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Seismoacoustic measurements during the July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna volcano, Italy
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
1-3/137 September 30, 2004
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
219-230
Issued date
September 30, 2004
Abstract
On July 18, 2001, two main eruptive vents opened on the southern flank of Mount Etna volcano (Italy) at ~2100 m and ~2550 m a.s.l., respectively. The former vent fed mild strombolian activity and lava flows, while the latter represented the main explosive vent, producing strong phreato-magmatic explosions. Explosions at this latter vent, however, shifted to a strombolian style in the following days, before switching back to phreato-magmatic activity towards the end of the eruption, which ended on August 9, 2001.
On August 3, a small seismoacoustic array was deployed close to the eruptive vents. The array was composed of three stations, which recorded seismic and infrasonic waves coming from both of the eruptive vents. A further seismoacoustic station, equipped with a thermal-infrared sensor, was also installed several kilometers north of the first array. Seismic signals relating to the strombolian activity at the 2100-m vent were characterized by a strong decompression at the source. Analysis of the time delays between seismic, infrasonic and infrared event onsets also revealed that ejection velocities during explosions from both vents were subsonic. Time delays between the onset of explosive events apparent in the infrared and infrasound data indicated that the explosion source at the 2550-m vent was located 220–250 m below the crater rim. In comparison, the depth of the seismic source was estimated to be between 230 and 335 m below the rim. This converts to 120–150 and 130–235 m below the preexisting ground surface. In addition, time delays between seismic and infrasonic signals recorded for the lower (2100 m) vent also revealed a seismic source that was no more than a few tens of meters deeper than the fragmentation surface.
On August 3, a small seismoacoustic array was deployed close to the eruptive vents. The array was composed of three stations, which recorded seismic and infrasonic waves coming from both of the eruptive vents. A further seismoacoustic station, equipped with a thermal-infrared sensor, was also installed several kilometers north of the first array. Seismic signals relating to the strombolian activity at the 2100-m vent were characterized by a strong decompression at the source. Analysis of the time delays between seismic, infrasonic and infrared event onsets also revealed that ejection velocities during explosions from both vents were subsonic. Time delays between the onset of explosive events apparent in the infrared and infrasound data indicated that the explosion source at the 2550-m vent was located 220–250 m below the crater rim. In comparison, the depth of the seismic source was estimated to be between 230 and 335 m below the rim. This converts to 120–150 and 130–235 m below the preexisting ground surface. In addition, time delays between seismic and infrasonic signals recorded for the lower (2100 m) vent also revealed a seismic source that was no more than a few tens of meters deeper than the fragmentation surface.
References
Aki, K., Fehler M., Das S., "Source mechanism of volcanic tremor: fluid driven crack models and their application to the 1963 Kilauea eruption", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 2, (1977), pp. 259-287 CrossRef
Aster, R., Mah S.Y., Kyle P., McIntosh W., Dunbar N., Johnson J., Ruiz M., McNamara S., "Very long period oscillations of Mount Erebus Volcano", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 108, (2003), pp. 2522 ( doi:10.1029/2002JB002101)
Buckingham, M.J., Garces M.A., "Canonical model of volcano acoustics", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 101, (1996), pp. 8129-8151
Calvari, S., Coltelli M., Neri M., Pompilio M., Scribano V., "The 1991–1993 Etna eruption: chronology and lava flow-field evolution", Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1994), pp. 1-14
Calvari, S., Neri M., Pinkerton H., "Effusion rate estimations during the 1999 summit eruptions on Mount Etna, and growth of two distinct lava flow fields", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 119, (2002), pp. 107-123
Chouet, B., "Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: radiation properties and implications for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 93, (1988), pp. 4375-4400
Chouet, B., Dawson P., Falsaperla S., Privitera E., "A characterization of long period events recorded during the eruptive activity of Mt. Etna, Italy, in 1992", Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1994), pp. 81-86
Chouet, B., Saccorotti G., Dawson P., Martini M., Scarpa R., De Luca G., Milana G., Cattaneo M., "Broadband measurements of the sources of explosions at Stromboli volcano, Italy", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 28, (1999), pp. 1937-1940 CrossRef
Cristofolini, R., Gresta S., Imposa S., Patanè G., "Feeding mechanism of eruptive activity at Mt. Etna based on seismological and petrological data", King C.Y., Scarpa R., (Ed.) Modeling of Volcanic Processes, (1988), pp. 73-93 Springer, Berlin.
Del Pezzo, E., De Martino S., Gresta S., Martini M., Milana G., Patanè D., Sabbarese C., "Velocity and spectral characteristics of the volcanic tremor at Etna deduced by a small seismometer array", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 56, (1993), pp. 369-378 CrossRef
Dubosclard, G., Cordesses R., Allard P., Hervier C., Coltelli M., Kornprobst J., "First testing of a volcano Doppler radar (Voldorad) at Mount Etna, Italy", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 26, (1999), pp. 3389-3392 CrossRef
Falsaperla, S., Privitera E., Spampinato S., Cardaci C., "Seismic activity and volcanic tremor related to the December 14, 1991 Mt. Etna eruption", Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1994), pp. 63-73
Falsaperla, S., Privitera E., Chouet B., Dawson P., "Analysis of long period events recorded at Mt. Etna (Italy) in 1992 and their relationship to eruptive activity", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 114, (2002), pp. 419-440 Bibliographic Page Full text
Fehler, M., Chouet B., "Operation of a digital seismic network on Mount St. Helens volcano and observations of long-period seismic events that originate under the volcano", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 9, (1982), pp. 1017-1020
Ferrucci, F., Godano C., Pino N.A., "Approach to the volcanic tremor by covariance analysis: application to the 1989 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily)", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 17, (1990), pp. 2425-2428
Gresta, S., Imposa S., Patanè D., Patanè G., "Volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna: state of the art and perspectives", Pure Appl. Geophys., Volume: 125, (1987), pp. 1079-1095 CrossRef
Gresta, S., Lombardo G., Cristofolini R., "Characteristics of volcanic tremor accompanying the September 24th, 1986 explosive eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy)", Ann. Geofis., Volume: 39, (1996), pp. 411-420
Gordeev, E., "Modeling of volcanic tremor as explosive point sources in a singled-layered, elastic half-space", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 98, (1993), pp. 19687-19703
Harris, A.J.L., Neri M., "Volumetric observations during paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna: pressurized drainage of a shallow chamber or pulsed supply?", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 116, (2002), pp. 79-95 Bibliographic Page Full text
Harris, A.J.L., Murray J.B., Aries S.E., Davies M.A., Flynn L.P., Wooster M.J., Wright R., Rothery D.A., "Effusion rate trends at Etna and Krafla and their implications for eruptive mechanisms", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 102, (2000), pp. 237-269 Bibliographic Page Full text
Jaupart, C., Vergniolle S., "Laboratory models of Hawaiian and Strombolian eruptions", Nature, Volume: 331, (1988), pp. 58-60 CrossRef
Johnson, J., Lees J., Gordeev E., "Degassing explosions at Karymsky volcano, Kamchatka", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 25, (1998), pp. 3995-3998
Kaneshima, S., Kawakatsu H., Matsubayashi H., Sudo Y., Tsutsui T., Ohminato T., Ito H., Uhira K., Yamasato H., Oikawa J., Takeo M., Iidaka T., "Eruption process of Aso volcano inferred from near-field broad-band seismic observations", Science, Volume: 273, (1996), pp. 642-645
Malone, S.D., "Volcanic earthquakes: examples from Mt. St. Helens", Kanamori H., Boschi E., (Ed.) Earthquakes: Observations, Theory and Interpretation, (1983), pp. 436-455 Elsevier North Holland, Amsterdam.
Neuberg, J., Luckett R., Ripepe M., Braun T., "Highlights from a seismic broadband array on Stromboli volcano", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 21, (1994), pp. 749-752 CrossRef
Pham, Pham, V.N., Boyer, D., Kieffer, G., 1982. Sur l´existence d´une nappe phrèatique sur le flanc Sud de l'Etna au niveau du Refuge Sapienza, et sa relation avec la structure interne du volcan et avec la formation de la Valle del Bove. 9th R.A.S.T., Paris, March 17–19, 1982, abstracts volume, p. 506.
Privitera, E., Sgroi T., Gresta S., "Statistical analysis of intermittent volcanic tremor associated with the September 1989 summit explosive eruptions at Mt. Etna, Sicily", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 120, (2003), pp. 235-247 Bibliographic Page Full text
Research Staff of INGV, Sezione di Catania, , "Multidisciplinary approach yields insight into Mt. Etna eruption", EOS Trans. AGU, Volume: 82, Issue: 52 (2001), pp. 653-656
Ripepe, M., Braun T., "Air-wave phases in strombolian explosion-quakes seismograms: a possible indicator for the magma level?", Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 5, (1994), pp. 201-206
Ripepe, M., Gordeev E., "Gas bubble dynamics model for shallow volcanic tremor at Stromboli", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 104, (1999), pp. 10639-10654 CrossRef
Ripepe, M., Marchetti E., "Array tracking of infrasonic sources at Stromboli volcano", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 29, (2002), pp. 2076
Ripepe, M., Poggi P., Braun T., Gordeev E., "Infrasonic waves and volcanic tremor at Stromboli", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 23, (1996), pp. 181-184 CrossRef
Ripepe, M., Coltelli M., Privitera E., Gresta S., Moretti M., Piccinini D., "Seismic and infrasonic evidences for an impulsive source of the shallow volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna, Italy", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 28, (2001), pp. 1071-1074 CrossRef
Ripepe, M., Ciliberto S., Della Schiava M., "Time constraint for modelling source dynamics of volcanic explosions at Stromboli", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 106, (2001), pp. 8713-8727
Ripepe, M., Harris A.J.L., Carniel R., "Thermal, seismic and infrasonic evidences of variable degassing rates at Stromboli volcano", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 118, (2002), pp. 285-297 Bibliographic Page Full text
Riuscetti, M., Schick R., Seidl D., "Spectral parameters of volcanic tremors at Etna", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 2, (1977), pp. 289-298 CrossRef
Rowe, C.A., Aster R.C., Kyle P.R., Dibble R.R., Schlue J.W., "Seismic and acoustic observations at Mount Erebus Volcano, Ross Island, Antarctica, 1994–1998", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 101, (2000), pp. 105-128 Bibliographic Page Full text
Schick, R., Riuscetti M., "An analysis of volcanic tremor at South-Italian volcanoes", Z. Geophys., Volume: 39, (1973), pp. 262-274
Schick, R., Cosentino M., Lombardo G., Patanè G., "Volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna. A brief description", Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., Volume: 23, (1982), pp. 191-196
Seidl, D., Schick R., Riuscetti M., "Volcanic tremors at Etna: a model for hydraulic origin", Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 44, (1981), pp. 43-56
Taddeucci, J., Pompilio M., Scarlato P., "Monitoring the explosive activity of the July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy) by ash characterization", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 29, (2002), pp. 1029-1032
Uhira, K., Takeo M., "The source of explosive eruptions of Sakurajima volcano, Japan", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 99, (1994), pp. 17775-17789
Vergniolle, S., Brandeis G., "Origin of the sound generated by Strombolian explosions", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 21, (1994), pp. 1959-1962 CrossRef
Vergniolle, S., Brandeis G., "Strombolian explosions: 1. A large bubble breaking at the surface of a lava column as a source of sound", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 101, (1996), pp. 20433-20447
Wallis, G.B., "One Dimensional Two-Phase Flows", (1969), McGraw Hill, New York. 408 pp.
Weill, A., Brandeis G., Vergniolle S., Baudin F., Bilbille J., Fèvre J.-F., Pirron B., Hill X., "Acoustic sounder measurements of the vertical velocity of volcanic jets at Stromboli volcano", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 19, (1992), pp. 2357-2360
Aster, R., Mah S.Y., Kyle P., McIntosh W., Dunbar N., Johnson J., Ruiz M., McNamara S., "Very long period oscillations of Mount Erebus Volcano", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 108, (2003), pp. 2522 ( doi:10.1029/2002JB002101)
Buckingham, M.J., Garces M.A., "Canonical model of volcano acoustics", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 101, (1996), pp. 8129-8151
Calvari, S., Coltelli M., Neri M., Pompilio M., Scribano V., "The 1991–1993 Etna eruption: chronology and lava flow-field evolution", Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1994), pp. 1-14
Calvari, S., Neri M., Pinkerton H., "Effusion rate estimations during the 1999 summit eruptions on Mount Etna, and growth of two distinct lava flow fields", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 119, (2002), pp. 107-123
Chouet, B., "Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: radiation properties and implications for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 93, (1988), pp. 4375-4400
Chouet, B., Dawson P., Falsaperla S., Privitera E., "A characterization of long period events recorded during the eruptive activity of Mt. Etna, Italy, in 1992", Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1994), pp. 81-86
Chouet, B., Saccorotti G., Dawson P., Martini M., Scarpa R., De Luca G., Milana G., Cattaneo M., "Broadband measurements of the sources of explosions at Stromboli volcano, Italy", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 28, (1999), pp. 1937-1940 CrossRef
Cristofolini, R., Gresta S., Imposa S., Patanè G., "Feeding mechanism of eruptive activity at Mt. Etna based on seismological and petrological data", King C.Y., Scarpa R., (Ed.) Modeling of Volcanic Processes, (1988), pp. 73-93 Springer, Berlin.
Del Pezzo, E., De Martino S., Gresta S., Martini M., Milana G., Patanè D., Sabbarese C., "Velocity and spectral characteristics of the volcanic tremor at Etna deduced by a small seismometer array", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 56, (1993), pp. 369-378 CrossRef
Dubosclard, G., Cordesses R., Allard P., Hervier C., Coltelli M., Kornprobst J., "First testing of a volcano Doppler radar (Voldorad) at Mount Etna, Italy", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 26, (1999), pp. 3389-3392 CrossRef
Falsaperla, S., Privitera E., Spampinato S., Cardaci C., "Seismic activity and volcanic tremor related to the December 14, 1991 Mt. Etna eruption", Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1994), pp. 63-73
Falsaperla, S., Privitera E., Chouet B., Dawson P., "Analysis of long period events recorded at Mt. Etna (Italy) in 1992 and their relationship to eruptive activity", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 114, (2002), pp. 419-440 Bibliographic Page Full text
Fehler, M., Chouet B., "Operation of a digital seismic network on Mount St. Helens volcano and observations of long-period seismic events that originate under the volcano", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 9, (1982), pp. 1017-1020
Ferrucci, F., Godano C., Pino N.A., "Approach to the volcanic tremor by covariance analysis: application to the 1989 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily)", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 17, (1990), pp. 2425-2428
Gresta, S., Imposa S., Patanè D., Patanè G., "Volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna: state of the art and perspectives", Pure Appl. Geophys., Volume: 125, (1987), pp. 1079-1095 CrossRef
Gresta, S., Lombardo G., Cristofolini R., "Characteristics of volcanic tremor accompanying the September 24th, 1986 explosive eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy)", Ann. Geofis., Volume: 39, (1996), pp. 411-420
Gordeev, E., "Modeling of volcanic tremor as explosive point sources in a singled-layered, elastic half-space", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 98, (1993), pp. 19687-19703
Harris, A.J.L., Neri M., "Volumetric observations during paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna: pressurized drainage of a shallow chamber or pulsed supply?", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 116, (2002), pp. 79-95 Bibliographic Page Full text
Harris, A.J.L., Murray J.B., Aries S.E., Davies M.A., Flynn L.P., Wooster M.J., Wright R., Rothery D.A., "Effusion rate trends at Etna and Krafla and their implications for eruptive mechanisms", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 102, (2000), pp. 237-269 Bibliographic Page Full text
Jaupart, C., Vergniolle S., "Laboratory models of Hawaiian and Strombolian eruptions", Nature, Volume: 331, (1988), pp. 58-60 CrossRef
Johnson, J., Lees J., Gordeev E., "Degassing explosions at Karymsky volcano, Kamchatka", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 25, (1998), pp. 3995-3998
Kaneshima, S., Kawakatsu H., Matsubayashi H., Sudo Y., Tsutsui T., Ohminato T., Ito H., Uhira K., Yamasato H., Oikawa J., Takeo M., Iidaka T., "Eruption process of Aso volcano inferred from near-field broad-band seismic observations", Science, Volume: 273, (1996), pp. 642-645
Malone, S.D., "Volcanic earthquakes: examples from Mt. St. Helens", Kanamori H., Boschi E., (Ed.) Earthquakes: Observations, Theory and Interpretation, (1983), pp. 436-455 Elsevier North Holland, Amsterdam.
Neuberg, J., Luckett R., Ripepe M., Braun T., "Highlights from a seismic broadband array on Stromboli volcano", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 21, (1994), pp. 749-752 CrossRef
Pham, Pham, V.N., Boyer, D., Kieffer, G., 1982. Sur l´existence d´une nappe phrèatique sur le flanc Sud de l'Etna au niveau du Refuge Sapienza, et sa relation avec la structure interne du volcan et avec la formation de la Valle del Bove. 9th R.A.S.T., Paris, March 17–19, 1982, abstracts volume, p. 506.
Privitera, E., Sgroi T., Gresta S., "Statistical analysis of intermittent volcanic tremor associated with the September 1989 summit explosive eruptions at Mt. Etna, Sicily", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 120, (2003), pp. 235-247 Bibliographic Page Full text
Research Staff of INGV, Sezione di Catania, , "Multidisciplinary approach yields insight into Mt. Etna eruption", EOS Trans. AGU, Volume: 82, Issue: 52 (2001), pp. 653-656
Ripepe, M., Braun T., "Air-wave phases in strombolian explosion-quakes seismograms: a possible indicator for the magma level?", Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 5, (1994), pp. 201-206
Ripepe, M., Gordeev E., "Gas bubble dynamics model for shallow volcanic tremor at Stromboli", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 104, (1999), pp. 10639-10654 CrossRef
Ripepe, M., Marchetti E., "Array tracking of infrasonic sources at Stromboli volcano", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 29, (2002), pp. 2076
Ripepe, M., Poggi P., Braun T., Gordeev E., "Infrasonic waves and volcanic tremor at Stromboli", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 23, (1996), pp. 181-184 CrossRef
Ripepe, M., Coltelli M., Privitera E., Gresta S., Moretti M., Piccinini D., "Seismic and infrasonic evidences for an impulsive source of the shallow volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna, Italy", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 28, (2001), pp. 1071-1074 CrossRef
Ripepe, M., Ciliberto S., Della Schiava M., "Time constraint for modelling source dynamics of volcanic explosions at Stromboli", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 106, (2001), pp. 8713-8727
Ripepe, M., Harris A.J.L., Carniel R., "Thermal, seismic and infrasonic evidences of variable degassing rates at Stromboli volcano", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 118, (2002), pp. 285-297 Bibliographic Page Full text
Riuscetti, M., Schick R., Seidl D., "Spectral parameters of volcanic tremors at Etna", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 2, (1977), pp. 289-298 CrossRef
Rowe, C.A., Aster R.C., Kyle P.R., Dibble R.R., Schlue J.W., "Seismic and acoustic observations at Mount Erebus Volcano, Ross Island, Antarctica, 1994–1998", J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 101, (2000), pp. 105-128 Bibliographic Page Full text
Schick, R., Riuscetti M., "An analysis of volcanic tremor at South-Italian volcanoes", Z. Geophys., Volume: 39, (1973), pp. 262-274
Schick, R., Cosentino M., Lombardo G., Patanè G., "Volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna. A brief description", Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., Volume: 23, (1982), pp. 191-196
Seidl, D., Schick R., Riuscetti M., "Volcanic tremors at Etna: a model for hydraulic origin", Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 44, (1981), pp. 43-56
Taddeucci, J., Pompilio M., Scarlato P., "Monitoring the explosive activity of the July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy) by ash characterization", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 29, (2002), pp. 1029-1032
Uhira, K., Takeo M., "The source of explosive eruptions of Sakurajima volcano, Japan", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 99, (1994), pp. 17775-17789
Vergniolle, S., Brandeis G., "Origin of the sound generated by Strombolian explosions", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 21, (1994), pp. 1959-1962 CrossRef
Vergniolle, S., Brandeis G., "Strombolian explosions: 1. A large bubble breaking at the surface of a lava column as a source of sound", J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 101, (1996), pp. 20433-20447
Wallis, G.B., "One Dimensional Two-Phase Flows", (1969), McGraw Hill, New York. 408 pp.
Weill, A., Brandeis G., Vergniolle S., Baudin F., Bilbille J., Fèvre J.-F., Pirron B., Hill X., "Acoustic sounder measurements of the vertical velocity of volcanic jets at Stromboli volcano", Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 19, (1992), pp. 2357-2360
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