Frictional power dissipation in a seismic ancient fault

The frictional power per unit area (product of frictional traction τ and slip rate
in MW m−2) dissipated during earthquakes triggers fault dynamic weakening mechanisms that control rupture nucleation, propagation and arrest. Although of great relevance in earthquake mechanics,
cannot, with rare exceptions, be determined by geophysical methods. Here we exploit theoretical, experimental and geological constraints to estimate
dissipated on a fault patch exhumed from 7-9 km depth. According to theoretical models, in polymineralic, silicate rocks the amplitude (< 1 mm) of the grain-scale roughness of the boundary between frictional melt (pseudotachylyte) and host rock decreases with increasing
. The dependence of grain-scale roughness with
is due to differential melt front migration in the host rock minerals. This dependence is confirmed by friction experiments reproducing seismic slip where pseudotachylytes were produced by shearing tonalite at
ranging from 5 to 25 MW m−2. In natural pseudotachylytes across tonalites, the grain-scale roughness broadly decreases from extensional to compressional fault domains where lower and higher
are expected, respectively. Analysis of the natural dataset calibrated by experiments yields
values in the range of 4-60 MW m−2 (16 MW m−2 average value). These values, estimated in small fault patches, are at the lower end of broad estimates of
(3-300 MW m−2) obtained from frictional tractions (30-300 MPa) and fault slip rates (0.1-1 m/s) assumed as typical of upper crustal earthquakes.