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Vernieres, G.
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Vernieres, G.
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- PublicationOpen AccessThe Ocean Reanalyses Intercom parison Project (ORA - IP)(2015)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Balmaseda, M. A.; European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom ;Hernandez, F.; nstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Toulouse, France Mercator Océan, Ramonville Saint - Agne, France ;Storto, A.; Ctr Euromediterraneo Cambiamenti Climat, Bologna, Italy ; Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Sez Bologna, Bologna, Italy ;Palmer, M. D.; Met Office , Exeter, United Kingdom ;Alves, O.; Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), Melbourne, Australia ;Shi, L.; Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), Melbourne, Australia ;Smith, G. C.; Environment Canada, Québec, Canada ;Toyoda, T.; Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency (MRI/JMA), Tsukuba, Japan ;Valdivieso, M.; University of Reading (U - Reading), Reading, United Kingdom ;Barnier, B.; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CN RS), Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement (LGGE), Grenoble, France ;Behringer, D.; C l imate Prediction Ce nter, NOAA/NWS/NCEP, Camp Springs, Maryland, USA ;Boyer, T.; NOAA/NODC, College Park , Maryland ;Chang, Y-S.; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (GFDL/NOAA), Princeton, New Jer sey Department of Earth Science, Kongju National University, Kongju , South Korea ;Chepurin, G. A.; epartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA ;Ferry, N.; Mercator Océan, Ramonville Saint - Agne, France ;Forget, G.; Program in Atmosphere, Ocean, and Climate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ;Fujii, Y.; Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency (MRI/JMA), Tsukuba, Japan ;Good, S.; Met Office , Exeter, United Kingdom ;Guinehut, S.; Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Ramonville Sa i nt - Agne, France ;Haines, K.; University of Reading (U - Reading), Reading, United Kingdom ;Ishikawa, Y.; Center for Earth Information Science and Technology, Japan Agency of Marine - Earth Science and Technology (CEIST/JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan ;Keeley, S.; European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom ;Köhl, A.; Universit ä t Hamburg (U - Hamburg), Hamburg, Germany ;Lee, T.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) , California Institute of Technolog y, Pasadena, California ;Martin, M.; Met Office , Exeter, United Kingdom ;Masina, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Masuda, S.; Research and Development Center for Global Change (RCGC), JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan ;Meyssignac, B.; Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiale’ (LEGOS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatia les (CNES) in Toulouse, France. ;Mogensen, K.; European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom ;Parent, L.; Mercator Océan, Ramonville Saint - Agne, France ;Peterson, K. A.; Met Office , Exeter, United Kingdom ;Tang, Y. M.; European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Met Office , Exeter, United Kingdom ;Yin, Y.; Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), Melbourne, Australia ;Vernieres, G.; Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (GSFC/NASA), Greenbelt, Maryland ;Wang, X.; Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California ;Waters, J.; Met Office , Exeter, United Kingdom ;Wedd, R.; Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), Melbourne, Australia ;Wang, O.; Universit ä t Hamburg (U - Hamburg), Hamburg, Germany ;Xue, Y.; C l imate Prediction Ce nter, NOAA/NWS/NCEP, Camp Springs, Maryland, USA ;Chevallier, M.; CNRM - GAME, Météo - France, CNRS UMR3589, Toulouse, France ;Lemieux, J-F.; Environment Canada, Québec, Canada ;Dupont, F.; Environment Canada, Québec, Canada ;Kuragano, T.; Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency (MRI/JMA), Tsukuba, Japan ;Kamachi, M.; Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency (MRI/JMA), Tsukuba, Japan ;Awaji, T.; Center for Earth Information Science and Technology, Japan Agency of Marine - Earth Science and Technology (CEIST/JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan ;Caltabiano, A.; I nternational CLIVAR Global Project Office, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China. ;Wilmer - Becker, K.; GODAE OceanView Pro ject Office, Met Office , Exeter, United Kingdom ;Gaillard, F.; Laboratoire de Physique des Océans (LPO/IFREMER), France; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Uncertainty in ocean analysis methods and deficiencies in the observing system are major obstacles for the reliable reconstruction of the past ocean climate. The variety of existing ocean reanalyses is exploited in a multi-reanalysis ensemble to improve the ocean state estimation and to gauge uncertainty levels. The ensemble-based analysis of signal-to-noise ratio allows the identification of ocean characteristics for which the estimation is robust (such as tropical mixed-layer-depth,upper ocean heat content), and where large uncertainty exists (deep ocean, Southern Ocean, sea-ice thickness, salinity), providing guidance for future enhancement of the observing and data assimilation systems.427 394 - PublicationRestrictedOcean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses(2017-08)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Accurate knowledge of the location and magnitude of ocean heat content (OHC) variability and change is essential for understanding the processes that govern decadal variations in surface temperature, quantifying changes in the planetary energy budget, and developing constraints on the transient climate response to external forcings. We present an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of OHC variability and change as represented by an ensemble of dynamical and statistical ocean reanalyses (ORAs). Spatial maps of the 0–300 m layer show large regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans where the interannual variability of the ensemble mean exceeds ensemble spread, indicating that OHC variations are well-constrained by the available observations over the period 1993–2009. At deeper levels, the ORAs are less well-constrained by observations with the largest differences across the ensemble mostly associated with areas of high eddy kinetic energy, such as the Southern Ocean and boundary current regions. Spatial patterns of OHC change for the period 1997–2009 show good agreement in the upper 300 m and are characterized by a strong dipole pattern in the Pacific Ocean. There is less agreement in the patterns of change at deeper levels, potentially linked to differences in the representation of ocean dynamics, such as water mass formation processes. However, the Atlantic and Southern Oceans are regions in which many ORAs show widespread warming below 700 m over the period 1997–2009. Annual time series of global and hemispheric OHC change for 0–700 m show the largest spread for the data sparse Southern Hemisphere and a number of ORAs seem to be subject to large initialization ‘shock’ over the first few years. In agreement with previous studies, a number of ORAs exhibit enhanced ocean heat uptake below 300 and 700 m during the mid-1990s or early 2000s. The ORA ensemble mean (±1 standard deviation) of rolling 5-year trends in full-depth OHC shows a relatively steady heat uptake of approximately 0.9 ± 0.8 W m−2 (expressed relative to Earth’s surface area) between 1995 and 2002, which reduces to about 0.2 ± 0.6 W m−2 between 2004 and 2006, in qualitative agreement with recent analysis of Earth’s energy imbalance. There is a marked reduction in the ensemble spread of OHC trends below 300 m as the Argo profiling float observations become available in the early 2000s. In general, we suggest that ORAs should be treated with caution when employed to understand past ocean warming trends—especially when considering the deeper ocean where there is little in the way of observational constraints. The current work emphasizes the need to better observe the deep ocean, both for providing observational constraints for future ocean state estimation efforts and also to develop improved models and data assimilation methods.129 6