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From source to surface: dynamics of Etna’s lava fountains investigated by continuous strain, magnetic, ground and satellite thermal data
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/75 (2013)
ISSN
0258-8900
Electronic ISSN
1432-0819
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Pages (printed)
article 690
Issued date
January 27, 2013
Abstract
We investigated the eruptive episodes that occurred
at Etna volcano on 15 November 2011 and 18 March 2012
using different types of data. We present novel data from two
recently installed strainmeters that recorded unique signals
during the lava fountain phases of these events. The strainmeter
data, integrated with those recorded by the magnetic network,
and with satellite and ground thermal data, allowed us to follow
the path of a gas-rich magma batch from the source inside the
volcano to the surface and atmosphere. The amplitude ratio of
the volumetric strain changes constrained the storage depth of
the magma feeding the lava fountains above 1.5 km below sea
level. Magnetic data revealed an attempted shallow lateral
intrusion, whereas ground and satellite thermal data furnished
a quantification of the total erupted volumes of ∼2.2×106m3
for the 15 November event and ∼3.0×106m3 for the 18 March
event. Despite different durations of the explosive and effusive
phases of the two lava fountain events, the total erupted volume
was quite similar, suggesting the emptying of a shallow storage
system displaying a steady behaviour.
at Etna volcano on 15 November 2011 and 18 March 2012
using different types of data. We present novel data from two
recently installed strainmeters that recorded unique signals
during the lava fountain phases of these events. The strainmeter
data, integrated with those recorded by the magnetic network,
and with satellite and ground thermal data, allowed us to follow
the path of a gas-rich magma batch from the source inside the
volcano to the surface and atmosphere. The amplitude ratio of
the volumetric strain changes constrained the storage depth of
the magma feeding the lava fountains above 1.5 km below sea
level. Magnetic data revealed an attempted shallow lateral
intrusion, whereas ground and satellite thermal data furnished
a quantification of the total erupted volumes of ∼2.2×106m3
for the 15 November event and ∼3.0×106m3 for the 18 March
event. Despite different durations of the explosive and effusive
phases of the two lava fountain events, the total erupted volume
was quite similar, suggesting the emptying of a shallow storage
system displaying a steady behaviour.
References
Allard P, Burton M, Murè F (2005) Spectroscopic evidence for lava
fountain driven by previously accumulated magmatic gas. Nature
433:407–409
Allard P, Behncke B, D’Amico S, Neri M, Gambino S (2006) Mount
Etna 1993–2005: anatomy of an evolving eruptive cycle. Earth-
Science Rev 78:85–114
Aloisi M, Bonaccorso A, Cannavò F, Gambino S, Mattia M, Puglisi G,
Boschi E (2009) A new dike intrusion style for the Mount Etna
May 2008 eruption modelled through continuous tilt and GPS
data. Terra Nova 21(4):316–321
Aloisi M, Mattia M, Ferlito C, Palano M, Bruno V, Cannavò F (2011)
Imaging themulti-levelmagma reservoir atMt. Etna volcano (Italy).
Geophys Res Lett 38:L16306. doi:10.1029/2011GL048488
Alparone S, Andronico D, Lodato L, Sgroi T (2003) Relationship
between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast
Crater eruption on Mount Etna in early 2000. J Geophys Res
108(B5):2241. doi:10.1029/2002JB001866
Andronico D, Corsaro RA (2011) Lava fountains during the episodic
eruption of South-East Crater (Mt. Etna), 2000: insights into
magma-gas dynamics within the shallow volcano plumbing system.
Bull Volcanol 73:1165–1178. doi:10.1007/s00445-011-0467-y
Andronico D, Branca S, Calvari S, Burton MR, Caltabiano T, Corsaro
RA, Del Carlo P, Garfì G, Lodato L, Miraglia L, Muré F, Neri M,
Pecora E, Pompilio M, Salerno G, Spampinato L (2005) A multidisciplinary
study of the 2002–03 Etna eruption: insights into a
complex plumbing system. Bull Volcanol 67:314–330.
doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8
Behncke B, Neri M, Pecora E, Zanon V (2006) The exceptional
activity and growth of the Southeast Crater, Mount Etna (Italy),
between 1996 and 2001. Bull Volcanol 69:149–173. doi:10.1007/
s00445-006-0061-x
Bonaccorso A, Davis PM (1999) Models of ground deformation from
vertical volcanic conduits with application to eruptions of Mount
St. Helens and Mount Etna. Geophys Res Lett 104(B5):10531–
10542
Bonaccorso A, Cianetti S, Giunchi C, Transatti E, Bonafede M, Boschi
E (2005) Analytical and 3D numerical modeling of Mt. Etna
(Italy) volcano inflation. Geophys J Int 163:852–862 Bonaccorso A, Bonforte A, Guglielmino F, Palano M, Puglisi G (2006)
Composite ground deformation pattern forerunning the 2004–
2005 Mount Etna eruption. J Geophys Res 111:B12207.
doi:10.1029/2005JB004206
Bonaccorso A, Boschi E, Caltabiano T, Currenti G, Del Negro C,
Gambino S, Ganci G, Giammanco S, Greco F, Pistorio A,
Salerno G, Spampinato S (2011a) Dynamics of a lava fountain
revealed by geophysical, geochemical and thermal satellite measurements:
the case of the 10 April 2011 Mt Etna eruption.
Geophys Res Lett 38:L24307. doi:10.1029/2011GL049637
Bonaccorso A, Cannata A, Corsaro RA, Di Grazia G, Gambino S,
Greco F, Miraglia L, Pistorio A (2011b) Multi-disciplinary investigation
on a lava fountain preceding a flank eruption: the 10 May
2008 Etna case. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 12(7):Q07009.
doi:10.1029/2010GC003480
Bonaccorso A, Bonforte A, Calvari S, Del Negro S, Di Grazia G,
Ganci G, Neri M, Vicari A, Boschi E (2011c) The initial phases
of the 2008-2009 Mt. Etna eruption: a multi-disciplinary approach
for hazard assessment. J Geophys Res 116:B03203. doi:10.1029/
2010JB007906
Bonforte A, Bonaccorso A, Guglielmino F, Palano M, Puglisi G (2008)
Feeding system and magma storage beneath Mt. Etna as revealed
by recent inflation/deflation cycles. J Geophys Res 113:B05406.
doi:10.1029/2007JB005334
Burton MR, Neri M, Andronico D, Branca S, Caltabiano T, Calvari S,
Corsaro RA, Del Carlo P, Lanzafame G, Lodato L, Miraglia L,
Salerno G, Spampinato L (2005) Etna 2004–2005: An archetype
for geodynamically-controlled effusive eruptions. Geophys Res
Lett 32:L09303. doi:10.1029/2005GL022527
Calvari S, Salerno GG, Spampinato L, Gouhier M, La Spina A, Pecora
E, Harris AJL, Labazuy P, Biale E, Boschi E (2011) An unloading
foam model to constrain Etna's 11–13 January 2011 lava fountaining
episode. J Geophys Res 116:B11207. doi:10.1029/
2011JB008407
Currenti G, Del Negro C, Di Stefano A, Napoli R (2009) Numerical
simulation of stress induced piezomagnetic fields at Etna volcano.
Geophys J Int 179:1469–1476. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04381.x
Del Negro C, Currenti G, Napoli R, Vicari A (2004) Volcanomagnetic
changes accompanying the onset of the 2002–2003 eruption of
Mt. Etna (Italy). Earth Planet Sci Lett 229:1–14
Del Negro C, Currenti G (2003) Volcanomagnetic signals associated
with the 2001 flank eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy). Geophys Res Lett
30(7):1357. doi:10.1029/2002GL015481
Del Negro C, Napoli R (2002) Ground and marine magnetic surveys of
the lower eastern flank of Etna volcano (Italy). J Volcanol
Geotherm Res 114(3–4):357–372
Del Negro C, Ferrucci F (1998) Magnetic history of a dyke on Mt.
Etna. Geophys J Int 133:451–458
Ganci G, Harris AJL, Del Negro C, Guéhenneux Y, Cappello A,
Labazuy P, Calvari S, Gouhier M (2012) A year of fountaining
at Etna: volumes from SEVIRI. Geophys Res Lett 39:L06305.
doi:10.1029/2012GL051026
Ganci G, Vicari A, Fortuna L, Del Negro C (2011) Hotsat volcano
monitoring system based on a combined use of SEVIRI and
MODIS multispectral data. Ann Geophys 54(5):544–550.
doi:10.4401/ag-5338
Gouhier M, Harris AJL, Calvari S, Labazuy P, Guéhenneux Y,
Donnadieu F, Valade S (2012) Lava discharge during Etna’s
January 2011 fire fountain tracked using MSG-SEVIRI. Bull
Volcanol 74:787–793. doi:10.1007/s00445-011-0572-y
Harris AJL, Dehn J, Patrick M, Calvari S, Ripepe M, Lodato L
(2005) Lava effusion rates from hand-held thermal infrared
imagery: an example from the June 2003 effusive activity at
Stromboli. Bull Volcanol 68:107–117. doi:10.1007/s00445-
005-0425-7
Harris AJL, Dehn J, Calvari S (2007) Lava effusion rate definition,
measurement and operational requirements: a review. Bull
Volcanol 70:1–22. doi:10.1007/s00445-007-0120-y
Harris AJL, Blake S, Rothery DA, Stevens NF (1997) A chronology of
the 1991 to 1993 Etna eruption using AVHRR data: implications
for real time thermal volcano monitoring. J Geophys Res 102
(B4):79858003. doi:10.1029/96JB03388
Heliker C, Swanson DA, Takahashi TJ (2003) The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō—
Kūpaianaha eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawai‘i: the first 20
years. USGS Prof Pap 1676
Jaupart C, Vergniolle S (1988) Laboratory models of Hawaiian and
Strombolian eruptions. Nature 331:58–60
McGuire WJ, Pullen AD (1989) Location and orientation of eruptive
fissures and feeder-dykes at Mount Etna; influence of gravitational
and regional tectonic stress regimes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res
38:325–344
Napoli R, Currenti G, Del Negro C, Greco F, Scandura D (2008)
Volcanomagnetic evidence of the magmatic intrusion on 13th
May 2008 Etna eruption. Geophys Res Lett 35:L22301.
doi:10.1029/2008GL035350
Parcheta CE, Houghton BF, Swanson DA (2012) Hawaiian fissure
fountains 1: decoding deposits—episode 1 of the 1969–1974
Mauna Ulu eruption. Bull Volcanol 74:1729–1743. doi:10.1007/
s00445-012-0621-1
Parfitt EA (2004) A discussion of the mechanisms of explosive basaltic
eruptions. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 134:77–107
Roelloffs EA, Linde AT (2007) Borehole observations and continuous
strain and fluid pressure. In: Dzurisin D (ed) Volcano
deformation—geodetic monitoring techniques. Springer,
Berlin–Heidelberg–New York, pp 305–322
Scollo S, Prestifilippo M, Spata G, D’Agostino M, Coltelli M (2009)
Monitoring and forecasting Etna volcanic plumes. Nat Hazards
Earth Syst Sci 9:1573–1585
Sacks IS, Suyehiro S, Evertson DW, Yamagishi Y (1971) Sacks–
Evertson strainmeter, its installation in Japan and some preliminary
results concerning strain steps. Pap Meteorol
Geophys 22:195–208
Spampinato L, Calvari S, Oppenheimer C, Lodato L (2008) Shallow
magma transport for the 2002–3 Mt. Etna eruption inferred from
thermal infrared surveys. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 177:301–312
Utsugi M, Nishida Y, Sasai Y (2000) Piezomagnetic potentials due to
an inclined rectangular fault in a semi-infinite medium. Geophys J
Int 140:479–492
Vergniolle S, Ripepe M (2008) From Strombolian explosions to
fire fountains at Etna Volcano (Italy): what do we learn from
acoustic measurements? GeolSocLond Spec Publ 307:103–
124. doi:10.1144/SP307.7
fountain driven by previously accumulated magmatic gas. Nature
433:407–409
Allard P, Behncke B, D’Amico S, Neri M, Gambino S (2006) Mount
Etna 1993–2005: anatomy of an evolving eruptive cycle. Earth-
Science Rev 78:85–114
Aloisi M, Bonaccorso A, Cannavò F, Gambino S, Mattia M, Puglisi G,
Boschi E (2009) A new dike intrusion style for the Mount Etna
May 2008 eruption modelled through continuous tilt and GPS
data. Terra Nova 21(4):316–321
Aloisi M, Mattia M, Ferlito C, Palano M, Bruno V, Cannavò F (2011)
Imaging themulti-levelmagma reservoir atMt. Etna volcano (Italy).
Geophys Res Lett 38:L16306. doi:10.1029/2011GL048488
Alparone S, Andronico D, Lodato L, Sgroi T (2003) Relationship
between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast
Crater eruption on Mount Etna in early 2000. J Geophys Res
108(B5):2241. doi:10.1029/2002JB001866
Andronico D, Corsaro RA (2011) Lava fountains during the episodic
eruption of South-East Crater (Mt. Etna), 2000: insights into
magma-gas dynamics within the shallow volcano plumbing system.
Bull Volcanol 73:1165–1178. doi:10.1007/s00445-011-0467-y
Andronico D, Branca S, Calvari S, Burton MR, Caltabiano T, Corsaro
RA, Del Carlo P, Garfì G, Lodato L, Miraglia L, Muré F, Neri M,
Pecora E, Pompilio M, Salerno G, Spampinato L (2005) A multidisciplinary
study of the 2002–03 Etna eruption: insights into a
complex plumbing system. Bull Volcanol 67:314–330.
doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8
Behncke B, Neri M, Pecora E, Zanon V (2006) The exceptional
activity and growth of the Southeast Crater, Mount Etna (Italy),
between 1996 and 2001. Bull Volcanol 69:149–173. doi:10.1007/
s00445-006-0061-x
Bonaccorso A, Davis PM (1999) Models of ground deformation from
vertical volcanic conduits with application to eruptions of Mount
St. Helens and Mount Etna. Geophys Res Lett 104(B5):10531–
10542
Bonaccorso A, Cianetti S, Giunchi C, Transatti E, Bonafede M, Boschi
E (2005) Analytical and 3D numerical modeling of Mt. Etna
(Italy) volcano inflation. Geophys J Int 163:852–862 Bonaccorso A, Bonforte A, Guglielmino F, Palano M, Puglisi G (2006)
Composite ground deformation pattern forerunning the 2004–
2005 Mount Etna eruption. J Geophys Res 111:B12207.
doi:10.1029/2005JB004206
Bonaccorso A, Boschi E, Caltabiano T, Currenti G, Del Negro C,
Gambino S, Ganci G, Giammanco S, Greco F, Pistorio A,
Salerno G, Spampinato S (2011a) Dynamics of a lava fountain
revealed by geophysical, geochemical and thermal satellite measurements:
the case of the 10 April 2011 Mt Etna eruption.
Geophys Res Lett 38:L24307. doi:10.1029/2011GL049637
Bonaccorso A, Cannata A, Corsaro RA, Di Grazia G, Gambino S,
Greco F, Miraglia L, Pistorio A (2011b) Multi-disciplinary investigation
on a lava fountain preceding a flank eruption: the 10 May
2008 Etna case. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 12(7):Q07009.
doi:10.1029/2010GC003480
Bonaccorso A, Bonforte A, Calvari S, Del Negro S, Di Grazia G,
Ganci G, Neri M, Vicari A, Boschi E (2011c) The initial phases
of the 2008-2009 Mt. Etna eruption: a multi-disciplinary approach
for hazard assessment. J Geophys Res 116:B03203. doi:10.1029/
2010JB007906
Bonforte A, Bonaccorso A, Guglielmino F, Palano M, Puglisi G (2008)
Feeding system and magma storage beneath Mt. Etna as revealed
by recent inflation/deflation cycles. J Geophys Res 113:B05406.
doi:10.1029/2007JB005334
Burton MR, Neri M, Andronico D, Branca S, Caltabiano T, Calvari S,
Corsaro RA, Del Carlo P, Lanzafame G, Lodato L, Miraglia L,
Salerno G, Spampinato L (2005) Etna 2004–2005: An archetype
for geodynamically-controlled effusive eruptions. Geophys Res
Lett 32:L09303. doi:10.1029/2005GL022527
Calvari S, Salerno GG, Spampinato L, Gouhier M, La Spina A, Pecora
E, Harris AJL, Labazuy P, Biale E, Boschi E (2011) An unloading
foam model to constrain Etna's 11–13 January 2011 lava fountaining
episode. J Geophys Res 116:B11207. doi:10.1029/
2011JB008407
Currenti G, Del Negro C, Di Stefano A, Napoli R (2009) Numerical
simulation of stress induced piezomagnetic fields at Etna volcano.
Geophys J Int 179:1469–1476. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04381.x
Del Negro C, Currenti G, Napoli R, Vicari A (2004) Volcanomagnetic
changes accompanying the onset of the 2002–2003 eruption of
Mt. Etna (Italy). Earth Planet Sci Lett 229:1–14
Del Negro C, Currenti G (2003) Volcanomagnetic signals associated
with the 2001 flank eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy). Geophys Res Lett
30(7):1357. doi:10.1029/2002GL015481
Del Negro C, Napoli R (2002) Ground and marine magnetic surveys of
the lower eastern flank of Etna volcano (Italy). J Volcanol
Geotherm Res 114(3–4):357–372
Del Negro C, Ferrucci F (1998) Magnetic history of a dyke on Mt.
Etna. Geophys J Int 133:451–458
Ganci G, Harris AJL, Del Negro C, Guéhenneux Y, Cappello A,
Labazuy P, Calvari S, Gouhier M (2012) A year of fountaining
at Etna: volumes from SEVIRI. Geophys Res Lett 39:L06305.
doi:10.1029/2012GL051026
Ganci G, Vicari A, Fortuna L, Del Negro C (2011) Hotsat volcano
monitoring system based on a combined use of SEVIRI and
MODIS multispectral data. Ann Geophys 54(5):544–550.
doi:10.4401/ag-5338
Gouhier M, Harris AJL, Calvari S, Labazuy P, Guéhenneux Y,
Donnadieu F, Valade S (2012) Lava discharge during Etna’s
January 2011 fire fountain tracked using MSG-SEVIRI. Bull
Volcanol 74:787–793. doi:10.1007/s00445-011-0572-y
Harris AJL, Dehn J, Patrick M, Calvari S, Ripepe M, Lodato L
(2005) Lava effusion rates from hand-held thermal infrared
imagery: an example from the June 2003 effusive activity at
Stromboli. Bull Volcanol 68:107–117. doi:10.1007/s00445-
005-0425-7
Harris AJL, Dehn J, Calvari S (2007) Lava effusion rate definition,
measurement and operational requirements: a review. Bull
Volcanol 70:1–22. doi:10.1007/s00445-007-0120-y
Harris AJL, Blake S, Rothery DA, Stevens NF (1997) A chronology of
the 1991 to 1993 Etna eruption using AVHRR data: implications
for real time thermal volcano monitoring. J Geophys Res 102
(B4):79858003. doi:10.1029/96JB03388
Heliker C, Swanson DA, Takahashi TJ (2003) The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō—
Kūpaianaha eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawai‘i: the first 20
years. USGS Prof Pap 1676
Jaupart C, Vergniolle S (1988) Laboratory models of Hawaiian and
Strombolian eruptions. Nature 331:58–60
McGuire WJ, Pullen AD (1989) Location and orientation of eruptive
fissures and feeder-dykes at Mount Etna; influence of gravitational
and regional tectonic stress regimes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res
38:325–344
Napoli R, Currenti G, Del Negro C, Greco F, Scandura D (2008)
Volcanomagnetic evidence of the magmatic intrusion on 13th
May 2008 Etna eruption. Geophys Res Lett 35:L22301.
doi:10.1029/2008GL035350
Parcheta CE, Houghton BF, Swanson DA (2012) Hawaiian fissure
fountains 1: decoding deposits—episode 1 of the 1969–1974
Mauna Ulu eruption. Bull Volcanol 74:1729–1743. doi:10.1007/
s00445-012-0621-1
Parfitt EA (2004) A discussion of the mechanisms of explosive basaltic
eruptions. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 134:77–107
Roelloffs EA, Linde AT (2007) Borehole observations and continuous
strain and fluid pressure. In: Dzurisin D (ed) Volcano
deformation—geodetic monitoring techniques. Springer,
Berlin–Heidelberg–New York, pp 305–322
Scollo S, Prestifilippo M, Spata G, D’Agostino M, Coltelli M (2009)
Monitoring and forecasting Etna volcanic plumes. Nat Hazards
Earth Syst Sci 9:1573–1585
Sacks IS, Suyehiro S, Evertson DW, Yamagishi Y (1971) Sacks–
Evertson strainmeter, its installation in Japan and some preliminary
results concerning strain steps. Pap Meteorol
Geophys 22:195–208
Spampinato L, Calvari S, Oppenheimer C, Lodato L (2008) Shallow
magma transport for the 2002–3 Mt. Etna eruption inferred from
thermal infrared surveys. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 177:301–312
Utsugi M, Nishida Y, Sasai Y (2000) Piezomagnetic potentials due to
an inclined rectangular fault in a semi-infinite medium. Geophys J
Int 140:479–492
Vergniolle S, Ripepe M (2008) From Strombolian explosions to
fire fountains at Etna Volcano (Italy): what do we learn from
acoustic measurements? GeolSocLond Spec Publ 307:103–
124. doi:10.1144/SP307.7
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