The INGV's new OBS/H: Analysis of the signals recorded at the Marsili submarine volcano
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2.5. Laboratorio per lo sviluppo di sistemi di rilevamento sottomarini
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Issue/vol(year)
/183 (2009)
Publisher
ELSEVIER
Pages (printed)
17-29
Date Issued
May 2009
Subjects
Abstract
The ocean bottom seismometer with hydrophone deployed on the flat top of the Marsili submarine volcano
(790 m deep) by the Gibilmanna OBS Lab (CNT–INGV) from 12th to 21st July, 2006, recorded more than 1000
transient seismic signals. Nineteen of these signals were associated with tectonic earthquakes: 1 teleseismic,
8 regional (located by INGV) and 10 small local seismic events (non located earthquakes). The regional
events were used to determine sensor orientation. By comparing the signals recorded with typical volcanic
seismic activity, we were able to group all the other signals into three categories: 817 volcano–tectonic type B
(VT-B) events, 159 occurrences of high frequency tremor (HFT) and 32 short duration events (SDE). Smallmagnitude
VT-B swarms, having a frequency band of 2–6 Hz and a mean length of about 30 s, were almost all
recorded during the first 7 days. During the last 2 days, the OBS/H mainly recorded HFT events with
frequencies of over 40 Hz and of a few minutes in length. Signals that have similar features in frequency and
time domain are generally associated with hydrothermal activity. During the last two days a signal was
recorded that had a frequency content similar to that of VT-B events was recorded. It will be referred to as
continuous volcanic tremor (CVT). The SDE signals, characterized by a quasi-monochromatic waveform and
having an exponential decaying envelope, may have been generated by oscillations of resonant bodies
excited by magmatic or hydrothermal activity. By applying polarization and parametric spectral analyses, we
inferred that the VT-B were probably multi P-phase events having shallow sources that were situated in
narrow azimuthal windows in relation to the positions of the OBS/H. The parametric spectral analysis of the
SDE signals allowed us to determine their dominant complex frequencies with high accuracy; these
frequencies are distributed in two distinct clusters on the complex plane.
(790 m deep) by the Gibilmanna OBS Lab (CNT–INGV) from 12th to 21st July, 2006, recorded more than 1000
transient seismic signals. Nineteen of these signals were associated with tectonic earthquakes: 1 teleseismic,
8 regional (located by INGV) and 10 small local seismic events (non located earthquakes). The regional
events were used to determine sensor orientation. By comparing the signals recorded with typical volcanic
seismic activity, we were able to group all the other signals into three categories: 817 volcano–tectonic type B
(VT-B) events, 159 occurrences of high frequency tremor (HFT) and 32 short duration events (SDE). Smallmagnitude
VT-B swarms, having a frequency band of 2–6 Hz and a mean length of about 30 s, were almost all
recorded during the first 7 days. During the last 2 days, the OBS/H mainly recorded HFT events with
frequencies of over 40 Hz and of a few minutes in length. Signals that have similar features in frequency and
time domain are generally associated with hydrothermal activity. During the last two days a signal was
recorded that had a frequency content similar to that of VT-B events was recorded. It will be referred to as
continuous volcanic tremor (CVT). The SDE signals, characterized by a quasi-monochromatic waveform and
having an exponential decaying envelope, may have been generated by oscillations of resonant bodies
excited by magmatic or hydrothermal activity. By applying polarization and parametric spectral analyses, we
inferred that the VT-B were probably multi P-phase events having shallow sources that were situated in
narrow azimuthal windows in relation to the positions of the OBS/H. The parametric spectral analysis of the
SDE signals allowed us to determine their dominant complex frequencies with high accuracy; these
frequencies are distributed in two distinct clusters on the complex plane.
References
Alparone, S., Cammarata, L., Cannata, A., Gambino, S., Milluzzo, V., Gresta, S., 2008.
Time–space variation of the 2004–2006 micro-seismicity at La Fossa (Vulcan,
Aeolian Islands, Italy). EGU General Assembly, vol. 10.
Argnani, A., 2000. The southern Tyrrhenian subduction system: recent evolution and
neotectonic implications. Ann. Geophys. 43, 585–607.
Bartosch, T., Seidl, D., 1999. Spectrogram analysis of selected tremor signals using shorttime
Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transform. Ann. Geophys. 42,
497–506.
Beccaluva, L., Rossi, P.L., Serri, G., 1982. Neogene to recent volcanism of the Southern
Tyrrhenian–Sicilian area: implications for the geodynamic evolution of the
Calabrian arc. Earth Evol. Sci. 3, 222–238.
Calò, M., Dorbath, C., Luzio, D., Rotolo, S.G., D'Anna, G., 2009. Local earthquakes
tomography in the southern Tyrrhenian region (Italy): geophysical and petrological
inferences on subducting lithosphere. Subduction Zone Dynamics, Springer.
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87974-9.
Chouet, B., 1985. Excitation of a buried magmatic pipe: a seismic source model for
volcanic tremor. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 1881–1893.
Chouet, B., 1988. Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: radiation properties and implications for
the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 4375–4400.
Chouet, B., 1992. A seismic model for the source of long-period events and harmonic
tremor. In: Gasparini, P., Scarpa, R., Aki, K. (Eds.), Volcanic Seismology. Springer-
Verlag, New York, pp. 133–156.
Chouet, B., 1996. New methods and future trends in seismological volcano monitoring.
In: Scarpa, R., Tilling, R. (Eds.), Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin New York, pp. 23–98.
Chouet, B., 2003. Volcano seismology. Pure Appl. Geophys. 160, 739–788.
Crosson, R.S., Bame, D.A., 1985. A spherical source model for low frequency volcanic
earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 10,237–10,247.
D'Alessandro, A., D'Anna, G., Mangano, G., Amato, A., Favali, P., Luzio, D., 2006. Evidenze
sperimentali dell'attività del vulcano sottomarino Marsili. 25° Conv. Naz del GNGTS,
Roma, pp. 170–172.
D'Alessandro, A., D'Anna, G., Luzio, D., Mangano, G., 2007. Analisi spettrale parametrica
e di polarizzazione applicate agli eventi sismici registrati sul vulcano sottomarino
Marsili. 26° Conv. Naz del GNGTS, Roma, pp. 191–193.
D'Alessandro, A., D'Anna, G., Luzio, D., Mangano, G., 2008. Polarization and high
resolution parametric spectral analysis applied to the seismic signals recorded on
the Marsili submarine volcano. EGU General Assembly, vol. 10.
D'Anna, G., Mangano, G., D'Alessandro, A., Amato, A., 2007. The new INGV broadband
OBS/H: test results on submarine volcano Marsili and future developments. EGU
General Assembly, Vienna, vol. 9.
Diaz, J., Gallart, J., Gaspà, O., 2007. Atypical seismic signals at the Galicia Margin, North
Atlantic Ocean, related to the resonance of subsurface fluid-filled cracks. Tectonophysics
433, 1–13.
Faggioni, O., Pinna, E., Savelli, C., Schreider, A.A., 1995. Geomagnetism and age study of
Tyrrhenian seamounts. Geophys. J. Int. 123, 915–930.
Flinn, E.A., 1965. Signal analysis using rectilinearity and direction of particle motion.
Porc. I.E.E.E. 53, 1874–1876.
Fujita, E., Ida, Y., Oikawa, J., 1995. Eigen oscillation of a fluid sphere and source
mechanism of harmonic volcanic tremor. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 69, 365–378.
Julian, B.R., 1994. Volcanic tremor: nonlinear excitation by fluid flow. J. Geophys. Res 99,
859–877.
Kastens, K., Mascle, J., Auroux, C.A., Bonatti, E., Broglia, C., Channell, J., Curzi, P., Emeis, K.,
Glacon, G., Hasegawa, S., Hieke,W., Mascle, G., McCoy, F., McKenzie, J., Mendelson, J.,
Mueller, C., Rehault, J., Robertson, A.,
Sartori, R., Sprovieri, R., Torii, M.,1988. ODP Leg
107 in the Tyrrhenian Sea: insight into passive margin and backarc basin evolution.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 100 (1), 1140–1156.
Konstantinos, I.K., Schlindwein, V., 2002. Nature, wavefield properties and source
mechanism of volcanic tremor: a review. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 119, 161–187.
Marani, M.P., Gamberi, F., 2004. Structural framework of the Tyrrhenian Sea unveiled by
seafloor morphology. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It. , pp. 97–108. LXIV.
Marani, M.P., Gamberi, F., Casoni, L., Carrara, G., Landuzzi, V., Musacchio, M., Penitenti,
D., Rossi, L., Trua, T., 1999. New rock and hydrothermal samples from the southern
Tyrrhenian Sea: the MAR-98 research cruise. G. Geol. 61, 3–24.
Marani, M.P., Gamberi, F., Bonatti, E., 2004. In: Marani, M.P., Gamberi, F., Bonatti, E. (Eds.),
From Seafloor to Deep Mantle: Architecture of the Tyrrhenian Backarc Basin. APAT.
McCreery, C.S., Duennebier, F.K., Sutton, G.H., 1993. Correlation of deep ocean noise
(0.4–20 Hz) with wind, and the Holu spectrum a worldwide constant. J. Acoust. Soc.
Am. 93, 2639–2648.
McNutt, S.R., 1992. In: Nierenberg, W.A. (Ed.), Volcanic Tremor. Encyclopedia of Earth
System Science, vol. 4. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 417–425.
McNutt, S.R., 1996. Seismic monitoring and eruption forecasting of volcanoes: a review
of the state of the art and case histories. In: Scarpa, R., Tilling, R. (Eds.), Monitoring
and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards. Springer-Verlag, Berlin New York, pp. 99–146.
McNutt, S.R., 2000. In: Sigurdsson, H. (Ed.), Volcano Seismicity, Encyclopedia of
Volcanoes. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1015–1034.
McNutt, S.R., 2005. Volcanic seismology,. Annu. Ref. Earth Planet. Sci. 32, 461–491.
Minakami, T., 1960. Fundamental research for predicting volcanic eruptions. Bull.
Earthq. Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ. 38, 497–544.
Mongelli, F., Zito, G., De Lorenzo, S., Doglioni, C., 2004. Geodynamic interpretation of the
heat flow in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It., pp. 71–82. LXIV.
Montalto, A., 1993. Seismic events at Vulcano (Italy) during 1988–1992. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 60, 193–206.
Montuori, C., Cimini, G.B., Favali, P., 2007. Teleseismic tomography of the southern
Tyrrhenian subduction zone: new results from seafloor and land recordings.
J. Geophys. Res. 112, B03311.
Morrissey, M.M., Chouet, B.A., 1997. A numerical investigation of choked flow dynamics
and its application to the triggering mechanism of long-period events at Redoubt
Volcano, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 7965–7983.
Nakano, M., Kumagai, H., Kumazawa, M., Yamaoka, K., Chouet, B.A., 1998. The excitation
and characteristic frequency of the long-period volcanic event: an approach based
on an inhomogeneous autoregressive model of a linear dynamic system. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 10031–10046.
Neuberg, J., Luckett, R., Baptie, B., Olsen, K., 2000. Models of tremor and low frequency
earthquake swarms on Montserrat. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 101, 83–104.
Nicolosi, L., Speranza, F., Chiappini, M., 2006. Ultrafast oceanic spreading of the Marsili
Basin, southern Tyrrhenian Sea: evidence from magnetic anomaly analysis. Geology
34, 717–720.
Ohiminato, T., 2006. Characteristics and source modelling of broadband seismic signals
associated with the hydrothermal system at Satsuma–Iwojima volcano, Japan.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 158, 467–490.
Okada, H., 2003. The microtremor survey method. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Soc. Explor.
Geophys. 12, 135.
Panza, G.F., Pontevivo, A., Saraò, A., Aoudia, A., Peccerillo, A., 2004. Structure of the
lithosphere–asthenosphere and volcanism in the Tyrrhenian Sea and surroundings.
Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It., pp. 29–57. LXIV.
Panza, G.F., Peccerillo, A., Aoudia, A., Farina, B., 2007. Geophysical and petrological
modelling of the structure and composition of the crust and uppermantle in complex
geodynamic setting: the Tyrrhenian Sea and surroundings. Earth-Sci. Rev. 80, 1–46.
Peterson, J., 1993. Observation and Modeling of Background Seismic Noise: U.S. Geol.
Surv. Open-File Rept., Albuquerque, pp. 93–322.
Pinnegar, C.R., 2006. Polarization analysis and polarization filtering of three-component
signals with the time–frequency S transform. Geophys. J. Int. 165, 596–606.
Piromallo, C., Morelli, A., 2003. P-wave tomography of the mantle under the Alpine–
Mediterranean area. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 2065.
Sartori, R., 1989. Evoluzione neogenico-recente del bacino tirrenico e i suoi rapporti con
la geologia delle aree circostanti. Giorn. Geol. 51, 1–39.
Sartori, R., 2003. The Tyrrhenian back-arc basin and subduction of the Ionian
lithosphere. Episodes 26, 217–221.
Seidl, D., Hellweg, M., Rademacher, H., Gómez, D.M., Torres, R.A., 1999. The anatomy of a
tornillo: puzzles from three-component measurements at Galeras volcano (Colombia).
Ann. Geophys. 42, 355–364.
Steinberg, G.S., Steinberg, A.S., 1975. On possible causes of volcanic tremor. J. Geophys.
Res. 80, 1600–1604.
Trua, T., Serri, G., Rossi, P.L., 2004. Coexistence of IAB-type and OIB-type magmas in the
southern Tyrrhenian back-arc basin: evidence from recent seafloor sampling and
geodynamic implications. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It., pp. 83–96. LXIV.
Ukawa, M., Ohtake, M., 1987. A monochromatic earthquake suggestion deep-seated
magmatic activity beneath the Izu–Oshima volcano, Japan. J.Geophys. Res. 92, 649–663.
Wasserman, J., 2002. In: Bormann, P. (Ed.), Volcano Seismology, New Manual of
Seismological Observatory Practice.
Webb, S.C., 1998. Broadband seismology and noise under the ocean. Rev. Geophys. 36,
105–142.
Welch, P.D., 1967. The use of the fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power
spectra: a method based on time averaging over short modified periodograms. IEEE
Trans. Audio Electroacoust. 15, 70–73.
Wenz, G.M., 1962. Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: spectra and sources. J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 34, 1936–1956.
Yokoyama, Y., Kumazawa, M., Imanishi, Y., Mikami, N., 1997. A new method of nonstationary
time series analysis based on inhomogeneous AR equation, IEEE trans.
Signal Process. 45, 2130–2136.
Zito, G., Mongelli, F., de Lorenzo, S., Doglioni, C., 2003. Geodynamical interpretation of
the heat flow in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Terra Nova 15, 425–432.
Zobin, V.M., 2003. Introduction to Volcanic Seismology. Elsevier Publications, Amsterdam.
Time–space variation of the 2004–2006 micro-seismicity at La Fossa (Vulcan,
Aeolian Islands, Italy). EGU General Assembly, vol. 10.
Argnani, A., 2000. The southern Tyrrhenian subduction system: recent evolution and
neotectonic implications. Ann. Geophys. 43, 585–607.
Bartosch, T., Seidl, D., 1999. Spectrogram analysis of selected tremor signals using shorttime
Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transform. Ann. Geophys. 42,
497–506.
Beccaluva, L., Rossi, P.L., Serri, G., 1982. Neogene to recent volcanism of the Southern
Tyrrhenian–Sicilian area: implications for the geodynamic evolution of the
Calabrian arc. Earth Evol. Sci. 3, 222–238.
Calò, M., Dorbath, C., Luzio, D., Rotolo, S.G., D'Anna, G., 2009. Local earthquakes
tomography in the southern Tyrrhenian region (Italy): geophysical and petrological
inferences on subducting lithosphere. Subduction Zone Dynamics, Springer.
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87974-9.
Chouet, B., 1985. Excitation of a buried magmatic pipe: a seismic source model for
volcanic tremor. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 1881–1893.
Chouet, B., 1988. Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: radiation properties and implications for
the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 4375–4400.
Chouet, B., 1992. A seismic model for the source of long-period events and harmonic
tremor. In: Gasparini, P., Scarpa, R., Aki, K. (Eds.), Volcanic Seismology. Springer-
Verlag, New York, pp. 133–156.
Chouet, B., 1996. New methods and future trends in seismological volcano monitoring.
In: Scarpa, R., Tilling, R. (Eds.), Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin New York, pp. 23–98.
Chouet, B., 2003. Volcano seismology. Pure Appl. Geophys. 160, 739–788.
Crosson, R.S., Bame, D.A., 1985. A spherical source model for low frequency volcanic
earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 10,237–10,247.
D'Alessandro, A., D'Anna, G., Mangano, G., Amato, A., Favali, P., Luzio, D., 2006. Evidenze
sperimentali dell'attività del vulcano sottomarino Marsili. 25° Conv. Naz del GNGTS,
Roma, pp. 170–172.
D'Alessandro, A., D'Anna, G., Luzio, D., Mangano, G., 2007. Analisi spettrale parametrica
e di polarizzazione applicate agli eventi sismici registrati sul vulcano sottomarino
Marsili. 26° Conv. Naz del GNGTS, Roma, pp. 191–193.
D'Alessandro, A., D'Anna, G., Luzio, D., Mangano, G., 2008. Polarization and high
resolution parametric spectral analysis applied to the seismic signals recorded on
the Marsili submarine volcano. EGU General Assembly, vol. 10.
D'Anna, G., Mangano, G., D'Alessandro, A., Amato, A., 2007. The new INGV broadband
OBS/H: test results on submarine volcano Marsili and future developments. EGU
General Assembly, Vienna, vol. 9.
Diaz, J., Gallart, J., Gaspà, O., 2007. Atypical seismic signals at the Galicia Margin, North
Atlantic Ocean, related to the resonance of subsurface fluid-filled cracks. Tectonophysics
433, 1–13.
Faggioni, O., Pinna, E., Savelli, C., Schreider, A.A., 1995. Geomagnetism and age study of
Tyrrhenian seamounts. Geophys. J. Int. 123, 915–930.
Flinn, E.A., 1965. Signal analysis using rectilinearity and direction of particle motion.
Porc. I.E.E.E. 53, 1874–1876.
Fujita, E., Ida, Y., Oikawa, J., 1995. Eigen oscillation of a fluid sphere and source
mechanism of harmonic volcanic tremor. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 69, 365–378.
Julian, B.R., 1994. Volcanic tremor: nonlinear excitation by fluid flow. J. Geophys. Res 99,
859–877.
Kastens, K., Mascle, J., Auroux, C.A., Bonatti, E., Broglia, C., Channell, J., Curzi, P., Emeis, K.,
Glacon, G., Hasegawa, S., Hieke,W., Mascle, G., McCoy, F., McKenzie, J., Mendelson, J.,
Mueller, C., Rehault, J., Robertson, A.,
Sartori, R., Sprovieri, R., Torii, M.,1988. ODP Leg
107 in the Tyrrhenian Sea: insight into passive margin and backarc basin evolution.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 100 (1), 1140–1156.
Konstantinos, I.K., Schlindwein, V., 2002. Nature, wavefield properties and source
mechanism of volcanic tremor: a review. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 119, 161–187.
Marani, M.P., Gamberi, F., 2004. Structural framework of the Tyrrhenian Sea unveiled by
seafloor morphology. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It. , pp. 97–108. LXIV.
Marani, M.P., Gamberi, F., Casoni, L., Carrara, G., Landuzzi, V., Musacchio, M., Penitenti,
D., Rossi, L., Trua, T., 1999. New rock and hydrothermal samples from the southern
Tyrrhenian Sea: the MAR-98 research cruise. G. Geol. 61, 3–24.
Marani, M.P., Gamberi, F., Bonatti, E., 2004. In: Marani, M.P., Gamberi, F., Bonatti, E. (Eds.),
From Seafloor to Deep Mantle: Architecture of the Tyrrhenian Backarc Basin. APAT.
McCreery, C.S., Duennebier, F.K., Sutton, G.H., 1993. Correlation of deep ocean noise
(0.4–20 Hz) with wind, and the Holu spectrum a worldwide constant. J. Acoust. Soc.
Am. 93, 2639–2648.
McNutt, S.R., 1992. In: Nierenberg, W.A. (Ed.), Volcanic Tremor. Encyclopedia of Earth
System Science, vol. 4. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 417–425.
McNutt, S.R., 1996. Seismic monitoring and eruption forecasting of volcanoes: a review
of the state of the art and case histories. In: Scarpa, R., Tilling, R. (Eds.), Monitoring
and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards. Springer-Verlag, Berlin New York, pp. 99–146.
McNutt, S.R., 2000. In: Sigurdsson, H. (Ed.), Volcano Seismicity, Encyclopedia of
Volcanoes. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1015–1034.
McNutt, S.R., 2005. Volcanic seismology,. Annu. Ref. Earth Planet. Sci. 32, 461–491.
Minakami, T., 1960. Fundamental research for predicting volcanic eruptions. Bull.
Earthq. Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ. 38, 497–544.
Mongelli, F., Zito, G., De Lorenzo, S., Doglioni, C., 2004. Geodynamic interpretation of the
heat flow in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It., pp. 71–82. LXIV.
Montalto, A., 1993. Seismic events at Vulcano (Italy) during 1988–1992. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 60, 193–206.
Montuori, C., Cimini, G.B., Favali, P., 2007. Teleseismic tomography of the southern
Tyrrhenian subduction zone: new results from seafloor and land recordings.
J. Geophys. Res. 112, B03311.
Morrissey, M.M., Chouet, B.A., 1997. A numerical investigation of choked flow dynamics
and its application to the triggering mechanism of long-period events at Redoubt
Volcano, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 7965–7983.
Nakano, M., Kumagai, H., Kumazawa, M., Yamaoka, K., Chouet, B.A., 1998. The excitation
and characteristic frequency of the long-period volcanic event: an approach based
on an inhomogeneous autoregressive model of a linear dynamic system. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 10031–10046.
Neuberg, J., Luckett, R., Baptie, B., Olsen, K., 2000. Models of tremor and low frequency
earthquake swarms on Montserrat. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 101, 83–104.
Nicolosi, L., Speranza, F., Chiappini, M., 2006. Ultrafast oceanic spreading of the Marsili
Basin, southern Tyrrhenian Sea: evidence from magnetic anomaly analysis. Geology
34, 717–720.
Ohiminato, T., 2006. Characteristics and source modelling of broadband seismic signals
associated with the hydrothermal system at Satsuma–Iwojima volcano, Japan.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 158, 467–490.
Okada, H., 2003. The microtremor survey method. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Soc. Explor.
Geophys. 12, 135.
Panza, G.F., Pontevivo, A., Saraò, A., Aoudia, A., Peccerillo, A., 2004. Structure of the
lithosphere–asthenosphere and volcanism in the Tyrrhenian Sea and surroundings.
Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It., pp. 29–57. LXIV.
Panza, G.F., Peccerillo, A., Aoudia, A., Farina, B., 2007. Geophysical and petrological
modelling of the structure and composition of the crust and uppermantle in complex
geodynamic setting: the Tyrrhenian Sea and surroundings. Earth-Sci. Rev. 80, 1–46.
Peterson, J., 1993. Observation and Modeling of Background Seismic Noise: U.S. Geol.
Surv. Open-File Rept., Albuquerque, pp. 93–322.
Pinnegar, C.R., 2006. Polarization analysis and polarization filtering of three-component
signals with the time–frequency S transform. Geophys. J. Int. 165, 596–606.
Piromallo, C., Morelli, A., 2003. P-wave tomography of the mantle under the Alpine–
Mediterranean area. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 2065.
Sartori, R., 1989. Evoluzione neogenico-recente del bacino tirrenico e i suoi rapporti con
la geologia delle aree circostanti. Giorn. Geol. 51, 1–39.
Sartori, R., 2003. The Tyrrhenian back-arc basin and subduction of the Ionian
lithosphere. Episodes 26, 217–221.
Seidl, D., Hellweg, M., Rademacher, H., Gómez, D.M., Torres, R.A., 1999. The anatomy of a
tornillo: puzzles from three-component measurements at Galeras volcano (Colombia).
Ann. Geophys. 42, 355–364.
Steinberg, G.S., Steinberg, A.S., 1975. On possible causes of volcanic tremor. J. Geophys.
Res. 80, 1600–1604.
Trua, T., Serri, G., Rossi, P.L., 2004. Coexistence of IAB-type and OIB-type magmas in the
southern Tyrrhenian back-arc basin: evidence from recent seafloor sampling and
geodynamic implications. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It., pp. 83–96. LXIV.
Ukawa, M., Ohtake, M., 1987. A monochromatic earthquake suggestion deep-seated
magmatic activity beneath the Izu–Oshima volcano, Japan. J.Geophys. Res. 92, 649–663.
Wasserman, J., 2002. In: Bormann, P. (Ed.), Volcano Seismology, New Manual of
Seismological Observatory Practice.
Webb, S.C., 1998. Broadband seismology and noise under the ocean. Rev. Geophys. 36,
105–142.
Welch, P.D., 1967. The use of the fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power
spectra: a method based on time averaging over short modified periodograms. IEEE
Trans. Audio Electroacoust. 15, 70–73.
Wenz, G.M., 1962. Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: spectra and sources. J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 34, 1936–1956.
Yokoyama, Y., Kumazawa, M., Imanishi, Y., Mikami, N., 1997. A new method of nonstationary
time series analysis based on inhomogeneous AR equation, IEEE trans.
Signal Process. 45, 2130–2136.
Zito, G., Mongelli, F., de Lorenzo, S., Doglioni, C., 2003. Geodynamical interpretation of
the heat flow in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Terra Nova 15, 425–432.
Zobin, V.M., 2003. Introduction to Volcanic Seismology. Elsevier Publications, Amsterdam.
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