Earth, and General. It then branches into several disciplines within the other two levels. Different collections take in different kinds of material, such as pre-prints, oral presentations, extended abstracts, published papers, conference papers, books and book chapters, posters, and Web products and databases. Earth-Prints main language is English but it accepts documents in other languages also, giving visibility to data and studies at local scale that are indeed of general interests. An abstract in English is always required. We will present a virtual tour into the many features of Earth-prints to provide all its potential users with an easy acquaintance of the system and make them explore its capabilities. Although the archive is based on latest information technology it requires no specific knowledge to be used because it manages all procedures for access, navigation, upload of documents and information retrieval through a user-friendly interface. What is the limit of open archive development? We think that the one and only limit of open archives is the eagerness of its users to share information and knowledge.Publication Open Access FEMSA: a finite element simulation tool for quasi-static seismic deformation modeling(2007-06)We set up a computational tool to numerically model static and quasi-static deformation generated by faulting sources embedded in plane or spherical domains. We use a Finite Element (FE) approach to automatically implement arbitrary faulting sources and calculate displacement and stress fields induced by slip on the fault. The package makes use of the capabilities of CalculiX, a non commercial FE software designed to solve field problems (see for details), and is freely distributed by request.Publication Open Access The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D.(2005)The historical sources of large and moderate earthquakes, earthquake catalogues and monographs exist in many depositories in Syria and European centers. They have been studied, and the detailed review and analysis resulted in a catalogue with 181 historical earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Numerous original documents in Arabic, Latin, Byzantine and Assyrian allowed us to identify seismic events not mentioned in previous works. In particular, detailed descriptions of damage in Arabic sources provided quantitative information necessary to re-evaluate past seismic events. These large earthquakes (I0>VIII) caused considerable damage in cities, towns and villages located along the northern section of the Dead Sea fault system. Fewer large events also occurred along the Palmyra, Ar-Rassafeh and the Euphrates faults in Eastern Syria. Descriptions in original sources document foreshocks, aftershocks, fault ruptures, liquefaction, landslides, tsunamis, fires and other damages. We present here an updated historical catalogue of 181 historical earthquakes distributed in 4 categories regarding the originality and other considerations, we also present a table of the parametric catalogue of 36 historical earthquakes (table I) and a table of the complete list of all historical earthquakes (181 events) with the affected locality names and parameters of information quality and completeness (table II) using methods already applied in other regions (Italy, England, Iran, Russia) with a completeness test using EMS-92. This test suggests that the catalogue is relatively complete for magnitudes >6.5. This catalogue may contribute to a comprehensive and unified parametric earthquake catalogue and to a realistic assessment of seismic hazards in Syria and surrounding regions.Publication Open Access Environment and Geoscience(2008-09-11)This book contains the proceedings of the 1st WSEAS International Conference on Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering (EG'08) which was held in Malta, September 11-13, 2008. This conference aims to disseminate the latest research and applications in Renewable Energy, Mineral Resources, Natural Hazards and Risks, Environmental Impact Assessment, Urban and Regional Planning Issues, Remote Sensing and GIS, and other relevant topics and applications. The friendliness and openness of the WSEAS conferences, adds to their ability to grow by constantly attracting young researchers. The WSEAS Conferences attract a large number of well-established and leading researchers in various areas of Science and Engineering as you can see from http://www.wseas.org/reports. Your feedback encourages the society to go ahead as you can see in http://www.worldses.org/feedback.htm The contents of this Book are also published in the CD-ROM Proceedings of the Conference. Both will be sent to the WSEAS collaborating indices after the conference: www.worldses.org/indexes In addition, papers of this book are permanently available to all the scientific community via the WSEAS E-Library. Expanded and enhanced versions of papers published in this conference proceedings are also going to be considered for possible publication in one of the WSEAS journals that participate in the major International Scientific Indices (Elsevier, Scopus, EI, ACM, Compendex, INSPEC, CSA .... see: www.worldses.org/indexes) these papers must be of high-quality (break-through work) and a new round of a very strict review will follow. (No additional fee will be required for the publication of the extended version in a journal). WSEAS has also collaboration with several other international publishers and all these excellent papers of this volume could be further improved, could be extended and could be enhanced for possible additional evaluation in one of the editions of these international publishers. Finally, we cordially thank all the people of WSEAS for their efforts to maintain the high scientific level of conferences, proceedings and journals.Publication Open Access High resolution magnetic anomaly map of Tenerife, Canary Islands(2007-10)This study presents magnetic anomaly data from a new high-resolution, low-altitude helicopter-borne magnetic survey recently collected on and offshore Tenerife in the Canary Archipelago. The Italian Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in collaboration with the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales of the CSIC of Spain conducted the survey in 2006. The data for Tenerife and surrounding marine areas were processed into digital total intensity magnetic anomalies for geomagnetic epoch 2006.4. Relative to previously available higher altitude magnetic survey data, the new survey mapped higher resolution anomalies with significantly improved spatial details, especially over the Las Cañadas caldera and Teide-Pico Viejo complex in the central part of the island. A good correlation is evident between known structural geology and the magnetic anomalies, where the new shorter wavelength anomalies facilitate more detailed and comprehensive geologic interpretations.
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Publication Open Access From perception to action: the narrative exhibit as a tool for risk communication in the Phlegraean Fields(Lausann : Frontiers Media S.A., 2013-, 2026-06-08)This article details an interactive narrative exhibit developed for the 2024 Futuro Remoto science festival in Naples, Italy. The exhibit was designed to explore people’s relationship with risk and how they translate awareness into concrete actions. The approximately 200 participants in the workshop represented a community uniquely sensitized to volcanic risk, having recently experienced a prolonged seismic crisis. The activity conducted through the exhibit’s ‘gameplay’ reveals a significant discrepancy between citizens’ self-perception and the reality of concrete preparedness measures. Despite being highly aware of the risk, many participants who considered themselves cautious and organised lacked basic preventive measures, such as emergency kits or knowledge of assembly points. The study advocates for a shift in disaster communication–moving beyond the mere transmission of technical information toward participatory strategies that foster individual agency and shared responsibility.Publication Open Access Contrasting behaviour in geogenic degassing along an active segment of the East Anatolian fault zone (Türkiye)(-Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited -Oxford : Pergamon, 1986-, 2026-03-08)Seismically active areas have long been recognised as hotspots of geogenic degassing. The present study investigated the Osmaniye Fault which belongs to the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). Although EAFZ has been recently (February 2023) hit by the destructive Kahramanmaras¸ earthquake, the studied segment was not involved and is still accumulating stress. Three areas along this structure were selected with gas samples collected and analysed for their chemical and isotope compositions. Extensive CO2-flux measurements were performed together with some soil gas Rn measurements in two of the areas. The three areas were characterised by very different degassing behaviour both in term of chemical and isotope composition and in term of CO2 output. In the first (area A), signs of anomalous degassing are visible with several thousands of m2 showing stunted or absent vegetation, strong alteration of the soils and extensive surface deposits of sulfur and sulfates efflorescences. The CO2-flux measurements yielded a wide range of values (1.3-57,200 g m-2 day-1). Soil Rn activity was generally very low (0.1-1.7 kBq m-3). Soil gas chemistry indicates a mixing between atmospheric air and a CO2-rich deep geogenic end-member (δ13C ~ 0‰). Helium isotope composition indicates a high mantle contribution (R/RA ~ 6). Area B, on the contrary, shows very low soil flux values (0.4-57 g m-2 day-1), almost all compatible with organic activity in the soil, low Rn activity (0.3-5.6 kBq m-3) and strongly negative δ13C–CO2 values (<-21.7‰). In area C, geogenic degassing can be recognised only as gas bubbling in a hyperalkaline (pH ~ 12) spring. The gases comprise predominantly CH4 of likely abiotic origin. The absence of deep-derived CO2 suggests consumption either by carbonate precipitation or through reactions with H2 produced during serpentinization processes occurring in the ultramafic rocks of the area. Deep origin of at least part of the gases is supported by the substantial contribution of mantle He (R/RA ~ 3). Estimation of the total CO2 output of area A gave a value of about 20,000 t a-1. Such output value, comparable with a quiescent volcanic system, further underscores the important contribution of geogenic degassing along active tectonic structures to the natural carbon cycle. Periodic and/or continuous monitoring of gaseous emissions in the same area would be useful to obtain possible precursory signals.Publication Open Access Volatiles in the mantle below Northern Antarctica: Insights from Deception Island volcano(Pubblicata da: INT ASSOC GONDWANA RESEARCH, KOCHI UNIV, FACULTY SCIENCE AKEBONO-CHO 2-5-1, KOCHI, JAPAN, 780-8520, 2026-04-28)The incomplete knowledge of the pristine composition of the Earth's interior along with the variable impact of shallow ecosystems on the mantle over geological time severely restrict the ability to assess the volatiles budget in the Earth's deep reservoirs and how geodynamics controls mantle heterogeneity. We present the results of a geochemical exploration at Deception Island volcano in Antarctica, whose fluids provide the rare opportunity to investigate the mantle at very high latitudes. This region is characterized by a paucity of data due to its remoteness and not easy to reach to explore and collect samples in the field. Helium isotopes combined with the carbon-isotope composition of carbon dioxide in fluids emitted at Deception Island match the composition of the convective Mid Oceanic Mantle Reservoir (MORBtype). In contrast, the nitrogen 15 N 15 N isotopologues surprisingly indicate an excess of nitrogen respect to a MORB-type Earth mantle. We conclude that this is due to the subduction of shallow crustal materials with low carbon/nitrogen ratios-typical of high-latitude regions-down into the mantle. Our results therefore highlight the impact of the surface environment on the Earth's interior by revealing a convincing match between the low carbon/nitrogen ratios of the lowest latitude surface environment and of the mantle-derived fluids. These findings offer novel perspectives into the role of diverse latitudinal surface ecosystems in shaping the heterogeneity of the Earth's mantle and their implications for carbon and nitrogen cycles.Publication Open Access Mortars From Punic and Hellenistic-Roman Solunto: Materials, Formulations, and Technology(-Oxford: Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd for University of Oxford (Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art) in association with Gesellschaft für Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie Archaeometrie the Society for Archaeological Sciences and Associazione Italiana di Archeometria -Oxford: Blackwell, 2026)This study presents an archaeometric investigation of 18 hydraulic rendering and bedding mortars from Punic and Hellenistic-Roman Solunto (NW Sicily). The research aimed to characterize raw materials, reconstruct manufacturing sequences, and evaluate technological proficiency through mineralogical and petrochemical analyses. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) reveal the consistent use of magnesian aerial lime derived from local dolostones. Aggregates consist of cocciopesto (crushed pottery/brick) or local geological materials. The results clarify production techniques for hydraulic mortars made without natural pozzolans, showing that magnesium-rich binders combined with cocciopesto or dolomite yield mortars with good hydraulic performance. A key finding is the presence of hydrotalcite, a rare crystalline phase indicating advanced empirical knowledge in producing durable, water-resistant mortars. These insights enhance our understanding of ancient construction practices and support the development of compatible conservation materials. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Publication Open Access Dalla penna al pennino. I terremoti prima del sismografo(2024)La distribuzione spaziale e temporale dei terremoti riveste un’importanza cruciale nella valutazione della pericolosità sismica, cioè della stima dello scuotimento sismico su una determinata area. Le faglie, strutture geologiche responsabili dei terremoti, sono spesso situate in profondità nel terreno e in alcuni casi individuate solo a seguito del verificarsi di un evento sismico. Esse possono rimanere inattive per lunghi periodi, talvolta anche secoli. Inoltre, quelle di dimensioni maggiori possono attivarsi solo in alcune parti o lungo tutta la loro lunghezza, provocando una grande varietà di scenari ed eventi di magnitudo anche molto diversa a seconda della porzione di faglia interessata. Un’analisi della sismicità limitata a pochi anni può fornire un quadro della “vita” delle faglie, in termini di intervallo tra gli eventi sismici ed energia rilasciata, incompleto. Estendere quanto più possibile nel tempo l’analisi dei terremoti assicura di definire con maggiore affidabilità e completezza la “pericolosità” sismica di una certa area. Tuttavia, la sismometria moderna inizia solo negli anni Sessanta del secolo scorso. Infatti, nonostante i numerosi tentativi, lungo quasi duemila anni, di costruire strumenti in grado di registrare terremoti e conservare i relativi sismogrammi, molti apparati costruiti prima di quel periodo non hanno ottenuto i risultati prefissati. E comunque nei numerosi casi, soprattutto a partire dalla fine dell’Ottocento, in cui gli strumenti hanno funzionato, solo una piccola parte delle loro registrazioni è stata rintracciata e archiviata. Se basassimo le nostre analisi di sismicità solo sui dati a partire dalla seconda metà del Novecento avremmo un quadro della sismicità della penisola italiana molto diverso da quello reale. Nella figura 1 sono riportati i terremoti di magnitudo superiore a 5 avvenuti a partire dal 1960. In base a quella carta, la Liguria non risulta mai essere stata interessata da terremoti “forti” mentre per altri settori della penisola, come la costa adriatica settentrionale, la Toscana e il Lazio, il quadro della sismicità è profondamente diverso rispetto alle conoscenze attuali. Perfino la Sicilia e la Calabria risultano poco sismiche. Si pone dunque il problema di ricostruire la sismicità per periodi nei quali non esistevano, o comunque non erano sufficientemente affidabili, strumenti sismici o per i quali le registrazioni sono andate perdute. In questo articolo, dopo una veloce ricostruzione della storia degli apparati sismici, vengono descritte le tecniche con le quali è possibile riconoscere e catalogare terremoti anche per periodi nei quali non esisteva strumentazione sismica.





