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Publication Open Access New low power pulse compressed ionosonde at Gibilmanna Ionospheric Observatory(2005)A digital low power pulse compressed ionosonde was developed at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy. The aim of this Advanced Ionospheric Sounder, AIS-INGV, is to reduce the transmitted power and, consequently, weight, size, power consumption and hardware complexity. To compensate the power reduction the most advanced HF radar techniques such as the pulse compression and a phase coherent integration are used. The ionosonde is completely programmable and a PC supports the data acquisition, control, storage and on-line processing. The first prototype was installed at Gibilmanna Ionospheric Observatory (Sicily), an interesting location in the center of Mediterranean area. The new ionosonde will contribute to ionospheric database and real time knowledge of South European ionospheric conditions for space weather applications. In this work the first results (ionograms and autoscaled characteristics) are presented and briefly discussed.Publication Open Access The new AIS-INGV digital ionosonde(2003)A new digital ionosonde called AIS-INGV (Advanced Ionospheric Sounder) was designed both for research and for routine service of HF radio wave propagation forecast. Nearly the entire system was developed in the Laboratorio di Geofisica Ambientale at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome. It exploits advanced techniques for signal analysis, recent technological devices and PC resources. This paper describes design concepts and performance of the new ionosonde.Publication Open Access The New AIS-INGV Ionosonde at Italian Antarctic Observatory(2004)The Italian Ionospheric Antarctic Observatory of Terra Nova Bay (74.70S, 164.11E) was recently equipped with the AIS-INGV ionosonde developed at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, (Italy). This paper aims to describe briefly which are the main characteristics of the instrument and show the good quality and reliability of the recorded ionograms.Publication Open Access THE NEW INGV DIGITAL IONOSONDE: DESIGN REPORT(2002-04)The ionosonde is a system which exploits the radar technique: it applies electromagnetic waves with variable frequency in the HF band to measure the ionospheric layers electron density, height and other parameters. This paper is a technical report on the new digital ionosonde (AIS-INGV), which was designed both for research purposes and for the routine service of the HF radiowave propagation forecast. It has been developed almost completely within the Laboratorio di Geofisica Ambientale (LGA) at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). It exploits advanced techniques for the signal analysis, recent technological devices and PC resources. The report is divided into two parts; the first is a general description of the design development, the second is a more detailed description of the blocks and circuits actually built and tested, directed to a specialist reader.Publication Open Access IONOSONDA A COMPRESSIONE DI IMPULSI - NOTA TECNICA PRELIMINARE(2002)Nel laboratorio di geofisica ambientale dell'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia è stato progettato e realizzato il prototipo di una ionosonda a bassa potenza a compressione di impulsi secondo i dettami della moderna tecnica radaristica. Si è puntato sulla realizzazione di una macchina a bassa potenza e dal costo contenuto con possibilità di costituire una rete di ionosonde per scopi di sorveglianza ionosferica. Il sistema con una potenza di 200W consente di investigare la ionosfera da 90 a 700km con una risoluzione verticale di 5km in un range di frequenza da 1 a 20MHz.
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Publication Open Access Earth-prints Open Archive: brochure(2006-04-02)www.earth-prints.org aims to satisfy the increasing demand of fast, up-to-date, easy-accessible, and free-of-charge sources of information in all branches of Geosciences. It allows earth scientists to deposit electronic documents into its collections and to index them by subjects and keywords. Earth-prints provides a time-stamp to all deposited materials to insure precedence rights to original ideas and scientific results. It deals with copyright issues through Creative Common standards that offer a wide variety of licenses. All deposited material is made immediately available to the public. Subscribers will be sent a daily newsletter according to the topics they have signed in. The archive has a three-level hierarchical structure. The top level includes Atmosphere, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, Solid Earth, and General. It then branches into several disciplines within the other two levels. Different collections take in different kinds of material, such as pre-prints, oral presentations, extended abstracts, published papers, conference papers, books and book chapters, posters, and Web products and databases. Earth-Prints main language is English but it accepts documents in other languages also, giving visibility to data and studies at local scale that are indeed of general interests. An abstract in English is always required. We will present a virtual tour into the many features of Earth-prints to provide all its potential users with an easy acquaintance of the system and make them explore its capabilities. Although the archive is based on latest information technology it requires no specific knowledge to be used because it manages all procedures for access, navigation, upload of documents and information retrieval through a user-friendly interface. What is the limit of open archive development? We think that the one and only limit of open archives is the eagerness of its users to share information and knowledge.Publication Open Access FEMSA: a finite element simulation tool for quasi-static seismic deformation modeling(2007-06)We set up a computational tool to numerically model static and quasi-static deformation generated by faulting sources embedded in plane or spherical domains. We use a Finite Element (FE) approach to automatically implement arbitrary faulting sources and calculate displacement and stress fields induced by slip on the fault. The package makes use of the capabilities of CalculiX, a non commercial FE software designed to solve field problems (see for details), and is freely distributed by request.Publication Open Access The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D.(2005)The historical sources of large and moderate earthquakes, earthquake catalogues and monographs exist in many depositories in Syria and European centers. They have been studied, and the detailed review and analysis resulted in a catalogue with 181 historical earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Numerous original documents in Arabic, Latin, Byzantine and Assyrian allowed us to identify seismic events not mentioned in previous works. In particular, detailed descriptions of damage in Arabic sources provided quantitative information necessary to re-evaluate past seismic events. These large earthquakes (I0>VIII) caused considerable damage in cities, towns and villages located along the northern section of the Dead Sea fault system. Fewer large events also occurred along the Palmyra, Ar-Rassafeh and the Euphrates faults in Eastern Syria. Descriptions in original sources document foreshocks, aftershocks, fault ruptures, liquefaction, landslides, tsunamis, fires and other damages. We present here an updated historical catalogue of 181 historical earthquakes distributed in 4 categories regarding the originality and other considerations, we also present a table of the parametric catalogue of 36 historical earthquakes (table I) and a table of the complete list of all historical earthquakes (181 events) with the affected locality names and parameters of information quality and completeness (table II) using methods already applied in other regions (Italy, England, Iran, Russia) with a completeness test using EMS-92. This test suggests that the catalogue is relatively complete for magnitudes >6.5. This catalogue may contribute to a comprehensive and unified parametric earthquake catalogue and to a realistic assessment of seismic hazards in Syria and surrounding regions.Publication Open Access Environment and Geoscience(2008-09-11)This book contains the proceedings of the 1st WSEAS International Conference on Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering (EG'08) which was held in Malta, September 11-13, 2008. This conference aims to disseminate the latest research and applications in Renewable Energy, Mineral Resources, Natural Hazards and Risks, Environmental Impact Assessment, Urban and Regional Planning Issues, Remote Sensing and GIS, and other relevant topics and applications. The friendliness and openness of the WSEAS conferences, adds to their ability to grow by constantly attracting young researchers. The WSEAS Conferences attract a large number of well-established and leading researchers in various areas of Science and Engineering as you can see from http://www.wseas.org/reports. Your feedback encourages the society to go ahead as you can see in http://www.worldses.org/feedback.htm The contents of this Book are also published in the CD-ROM Proceedings of the Conference. Both will be sent to the WSEAS collaborating indices after the conference: www.worldses.org/indexes In addition, papers of this book are permanently available to all the scientific community via the WSEAS E-Library. Expanded and enhanced versions of papers published in this conference proceedings are also going to be considered for possible publication in one of the WSEAS journals that participate in the major International Scientific Indices (Elsevier, Scopus, EI, ACM, Compendex, INSPEC, CSA .... see: www.worldses.org/indexes) these papers must be of high-quality (break-through work) and a new round of a very strict review will follow. (No additional fee will be required for the publication of the extended version in a journal). WSEAS has also collaboration with several other international publishers and all these excellent papers of this volume could be further improved, could be extended and could be enhanced for possible additional evaluation in one of the editions of these international publishers. Finally, we cordially thank all the people of WSEAS for their efforts to maintain the high scientific level of conferences, proceedings and journals.Publication Open Access High resolution magnetic anomaly map of Tenerife, Canary Islands(2007-10)This study presents magnetic anomaly data from a new high-resolution, low-altitude helicopter-borne magnetic survey recently collected on and offshore Tenerife in the Canary Archipelago. The Italian Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in collaboration with the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales of the CSIC of Spain conducted the survey in 2006. The data for Tenerife and surrounding marine areas were processed into digital total intensity magnetic anomalies for geomagnetic epoch 2006.4. Relative to previously available higher altitude magnetic survey data, the new survey mapped higher resolution anomalies with significantly improved spatial details, especially over the Las Cañadas caldera and Teide-Pico Viejo complex in the central part of the island. A good correlation is evident between known structural geology and the magnetic anomalies, where the new shorter wavelength anomalies facilitate more detailed and comprehensive geologic interpretations.
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Publication Restricted Carbon Monoxide Anomalies for the 2013 Mw =6.7 Lushan Earthquake Using MSSA-RST Approach(IEEE / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated:445 Hoes Lane:Piscataway, NJ 08854:(800)701-4333, (732)981-0060, EMAIL: subscription-service@ieee.org, INTERNET: http://www.ieee.org, Fax: (732)981-9667, 2024)This article deals with the spatial-temporal investigation of the possible relationship of the carbon monoxide (CO) anomalies with the 2013 Mw =6.7 Lushan earthquake. The complexity of the seismogenic environment contributes to the irregular spatial distribution of CO background. Accurate estimation of the spatial reference background is crucial for precisely detecting seismic-related anomalies. In this study, we proposed an improved Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) approach, in which long-term spatial common variation was incorporated into reference background using multichannel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) together with spatial clustering. Using the MSSA-RST approach, we detected CO anomalies associated with the Lushan earthquake, utilizing MERRA-2 data spanning from 180 days before to 90 days after the mainshock, and compared the results with those obtained using typical RST. The cumulative CO anomalies exhibited two accelerated growths in the form of a sigmoidal trend: from −51 to −40 days, and from −26 days to 15 days after the mainshock. Spatially, CO anomalies were distributed around the epicenter and along fault zones. Subsequently, we analyzed seismic events and deformation to explore the association between CO anomalies and the Lushan earthquake. The lithospheric Benioff strain also displayed two sigmoid accelerations preceding the mainshock, consistent with cumulative CO anomalies. Some high-value regions in the GPS velocity field were aligned with CO anomaly clusters surrounding Longmenshan, Xianshuihe, Zemuhe, and Anninghe faults. Furthermore, the spatial correspondence and temporal sequence of multiple parameters provide additional support for the potential seismic origin of most atmospheric CO anomalies detected by the new approach, which can be explained by lithosphere-atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) models.Publication Open Access Insights into Conjugate Hemispheric Ionospheric Disturbances Associated with the Beirut Port Explosion on 4 August 2020 Using Multi Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites(Basel : Molecular Diversity Preservation International, 2025-05-30)In this study, we analysed remote sensing data collected during the Beirut port explosion on 4 August 2020 at 15.08 UT. For this purpose, we selected three Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite missions that passed near the Beirut port explosion site immediately after the event. The satellites involved were Swarm-B, the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP-F17), and the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC-2). This study focused on identifying the possible ionospheric signatures of explosion in both hemispheres. The conjugate hemispheric points were traced using the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model. We found that the satellite data revealed disturbances not only over the explosion site in the Northern Hemisphere, but also in its corresponding conjugate region in the Southern Hemisphere. Ionospheric electron density disturbances were observed poleward in the conjugate hemispheres along the paths of the Swarm and DMSP satellites, whereas the magnetic field data from Swarm-B showed both equatorward and poleward disturbances. Additionally, the ionospheric disturbances detected by Swarm-B (18:52 UT) and DMSP-F17 (16:30 UT) at the same location suggested travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID) oscillations with identical spatial patterns for both satellites, whereas the disturbances observed by COSMIC-2 south of the explosion site (10°N) indicated the radial propagation of TIDs. COSMIC-2 not only recorded equatorward topside (>550 km) ionospheric electron density disturbances, but also in the conjugate hemispheres, which aligns with the time frame reported in previous studies. These ionospheric features observed by multiple LEO satellites indicate that the detected signatures originated from the event, highlighting the importance of integrating space missions for monitoring and gaining deeper insight into space hazards. The absence of equatorward ionospheric disturbances at the altitudes of DMSP-F17 and Swarm-B warrant further investigation.Publication Restricted A Review of Earthquake Precursor Anomaly Extraction Techniques for Geophysical Time-Series Observations(Kluwer Academic Publishers:Journals Department, PO Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht Netherlands:011 31 78 6576050, EMAIL: frontoffice@wkap.nl, kluweronline@wkap.nl, INTERNET: http://www.kluwerlaw.com, Fax: 011 31 78 6576254, 2026-02-09)Extracting earthquake precursors from observation data is a long-standing challenge. In principle, the observation data are the first-hand information to understand the earthquake process, and anomaly extraction is a necessary step to discover earthquake precursors, as well as hopefully enable earthquake prediction. At present, advancements in monitoring systems and anomaly extraction technologies have improved our understanding of many earthquake cases. However, due to diverse geophysical measurement techniques, as well as there could be some different theories and consequent signals induced by earthquake activity, anomaly extraction techniques remain fragmented, with no unified technological consensus established. This review uniquely summarizes time-series-based anomaly extraction techniques across geophysical observations for earthquake precursors, unlike existing reviews that mainly concentrate on individual geophysical observation types. Specifically, we outline the classification of anomaly extraction techniques in time-series observations by investigating their data types, the associated anomaly types, and the corresponding extraction methods. It is found that the growing data and precursor knowledge have shifted extraction methods from traditional to data-driven approaches, transforming anomalies into complex contextual or pattern signals preceding earthquakes. This review offers a practical reference framework for assessing extraction techniques and refining their performance in terms of data and anomaly types. We also hope this investigation will advance understanding of evolving extraction methods and their predictive potential.Publication Open Access SEISMO-VRE: A tool for a multiparametric and multidisciplinary study of an earthquake([Amsterdam] : Elsevier B.V., 2026-02-03)The study of earthquake preparation phases often relies on fragmented approaches, limiting reproducibility and comparison between methods. To address this, we developed a Virtual Research Environment (VRE) for multiparametric and multidisciplinary earthquake investigations. Built as a Jupyter Notebook with MATLAB and Python kernels, the VRE integrates seismic, geodetic, atmospheric, and ionospheric data into a unified and automated workflow. Users can define spatial, temporal and other parameters to retrieve and process data across layers. Its effectiveness is demonstrated through the analysis of the 2016 Central Italy and 2025 Marmara earthquakes, where the tool proved capability to easy reproduce cross-domain results.Publication Open Access Simultaneous Pi2 pulsation detected by CSES-01, Swarm, RBSP and Arase satellites(London: Springer Nature London: Nature Publishing Group, 2026-04-14)In this study, we present simultaneous multi-point observations of Pi2 magnetic pulsations studied, for the first time, through joined measurements of multiple missions: the CSES-01 and Swarm (A and C), in the topside ionosphere, Van Allen Probe (or Radiation Belt Storm Probes, RBSP) (A and B) and Arase in the magnetosphere. We focused on the compressional component of the satellites and the horizontal component of magnetic field from Kakioka (KAK) ground station in Japan. The Pi2 event occurred from 12:40 to 12:56 UT on January 12, 2019, where CSES-01, RBSP-A, and KAK were on the night side; Swarm-A/C, were on the day side while RBSP-B and Arase were in the dusk sector. We observed 90-degree phase delay between RBSP-A-Bz and RBSP-A-Ey which can be interpreted as a radially trapped fast mode for the compressional oscillation. Both the wavelet transforms and the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) were applied for signal analysis, revealing wave-like structures and strong coherence among all data sets and confirming the Pi2 pulsation nature. The compressional component in the topside ionosphere and in the magnetosphere seem very similar with the horizontal component of KAK station. During 12:43-12:45 UT, CSES-01 and Swarm-A/C exhibited an in-phase variation while both were in the Southern Hemisphere. However, as CSES-01 transitioned to the Northern Hemisphere between 12:47 and 12:56 UT, the corresponding signals became out of phase. During the selected Pi2 event, RBSP-B was located very close to Arase in the dusk sector and detected compressional oscillations with a waveform nearly identical to that observed by RBSP-A, suggesting that the observed Pi2 exhibited cavity resonance characteristics. To understand their propagation mechanism, we conduct further analysis of the duskside Pi2 pulsations in this event. We found that the penetration/ propagation speed of the low-frequency Pi2 pulsations is high (|m|~ 0.3) and much larger than the average Alfven speed in the plasmasphere, while the high-frequency Pi2 pulsations have a finite m number (m ~-1.7) and their phase speed is comparable to the average Alfven speed. We suggest that the nightside Pi2 pulsations propagate sunward through a waveguide-like mode, consistent with the high-frequency Pi2 signatures detected on the duskside in the magnetosphere.