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Battaglia, Angelo
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Battaglia, Angelo
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- PublicationRestrictedThe crater lake of Ilamatepec (Santa Ana) volcano, El Salvador: insights into lake gas composition and implications for monitoring(2019)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;We here present the first chemical characterization of the volcanic gas plume issuing from the Santa Ana crater lake, a hyper-acidic crater lake (pH of -0.2 to 2.5) in north-western El Salvador. Our results, obtained during regular surveys in 2017 and 2018 using a Multi-GAS instrument, demonstrate an hydrous gas composition (H2O/SO2 ratios from 32 to 205), and SO2 as the main sulphur species (H2S/SO2 = 0.03-0.1). We also find that gas composition evolved during our investigated period, with the CO2/SO2 decreasing by one order of magnitude from March 2017 (37.2 ± 9.7) to 2018 (<3). This compositional evolution toward more magmatic (SO2-rich) compositions is interpreted in the context of the long-term evolution of the volcano following its 2005 and 2007 eruptions. We find that, in spite of reduced (background-level) seismicity, the magmatic gas supply into the lake was one order of magnitude higher in March 2017 (Total Volatile Flux: 20,200-30,200 t/day; the total volatile flux is the sum of H2O+CO2+SO2+H2 fluxes in our specific case) than in the following periods (Total Volatile Flux: 615-4112 t/day). We propose that the elevated magmatic/hydrothermal transport in March 2017, combined with a 15% reduction in precipitation, caused the volume of the lake to decrease, ultimately reducing its sulfur absorbing and scrubbing capacity, and hence causing the gas plume CO2/SO2 ratio to decrease. The recently observed increases in temperature, acidity and salinity of the lake are consistent with this hypothesis. The small volume of Santa Ana lake, compared to other crater lakes such as the pre-2017 Poás (Costa Rica), Yugama (Japan), Ruapehu (New Zealand) and Kawah Ijen (Indonesia), makes it sensitive to variations in the underlying magmatic-hydrothermal system. We conclude that the installation of a continuous, fully-automated Multi-GAS is highly desirable to monitor any future change in lake plume chemistry, and hence state of volcanic activity.234 2 - PublicationRestrictedSpatially resolved SO2 flux emissions from Mt Etna(2016)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;D'Aleo, R.; DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy ;Bitetto, M.; DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy ;Delle Donne, D.; DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy ;Tamburello, G.; DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy ;Battaglia, A.; DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy ;Coltelli, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Patanè, D.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Prestifilippo, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Sciotto, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Aiuppa, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; We report on a systematic record of SO2 flux emissions from individual vents of Etna volcano (Sicily), which we obtained using a permanent UV camera network. Observations were carried out in summer 2014, a period encompassing two eruptive episodes of the New South East Crater (NSEC) and a fissure-fed eruption in the upper Valle del Bove. We demonstrate that our vent-resolved SO2 flux time series allow capturing shifts in activity from one vent to another and contribute to our understanding of Etna’s shallowplumbingsystemstructure.We findthatthe fissureeruptioncontributed~50,000tofSO2 or~30%of the SO2 emitted by the volcano during the 5 July to 10 August eruptive interval. Activity from this eruptive ventgraduallyvanishedon10August,markingaswitchofdegassingtowardtheNSEC.Onsetofdegassingat the NSEC was a precursory to explosive paroxysmal activity on 11–15 August.511 11 - PublicationOpen AccessInsights Into the Mechanisms of Phreatic Eruptions From Continuous High Frequency Volcanic Gas Monitoring: Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, Costa Rica(2019-01)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;; ;Understanding the trigger mechanisms of phreatic eruptions is key to mitigating the effects of these hazardous but poorly forecastable volcanic events. It has recently been established that high-rate volcanic gas observations are potentially very suitable to identifying the source processes driving phreatic eruptions, and to eventually detecting precursory changes prior to individual phreatic blasts. In February-May 2017, we deployed a Multi-GAS instrument to continuously monitor gas concentrations in the crater lake plume of Rincón de la Vieja, a remote and poorly monitored active volcano in Costa Rica, site of frequent phreatic/phreatomagmatic eruptions. Forty-two phreatic/phreatomagmatic eruptions were seismically recorded during our investigated period, 9 of which were also recorded for gas by the Multi-GAS. To the best of our knowledge, these represent the first instrumentally measured gas compositions during individual phreatic/phreatomagmatic explosions at an active volcano. Our results show that during background quiescent degassing the Rincón de la Vieja crater lake plume was characterized by high CO2/SO2 ratios of 64 ± 59 and H2S/SO2 ratios of 0.57 ± 0.20. This composition is interpreted as reflecting hydrothermal (re)processing of magma-sourced gas in the sub-limnic environment. Phreatic blasts were recorded by the Multi-GAS as brief (1–2 min long) pulses of elevated gas mixing ratios (up to ~52 ppmv SO2 and >3,000 ppmv CO2), or more than an order of magnitude higher than during background degassing (~1 ppmv SO2 and ~450 ppmv CO2). During the phreatic eruption(s), the H2S/SO2 ratio was systematically lower (<0.18) than during background degassing, but the CO2/SO2 ratio remained high (and variable), ranging from 37 to 390. These S-poor compositions for the eruptive gas imply extensive processing of the source magmatic gas during pre-eruptive hydrothermal storage, likely by deposition of native S and/or sulfate. Our gas results are thus overall consistent with a mechanism of phreatic eruptions triggered by accumulation of magmatic-hydrothermal gases beneath a hydrothermal seal. We claim that real-time Multi-GAS monitoring is urgently needed at other crater lake-hosting volcanoes (e.g., Ruapehu, Aso), where phreatic eruptions may similarly be preceded by phases of reduced S degassing at the surface.170 120 - PublicationOpen AccessChallenges in UV camera-based real-time SO2 flux monitoring: insights from 5 years of continuous observations at Etna ad Stromboli(Miscellanea INGV, 2018-09-02)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The advent of UV cameras has recently paved the way to volcanic SO2 flux observations of much improved temporal and spatial resolution, and has thus contributed to expanding use and utility of SO2 fluxes in volcano monitoring. Recently, the first examples of permanent UV camera systems have appeared that are now opening the way to routine fully automated monitoring of the volcanic SO2 flux at high-rate, and continuously (daily hours only). In 2014, using funding from the FP7-ERC project “Bridge” (http://www.bridge.unipa.it/), we deployed a network of 4 permanent UV cameras at Etna and Stromboli volcanoes (Sicily) that has been operating regularly since then. Using a suite of custom-built codes, data streamed by the UV camera are automatically processed and telemetered, allowing nearly real-time visualization and analysis of SO2 fluxes. Here, we summarise the key results obtained during the last 5 years of continuous observations (2014-2018) to demonstrate potentials and challenges in real-time continuous SO2 flux monitoring with UV cameras. We show that the spatially resolved SO2 flux time-series delivered by the UV camera allow effectively tracking migration in volcanic activity from the Central to New South-East Crater (Etna), and shifts in degassing activity along the crater terrace (Stromboli). At both volcanoes, the high temporal of UV cameras allows capturing the escalation in active (strombolian) SO2 degassing that typically precedes onset of paroxysmal (Etna in 2014-2016) or effusive (Stromboli in 2014) activity, and to quantify for the first time the syn- explosive SO2 budget for larger-scale explosions, including 2 paroxysmal lava fountains (Etna) and 1 major explosion (Stromboli). We finally demonstrate the ability of our automatic camera systems to capture temporal changes in SO2 flux regime, and thus to “live” monitoring degassing and eruptive behaviors at active volcanoes.191 65 - PublicationOpen AccessTracking Formation of a Lava Lake From Ground and Space: Masaya Volcano (Nicaragua), 2014-2017(2018-02)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;; ;; ; ; ;; ; ;; ;; A vigorously degassing lava lake appeared inside the Santiago pit crater of Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) in December 2015, after years of degassing with no (or minor) incandescence. Here we present an unprecedented-long (3 years) and continuous volcanic gas record that instrumentally characterizes the (re)activation of the lava lake. Our results show that, before appearance of the lake, the volcanic gas plume composition became unusually CO2 rich, as testified by high CO2/SO2 ratios (mean: 12.2 ± 6.3) and low H2O/CO2 ratios (mean: 2.3 ± 1.3). The volcanic CO2 flux also peaked in November 2015 (mean: 81.3 ± 40.6 kg/s; maximum: 247 kg/s). Using results of magma degassing models and budgets, we interpret this elevated CO2 degassing as sourced by degassing of a volatile-rich fast-overturning (3.6–5.2 m3 s−1) magma, supplying CO2-rich gas bubbles from minimum equivalent depths of 0.36–1.4 km. We propose this elevated gas bubble supply destabilized the shallow (<1 km) Masaya magma reservoir, leading to upward migration of vesicular (buoyant) resident magma, and ultimately to (re)formation of the lava lake. At onset of lava lake activity on 11 December 2015 (constrained by satellite-based MODIS thermal observations), the gas emissions transitioned to more SO2-rich composition, and the SO2 flux increased by a factor ∼40% (11.4 ± 5.2 kg/s) relative to background degassing (8.0 kg/s), confirming faster than normal (4.4 versus ∼3 m3 s−1) shallow magma convection. Based on thermal energy records, we estimate that only ∼0.8 of the 4.4 m3 s−1 of magma actually reached the surface to manifest into a convecting lava lake, suggesting inefficient transport of magma in the near-surface plumbing system.634 34 - PublicationOpen AccessThe Magmatic Gas Signature of Pacaya Volcano, With Implications for the Volcanic CO2 Flux From Guatemala(2018)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;; ; ; ; ; ;Pacaya volcano in Guatemala is one of the most active volcanoes of the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA). However, its magmatic gas signature and volatile output have received little attention to date. Here, we present novel volcanic gas information from in-situ (Multi-GAS) and remote (UV camera) plume observations in January 2016. We find in-plume H2O/SO2 and CO2/SO2 ratios of 2-20 and 0.6-10.5, and an end-member magmatic gas signature of 80.5 mol. % H2O, 10.4 mol. % CO2, and 9.0 mol. % SO2. The SO2 flux is evaluated at 8856550 tons/d. This, combined with co-acquired volcanic plume composition, leads to H2O and CO2 fluxes of 2,23061,390 and 7006440, and a total volatile flux of 3,800 tons/d. We use these results in tandem with previous SO2 flux budgets for Fuego and Santiaguito to estimate the total volcanic CO2 flux from Guatemala at 1,1606600 tons/day. This calculation is based upon CO2/total S (St) ratios for Fuego (1.560.75) and Santiaguito (1.460.75) inferred from a gas (CO2/St ratio) versus traceelement (Ba/La ratio) CAVA relationship. The H2O-poor and low CO2/St ratio ( 1.0-1.5) signature of Pacaya gas suggests dominant mantle-wedge derivation of the emitted volatiles. This is consistent with 3He/4He ratios in olivine hosted fluid inclusions (FIs), which range between 8.4 and 9.0 Ra (being Ra the atmospheric 3He/4He ratio) at the upper limit of MORB range (861 Ra). These values are the highest ever measured in CAVA and among the highest ever recorded in arc volcanoes worldwide, indicating negligible 4He contributions from the crust/slab.237 79