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A new hydrothermal scenario for the 2006 Lusi eruption, Indonesia. Insights from gas geochemistry
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/317-318 (2012)
Publisher
Elsevier B.V.
Pages (printed)
305–318
Issued date
February 2012
Abstract
The 29th of May 2006 gas and mud eruptions suddenly appeared along the Watukosek fault in the north east of Java, Indonesia. Within a few weeks several villages were submerged by boiling mud. The most prominent eruption site was named Lusi. To date (November 2011) Lusi is still active and a ~7 km2 area is covered by the burst mud breccia.
The mechanisms responsible for this devastating eruption remain elusive. While there is consensus about the origin of the erupted mud, the source of water is uncertain, the origin of the gas is unknown and the trigger of the eruption is still debated. In order to shed light on these unknowns, we acquired a wide set of data of
molecular and isotopic composition of gas sampled in several Lusi vents, in the surrounding mud volcanoes, in the closest natural gas field (Wunut), and in the hydrothermal vents at the neighbouring volcanic complex in the period 2006–2011.
The boiling fluids erupted in the crater zone are apparently CO2-dominated, while colder CH4-dominated and C2–C3 bearing fluids are identified at several sites around the crater zone. Gas genetic diagrams, maturity plots and gas generation modelling suggest that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic (δ¹³C1 up to −35‰; δ¹³C2 up to −20‰), deriving from marine kerogen with maturity of at least 1.5%Ro, for instance in the ~4400 m deep Ngimbang source rocks. CO2 released from the crater and surrounding seeps is also thermogenic (δ¹³C from −15 to −24‰) related to kerogen decarboxylation or thermal CH4 oxidation in deep rocks, although three vents just outside the crater showed an apparent inorganic signature
(−7.5 ‰< δ¹³C=−0.5‰) associated to mantle helium (R/Ra up to 6.5). High CO2–CH4 equilibrium temperatures (200–400 °C) are typical of thermally altered hydrocarbons or organic matter. The data suggest mainly
thermally altered organic sources for the erupted gases, deeper sourced than the mud and water (Upper Kalibeng shales). These results are consistent with a scenario of deep seated (>4000 m) magmatic intrusions
and hydrothermal fluids responsible for the enhanced heat that altered source rocks and/or gas reservoirs.
The neighbouring magmatic Arjuno complex and its fluid–pressure system combined with high seismic activity could have played a key role in the Lusi genesis and evolution. Within this new model framework,
Lusi is better understood as a sediment-hosted hydrothermal system rather than a mud volcano.
The mechanisms responsible for this devastating eruption remain elusive. While there is consensus about the origin of the erupted mud, the source of water is uncertain, the origin of the gas is unknown and the trigger of the eruption is still debated. In order to shed light on these unknowns, we acquired a wide set of data of
molecular and isotopic composition of gas sampled in several Lusi vents, in the surrounding mud volcanoes, in the closest natural gas field (Wunut), and in the hydrothermal vents at the neighbouring volcanic complex in the period 2006–2011.
The boiling fluids erupted in the crater zone are apparently CO2-dominated, while colder CH4-dominated and C2–C3 bearing fluids are identified at several sites around the crater zone. Gas genetic diagrams, maturity plots and gas generation modelling suggest that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic (δ¹³C1 up to −35‰; δ¹³C2 up to −20‰), deriving from marine kerogen with maturity of at least 1.5%Ro, for instance in the ~4400 m deep Ngimbang source rocks. CO2 released from the crater and surrounding seeps is also thermogenic (δ¹³C from −15 to −24‰) related to kerogen decarboxylation or thermal CH4 oxidation in deep rocks, although three vents just outside the crater showed an apparent inorganic signature
(−7.5 ‰< δ¹³C=−0.5‰) associated to mantle helium (R/Ra up to 6.5). High CO2–CH4 equilibrium temperatures (200–400 °C) are typical of thermally altered hydrocarbons or organic matter. The data suggest mainly
thermally altered organic sources for the erupted gases, deeper sourced than the mud and water (Upper Kalibeng shales). These results are consistent with a scenario of deep seated (>4000 m) magmatic intrusions
and hydrothermal fluids responsible for the enhanced heat that altered source rocks and/or gas reservoirs.
The neighbouring magmatic Arjuno complex and its fluid–pressure system combined with high seismic activity could have played a key role in the Lusi genesis and evolution. Within this new model framework,
Lusi is better understood as a sediment-hosted hydrothermal system rather than a mud volcano.
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Geol. 26 (9), 1751–1765.
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continental shelf and slope sediments. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4053–4061.
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from algal kerogens and terrigenous organic matter, based on dry, open-system
pyrolysis. Org. Geochem. 24 (10–11), 947–955.
Bottinga, Y., 1969. Calculated fractionation factors for carbon and hydrogen isotope
exchange in system calcite–carbon dioxide–graphite–methane–hydrogen–water
vapor. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33 (1), 49–64.
Carn, S.A., 2000. The Lamongan volcanic field, East Java, Indonesia: physical volcanology,
historic activity and hazards. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 95 (1–4),
81–108.
Chung, H., Gormly, J., Squires, R., 1988. Origin of gaseous hydrocarbons in subsurface
environments: theoretical considerations of carbon isotope distribution. Chem.
Geol. 71 (1–3), 97–104.
Clayton, C., 1995. Controls on the carbon isotope ratio of carbon dioxide in oil and gas
fields. 44th September In: Grimalt, J.O., Dorronsoro, C. (Eds.), Organic Geochemistry:
Developments and Applications to Energy, Climate, Environment and Human
History: Selected papers from 17th International Meeting on organic geochemistry,
Donosits-San Sebastian, pp. 1073–1074.
Cooper, B.A., Raven, M., Samuel, J., Hardjono, L., Satoto, W., 2006. Origin and geological
controls on subsurface CO2 distribution with examples from western Indonesia.
Proceedings International Conference on Petroleum Systems of SE Asia and
Australasia, pp. 877–892.
Davies, R., Swarbrick, R., Evans, R., Huuse, M., 2007. Birth of a mud volcano: East Java 29
May 2006 GSA Today 17, 4–9.
Davies, R.J., Mathias, S.A., Swarbrick, R.E., Tingay, M.J., 2011. Probabilistic longevity
estimate for the Lusi mud volcano, East Java. J. Geol. Soc. 168 (2), 517–523.
Delle Donne, D., Harris, A.J.L., Ripepe, M., Wright, R., 2010. Earthquake-induced thermal
anomalies at active volcanoes. Geology 38 (9), 771–774.
Deville, E., Guerlais, S.H., 2009. Cyclic activity of mud volcanoes: evidences from
Trinidad (SE Caribbean). Mar. Pet. Geol. 26 (9), 1681–1691.
Doust, H., Noble, R.A., 2008. Petroleum systems of Indonesia. Mar. Pet. Geol. 25 (2),
103–129.
Essam Sharaf, J.A., Simo, C.A.R., Shields, M., 2005. Stratigraphic evolution of Oligocene–
Miocene carbonates and siliciclastics, East Java Basin, Indonesia. AAPG Bull. 98 (6),
799–819.
Etiope, G., Caracausi, A., Favara, R., Italiano, F., Baciu, C., 2002. Methane emission from
the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (8), 1215.
Etiope, G., Feyzullayev, A., Baciu, C.L., 2009a. Terrestrial methane seeps and mud
volcanoes: a global perspective of gas origin. Mar. Pet. Geol. 26 (3), 333–344.
Etiope, G., Feyzullayev, A., Milkov, A.V., Waseda, A., Mizobe, K., Sun, C.H., 2009b.
Evidence of subsurface anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons and potential
secondary methanogenesis in terrestrial mud volcanoes. Mar. Pet. Geol. 26 (9),
1692–1703.
Etiope, G., Baciu, C.L., Schoell, M., 2011a. Extreme methane deuterium, nitrogen and
helium enrichment in natural gas from the Homorod seep (Romania). Chem.
Geol. 280 (1–2), 89–96. Etiope, G., Nakada, R., Tanaka, K., Yoshida, N., 2011b. Gas seepage from Tokamachi mud
volcanoes, onshore Niigata Basin (Japan): origin, post-genetic alterations and CH4–
CO2 fluxes. Appl. Geochem. 26, 348–359.
Etiope, G., Schoell, M., Hosgormez, H., 2011c. Abiotic methane flux from the Chimaera
seep and Tekirova ophiolites (Turkey): understanding gas exhalation from low
temperature serpentinization and implications for Mars. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 310,
96–104.
Furi, E., Hilton, D.R., Tryon, M.D., Brown, K.M., McMurtry, G.M., Bruckmann, W., Wheat,
C.G., 2010. Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore arc: implications
for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin. Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst. 11 p.
Harris, A.J.L., Ripepe, M., 2007. Regional earthquake as a trigger for enhanced volcanic
activity: evidence from MODIS thermal data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L02304.
doi:10.1029/2006GL028251.
Istadi, B.P., Pramono, G.H., Sumintadireja, P., Alam, S., 2009. Modeling study of growth
and potential geohazard for Lusi mud volcano: East Java, Indonesia. Mar. Pet. Geol.
26 (9), 1724–1739.
Jamtveit, B., Svensen, H., Podladchikov, Y., Planke, S., 2004. Hydrothermal vent
complexes associated with sill intrusions in sedimentary basins. Geological
Society, London, Special Publications 234, 233–241.
Jenden, P.D., Hilton, D.R., Kaplan, I.R., Craig, H., 1993. Abiogenic hydrocarbons and
mantle helium in oil and gas fields. In: Howell, D.G. (Ed.), The Future of Energy
Gases, (US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1570). United States Government
Printing Office, Washington, pp. 31–56.
Kholodov, V.N., 2002. Mud volcanoes: distribution regularities and genesis
(communication 2. geological–geochemical peculiarities and formation model).
Lithol. Miner. Resour. 37 (4), 293–310.
Kopf, A.J., 2002. Significance of mud volcanism. Review of Geophysics 40 (2), 1–52.
Kusumastuti, A., Darmoyo, A.B., Wahyudin, S., Sosromihardjo, S.P.C., 2000. The Wunut
Field: Pleistocene volcaniclastic gas sands in East Java. IPA 27th Annual Convention
Proceedings. . v. IPA99-G-012.
Kusumastuti, A., Van Rensbergen, P., Warren, J.K., 2002. Seismic sequence analysis and
reservoir potential of drowned Miocene carbonate platforms in the Madura Strait,
East Java. Indonesia Aapg Bulletin 86, 213–232.
Manga, M., 2007. Did an earthquake trigger the May 2006 eruption of the Lusi mud
volcano? Eos 88 (18), 201.
Manga, M., Brumm, M., Rudolph, M.L., 2009. Earthquake triggering of mud volcanoes.
Mar. Pet. Geol. 26 (9), 1785–1798.
Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Akhmanov, G.G., Aloisi, G., Planke, S., Malthe-Sorenssen, A., Istadi,
B., 2007. Triggering and dynamic evolution of the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia. Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett. 261 (3–4), 375–388.
Mazzini, A., Nermoen, A., Krotkiewski, M., Podladchikov, Y., Planke, S., Svensen, H.,
2009. Strike-slip faulting as a trigger mechanism for overpressure release through
piercement structures. Implications for the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia. Mar. Pet.
Geol. 26 (9), 1751–1765.
Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Etiope, G., Onderdonk, N., Banks, D., 2011. Fluid origin, gas
fluxes and plumbing system in the sediment-hosted Salton Sea Geothermal
System (California, USA). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 205 (3–4), 67–83.
Milkov, A.V., 2011. Worldwide distribution and significance of secondary microbial
methane formed during petroleum biodegradation in conventional reservoirs.
Org. Geochem. 42 (2), 184–207.
Mori, J., Kano, Y., 2009. Is the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake related to the triggering of
the Sidoarjo, Indonesia mud volcano? J. Geogr. 118 (3), 492–498.
Motyka, R.J., Poreda, R.J., Jeffrey, A.W.A., 1989. Geochemistry, isotopic composition, and
origin of fluids emanating from mud volcanos in the Copper River Basin, Alaska.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53 (1), 29–41.
Nakada, R., Takahashi, Y., Tsunogai, U., Zheng, G., Shimizu, H., Hattori, K.H., 2011. A
geochemical study on mud volcanoes in the Junggar Basin, China. Appl. Geochem.
26 (7), 1065–1076.
Plumlee, G.S., Casadevall, T.J., Wibowo, H.T., Rosenbauer, R.J., Johnson, C.A., Breit, G.N.,
Lowers, H.A., Wolf, R.E., Hageman, P.L., Goldstein, H., Anthony, M.W., Berry, C.J.,
Fey, D.L., Meeker, G.P., Morman, S.A., 2008. Preliminary analytical results for a
mud sample collected from the Lusi mud volcano, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia.
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1019.
Rudolph, M.L., Karlstrom, L., Manga, M., 2011. A prediction of the longevity of the Lusi
mud eruption. Indonesia: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 308 (1–2), 124–130.
Sano, Y., Marty, B., 1995. Origin of carbon in fumarolic gas from island arcs. Chem. Geol.
119 (1–4), 265–274.
Sano, Y., Wakita, H., 1988. Precise measurement of helium-isotopes in terrestrial gases.
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 61 (4), 1153–1157.
Satyana, A.H., Purwaningsih, M.E.M., 2003. Geochemistry of the East Java Basin: New
Observations on Oil Grouping, Genetic Gas Types and Trends of Hydrocarbon
Habitats: Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 29th Annual Convention
and Exhibition, October 2003.
Sawolo, N., Sutriono, E., Istadi, B.P., Darmoyo, A.B., 2009. The Lusi mud volcano triggering
controversy: was it caused by drilling? Mar. Pet. Geol. 26 (9),
1766–1784.
Sawolo, N., Sutriono, E., Istadi, B.P., Darmoyo, A.B., 2010. Was Lusi caused by drilling?
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