Bacterial and archaeal populations at two shallow hydrothermal vents off Panarea Island (Eolian Islands, Italy)
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Journal
Issue/vol(year)
1/13 (2009)
Publisher
Springer
Pages (printed)
199-212
Date Issued
January 2009
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the
microbial community thriving at two shallow hydrothermal
vents off Panarea Island (Italy). Physico-chemical characteristics
of thermal waters were examined in order to
establish the effect of the vents on biodiversity of both
Bacteria and Archaea. Water and adjacent sediment samples
were collected at different times from two vents,
characterised by different depth and temperature, and
analysed to evaluate total microbial abundances, sulphuroxidising
and thermophilic aerobic bacteria. Total microbial
abundances were on average of the order of
105 cells ml-1, expressed as picoplanktonic size fraction.
Picophytoplanktonic cells accounted for 0.77–3.83% of the
total picoplanktonic cells. The contribution of bacterial and
archaeal taxa to prokaryotic community diversity was
investigated by PCR–DGGE fingerprinting method. The
number of bands derived from bacterial DNA was highest
in the DGGE profiles of water sample from the warmest
and deepest site (site 2). In contrast, archaeal richness was
highest in the water of the coldest and shallowest site (site
1). Sulphur-oxidising bacteria were detected by both culture-
dependent and -independent methods. The primary
production at the shallow hydrothermal system of Panarea
is supported by a complex microbial community composed
by phototrophs and chemolithotrophs.
microbial community thriving at two shallow hydrothermal
vents off Panarea Island (Italy). Physico-chemical characteristics
of thermal waters were examined in order to
establish the effect of the vents on biodiversity of both
Bacteria and Archaea. Water and adjacent sediment samples
were collected at different times from two vents,
characterised by different depth and temperature, and
analysed to evaluate total microbial abundances, sulphuroxidising
and thermophilic aerobic bacteria. Total microbial
abundances were on average of the order of
105 cells ml-1, expressed as picoplanktonic size fraction.
Picophytoplanktonic cells accounted for 0.77–3.83% of the
total picoplanktonic cells. The contribution of bacterial and
archaeal taxa to prokaryotic community diversity was
investigated by PCR–DGGE fingerprinting method. The
number of bands derived from bacterial DNA was highest
in the DGGE profiles of water sample from the warmest
and deepest site (site 2). In contrast, archaeal richness was
highest in the water of the coldest and shallowest site (site
1). Sulphur-oxidising bacteria were detected by both culture-
dependent and -independent methods. The primary
production at the shallow hydrothermal system of Panarea
is supported by a complex microbial community composed
by phototrophs and chemolithotrophs.
References
The aim of this study was to investigate the
microbial community thriving at two shallow hydrothermal
vents off Panarea Island (Italy). Physico-chemical characteristics
of thermal waters were examined in order to
establish the effect of the vents on biodiversity of both
Bacteria and Archaea. Water and adjacent sediment samples
were collected at different times from two vents,
characterised by different depth and temperature, and
analysed to evaluate total microbial abundances, sulphuroxidising
and thermophilic aerobic bacteria. Total microbial
abundances were on average of the order of
105 cells ml-1, expressed as picoplanktonic size fraction.
Picophytoplanktonic cells accounted for 0.77–3.83% of the
total picoplanktonic cells. The contribution of bacterial and
archaeal taxa to prokaryotic community diversity was
investigated by PCR–DGGE fingerprinting method. The
number of bands derived from bacterial DNA was highest
in the DGGE profiles of water sample from the warmest
and deepest site (site 2). In contrast, archaeal richness was
highest in the water of the coldest and shallowest site (site
1). Sulphur-oxidising bacteria were detected by both culture-
dependent and -independent methods. The primary
production at the shallow hydrothermal system of Panarea
is supported by a complex microbial community composed
by phototrophs and chemolithotrophs.
775 Ehrhardt CJ, Haymon RM, Lamontagne MG, Holden PA (2007)
776 Evidence for hydrothermal Archaea within the basaltic flanks of
777 the East Pacific Rise. Environ Microbiol 9:900–912
778 Ferris MJ, Muyzer G, Ward DM (1996) Denaturing gradient gel
779 electrophoresis profiles of 16S rRNA-defined populations inhab-
780 iting a hot spring microbial mat community. Appl Environ
781 Microbiol 62:340–346
782 Fiala G, Stetter KO (1986) Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a
783 novel genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing
784 optimally at 100 C. Arch Microbiol 145:56–61
785 Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T (2005) Order V. Thiotrichales ord.
786 nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds)
787 Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, (The Proteobacte-
788 ria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), New York, Springer,
789 p 131
790 Glissman K, Chin KJ, Casper P, Conrad R (2004) Methanogenic
791 pathway and archaeal community structure in the sediment of
792 eutrophic Lake Dagow: effect of temperature. Microb Ecol
793 48:389–399
794 Graff A, Stubner S (2003) Isolation and molecular characterization of
795 thiosulphate-oxidizing bacteria from an Italian rice field soil.
796 Syst Appl Microbiol 26:445–452
797 Gugliandolo C, Maugeri TL (1998) Temporal variations in hetero-
798 trophic mesophilic bacteria from a marine shallow hydrothermal
799 vent off the Island of Vulcano (Eolian Islands, Italy). Microb
800 Ecol 36:13–22
801 Gugliandolo C, Italiano F, Maugeri TL, Inguaggiato S, Caccamo D,
802 Amend JP (1999) Submarine hydrothermal vents of the Eolian
803 Islands: relationship between microbial communities and ther-
804 mal fluids. Geomicrobiol J 16:105–117
805 Gugliandolo C, Maugeri TL, Caccamo D, Stackebrandt E (2003)
806 Bacillus aeolius sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, halophilic marine
807 Bacillus species from Eolian Islands (Italy). Syst Appl Microbiol
808 26:172–176
809 Gugliandolo C, Italiano F, Maugeri TL (2006) The submarine
810 hydrothermal system of Panarea (Southern Italy): biogeochem-
811 ical processes at the thermal fluids—sea bottom interface. Ann
812 Geophys 49:783–792
813 Hafenbradl D, Keller M, Dirmeier R, Rachel R, Roßnagel P, Burggraf
814 S, Huber H, Stetter KO (1996) Ferroglobus placidus gen. nov., a
815 novel hyperthermophilic archaeum that oxidizes Fe2? at neutral
816 pH under anoxic conditions. Arch Microbiol 166:308–314
817 Heising S, Richter L, Ludwig W, Schink B (1999) Chlorobium
818 ferrooxidans sp. nov., a phototrophic green sulphur bacterium
819 that oxidizes ferrous iron in coculture with a ‘Geospirillum’
820 sp. strain. Arch Microbiol 172:116–124
821 Hirayama H, Sunamura M, Takai K, Nunoura T, Noguchi T, Oida H,
822 Furushima Y, Yamamoto H, Oomori T, Horikoshi K (2007)
823 Culture-dependent and -independent characterization of micro-
824 bial communities associated with a shallow submarine
825 hydrothermal system occurring within a Coral Reef off Taketomi
826 Island, Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:764–7656
827 Huber H, Stetter KO (1989) Thiobacillus prosperus sp. nov.,
828 represents a new group of halotolerant metal-mobilizing bacteria
829 isolated from a marine geothermal field. Arch Microbiol
830 151:479–485
831 Huber R, Langworthy TA, Ko¨nig H, Thomm M, Woese CR, Sleytr
832 UB, Stetter KO (1986) Thermotoga maritima sp. nov. represents
833 a new genus of unique extremely thermophilic eubacteria
834 growing up to 90 C. Arch Microbiol 144:324–333
835 Italiano F, Nuccio PM (1991) Geochemical investigations of
836 submarine volcanic exhalations to the East of Panarea, Eolian
837 Islands, Italy. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 46:125–141
838 Kielak A, Pijl AS, van Veen JA, Kowalchuk GA (2008) Differences
839 in vegetation composition and plant species identity lead to onlyminor changes in soil-borne microbial communities in a former 840
arable field. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 63:372–382 841
Kodama Y, Watanabe K (2003) Isolation and characterization of a 842
sulphur-oxidizing chemolithotroph growing on crude oil under 843
anaerobic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:107–112 844
Lane DJ (1991) 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. In: Stackebrandt E, 845
Goodfellow M, Wiley J, Sons LDT (eds) Nucleic acid techniques 846
in bacterial systematics. West Sussex, UK, pp 115–175 847
Manini E, Luna GM, Corinaldesi C, Zeppilli D, Bortoluzzi G, 848
Caramanna G, Raffa F, Danovaro R (2008) Prokaryote diversity 849
and virus abundance in shallow hydrothermal vents of the 850
Mediterranean Sea (Panarea Island) and the Pacific Ocean (North 851
Sulawesi-Indonesia). Microb Ecol 55:626–639 852
Maugeri TL, Acosta Pomar MLC, Bruni V (1990) Picoplancton. In: 853
Innamorati M, Ferrari I, Marino D, Ribera D’Alcala` M (eds) 854
Metodi per lo studio del plancton marino. Nova Thalassia Lint 855
Trieste, Italy, pp 199–205 856
Maugeri TL, Gugliandolo C, Caccamo D, Stackebrandt E (2001) A 857
polyphasic taxonomic study of thermophilic bacilli from shal- 858
low, marine vents. Syst Appl Microbiol 24:572–587 859
Maugeri TL, Gugliandolo C, Caccamo D, Stackebrandt E (2002) 860
Three novel halotolerant and thermophilic Geobacillus strains 861
from shallow marine vents. Syst Appl Microbiol 25:450–455 862
Miller TR, Franklin MP, Halden RU (2007) Bacterial community 863
analysis of shallow groundwater undergoing sequential anaero- 864
bic and aerobic chloroethane biotransformation. FEMS 865
Microbiol Ecol 60:299–311 866
Mills HJ, Martinez RJ, Story S, Sobecky PA (2005) Characterization 867
of microbial community structure in Gulf of Mexico gas 868
hydrates: comparative analysis of DNA- and RNA-derived clone 869
libraries. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:3235–3247 870
Muyzer G (1999) DGGE/TGGE a method for identifying genes from 871
natural ecosystems. Curr Opin Microbiol 2:317–322 872
Muyzer G, De Waal EC, Uitterlinden AG (1993) Profiling of complex 873
microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 874
analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified genes coding for 875
16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:695–700 876
Muyzer G, Hottentra¨ger S, Teske A, Wawer C (1996) Denaturing 877
gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA—A 878
new molecular approach to analyse the genetic diversity of 879
mixed microbial communities. In: Akkermans ADL, van Elsas 880
JD, de Bruijn FJ (eds) Molecular microbial ecology manual. 881
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 1–23 882
Nakagawa S, Takai K, Inagaki F, Chiba H, Ishibashi J, Kataoka S, 883
Hirayama H, Nunoura T, Horikoshi Sako Y (2005) Variability in 884
microbial community and venting chemistry in a sediment- 885
hosted backarc hydrothermal system: impacts of subseafloor 886
phase-separation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 54:141–155 887
Page A, Juniper SK, Olagnon M, Alain K, Desrosiers G, Querellou J, 888
Cambon-Bonavita MA (2004) Microbial diversity associated 889
with a Paralvinella sulfincola tube and the adjacent substratum 890
on an active deep-sea vent chimney. Geobiology 2:225–238 891
Raskin L, Stromley JM, Rittmann BE, Stahl DA (1994) Group specific 892
16S rRNA hybridization probes to describe natural communities 893
of methanogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1232–1240 894
Rogers KL, Amend JP (2005) Archaeal diversity and geochemical 895
energy yields in a geothermal well on Vulcano Island, Italy. 896
Geobiology 3:319–332 897
Rusch A, Amend JP (2004) Order-specific 16S rRNA-targeted 898
oligonucleotide probes for (hyper) thermophilic archaea and 899
bacteria. Extremophiles 8:357–366 900
Rusch A, Walpersdorf E, deBeer D, Gurrieri S, Amend JP (2005) 901
Microbial communities near the oxic/anoxic interface in the 902
hydrothermal system of Vulcano Island, Italy. Chem Geol 903
224:169–182
Sievert SM, Brinkhoff T, Muyzer G, Ziebis W, Kuever J (1999)
906 Spatial heterogeneity of bacterial populations along an environ-
907 mental gradient at a shallow submarine hydrothermal vent near
908 Milos Island (Greece). Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3834–3842
909 Sievert SM, Kuever J, Muyzer G (2000) Identification of 16S
910 ribosomal DNA-defined bacterial populations at a shallow
911 submarine hydrothermal vent near Milos Island (Greece). Appl
912 Environ Microbiol 66:3102–3109
913 Sievert SM, Scott KM, Klotz MG, Chain PS, Hauser LJ, Hemp J,
914 Hugler M, Land M, Lapidus A, Larimer FW, Lucas S, Malfatti
915 SA, Meyer F, Paulsen IT, Ren Q, Simon J (2008) Genome of the
916 epsilonproteobacterial chemolithoautotroph Sulfurimonas deni-
917 trificans. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1145–1156
918 Skoog A, Vlahos P, Rogers KL, Amend JP (2007) Concentrations,
919 distributions, and energy yields of dissolved neutrals aldoles in a
920 shallow hydrothermal vent system of Vulcano, Italy. Org
921 Geochem 38:1416–1430
922 Stahl DA, Amann RI (1991) Development and application of nucleic
923 acid probes. In: Stackebrandt E, Goodfellow M (eds) Nucleic
924 acid techniques in bacterial systematics. Wiley, New York, pp
925 205–248
926 Stetter KO (1988) Archaeoglobus fulgidus gen. nov., sp. nov. a new
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microbial community thriving at two shallow hydrothermal
vents off Panarea Island (Italy). Physico-chemical characteristics
of thermal waters were examined in order to
establish the effect of the vents on biodiversity of both
Bacteria and Archaea. Water and adjacent sediment samples
were collected at different times from two vents,
characterised by different depth and temperature, and
analysed to evaluate total microbial abundances, sulphuroxidising
and thermophilic aerobic bacteria. Total microbial
abundances were on average of the order of
105 cells ml-1, expressed as picoplanktonic size fraction.
Picophytoplanktonic cells accounted for 0.77–3.83% of the
total picoplanktonic cells. The contribution of bacterial and
archaeal taxa to prokaryotic community diversity was
investigated by PCR–DGGE fingerprinting method. The
number of bands derived from bacterial DNA was highest
in the DGGE profiles of water sample from the warmest
and deepest site (site 2). In contrast, archaeal richness was
highest in the water of the coldest and shallowest site (site
1). Sulphur-oxidising bacteria were detected by both culture-
dependent and -independent methods. The primary
production at the shallow hydrothermal system of Panarea
is supported by a complex microbial community composed
by phototrophs and chemolithotrophs.
775 Ehrhardt CJ, Haymon RM, Lamontagne MG, Holden PA (2007)
776 Evidence for hydrothermal Archaea within the basaltic flanks of
777 the East Pacific Rise. Environ Microbiol 9:900–912
778 Ferris MJ, Muyzer G, Ward DM (1996) Denaturing gradient gel
779 electrophoresis profiles of 16S rRNA-defined populations inhab-
780 iting a hot spring microbial mat community. Appl Environ
781 Microbiol 62:340–346
782 Fiala G, Stetter KO (1986) Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a
783 novel genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing
784 optimally at 100 C. Arch Microbiol 145:56–61
785 Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T (2005) Order V. Thiotrichales ord.
786 nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds)
787 Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, (The Proteobacte-
788 ria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), New York, Springer,
789 p 131
790 Glissman K, Chin KJ, Casper P, Conrad R (2004) Methanogenic
791 pathway and archaeal community structure in the sediment of
792 eutrophic Lake Dagow: effect of temperature. Microb Ecol
793 48:389–399
794 Graff A, Stubner S (2003) Isolation and molecular characterization of
795 thiosulphate-oxidizing bacteria from an Italian rice field soil.
796 Syst Appl Microbiol 26:445–452
797 Gugliandolo C, Maugeri TL (1998) Temporal variations in hetero-
798 trophic mesophilic bacteria from a marine shallow hydrothermal
799 vent off the Island of Vulcano (Eolian Islands, Italy). Microb
800 Ecol 36:13–22
801 Gugliandolo C, Italiano F, Maugeri TL, Inguaggiato S, Caccamo D,
802 Amend JP (1999) Submarine hydrothermal vents of the Eolian
803 Islands: relationship between microbial communities and ther-
804 mal fluids. Geomicrobiol J 16:105–117
805 Gugliandolo C, Maugeri TL, Caccamo D, Stackebrandt E (2003)
806 Bacillus aeolius sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, halophilic marine
807 Bacillus species from Eolian Islands (Italy). Syst Appl Microbiol
808 26:172–176
809 Gugliandolo C, Italiano F, Maugeri TL (2006) The submarine
810 hydrothermal system of Panarea (Southern Italy): biogeochem-
811 ical processes at the thermal fluids—sea bottom interface. Ann
812 Geophys 49:783–792
813 Hafenbradl D, Keller M, Dirmeier R, Rachel R, Roßnagel P, Burggraf
814 S, Huber H, Stetter KO (1996) Ferroglobus placidus gen. nov., a
815 novel hyperthermophilic archaeum that oxidizes Fe2? at neutral
816 pH under anoxic conditions. Arch Microbiol 166:308–314
817 Heising S, Richter L, Ludwig W, Schink B (1999) Chlorobium
818 ferrooxidans sp. nov., a phototrophic green sulphur bacterium
819 that oxidizes ferrous iron in coculture with a ‘Geospirillum’
820 sp. strain. Arch Microbiol 172:116–124
821 Hirayama H, Sunamura M, Takai K, Nunoura T, Noguchi T, Oida H,
822 Furushima Y, Yamamoto H, Oomori T, Horikoshi K (2007)
823 Culture-dependent and -independent characterization of micro-
824 bial communities associated with a shallow submarine
825 hydrothermal system occurring within a Coral Reef off Taketomi
826 Island, Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:764–7656
827 Huber H, Stetter KO (1989) Thiobacillus prosperus sp. nov.,
828 represents a new group of halotolerant metal-mobilizing bacteria
829 isolated from a marine geothermal field. Arch Microbiol
830 151:479–485
831 Huber R, Langworthy TA, Ko¨nig H, Thomm M, Woese CR, Sleytr
832 UB, Stetter KO (1986) Thermotoga maritima sp. nov. represents
833 a new genus of unique extremely thermophilic eubacteria
834 growing up to 90 C. Arch Microbiol 144:324–333
835 Italiano F, Nuccio PM (1991) Geochemical investigations of
836 submarine volcanic exhalations to the East of Panarea, Eolian
837 Islands, Italy. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 46:125–141
838 Kielak A, Pijl AS, van Veen JA, Kowalchuk GA (2008) Differences
839 in vegetation composition and plant species identity lead to onlyminor changes in soil-borne microbial communities in a former 840
arable field. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 63:372–382 841
Kodama Y, Watanabe K (2003) Isolation and characterization of a 842
sulphur-oxidizing chemolithotroph growing on crude oil under 843
anaerobic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:107–112 844
Lane DJ (1991) 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. In: Stackebrandt E, 845
Goodfellow M, Wiley J, Sons LDT (eds) Nucleic acid techniques 846
in bacterial systematics. West Sussex, UK, pp 115–175 847
Manini E, Luna GM, Corinaldesi C, Zeppilli D, Bortoluzzi G, 848
Caramanna G, Raffa F, Danovaro R (2008) Prokaryote diversity 849
and virus abundance in shallow hydrothermal vents of the 850
Mediterranean Sea (Panarea Island) and the Pacific Ocean (North 851
Sulawesi-Indonesia). Microb Ecol 55:626–639 852
Maugeri TL, Acosta Pomar MLC, Bruni V (1990) Picoplancton. In: 853
Innamorati M, Ferrari I, Marino D, Ribera D’Alcala` M (eds) 854
Metodi per lo studio del plancton marino. Nova Thalassia Lint 855
Trieste, Italy, pp 199–205 856
Maugeri TL, Gugliandolo C, Caccamo D, Stackebrandt E (2001) A 857
polyphasic taxonomic study of thermophilic bacilli from shal- 858
low, marine vents. Syst Appl Microbiol 24:572–587 859
Maugeri TL, Gugliandolo C, Caccamo D, Stackebrandt E (2002) 860
Three novel halotolerant and thermophilic Geobacillus strains 861
from shallow marine vents. Syst Appl Microbiol 25:450–455 862
Miller TR, Franklin MP, Halden RU (2007) Bacterial community 863
analysis of shallow groundwater undergoing sequential anaero- 864
bic and aerobic chloroethane biotransformation. FEMS 865
Microbiol Ecol 60:299–311 866
Mills HJ, Martinez RJ, Story S, Sobecky PA (2005) Characterization 867
of microbial community structure in Gulf of Mexico gas 868
hydrates: comparative analysis of DNA- and RNA-derived clone 869
libraries. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:3235–3247 870
Muyzer G (1999) DGGE/TGGE a method for identifying genes from 871
natural ecosystems. Curr Opin Microbiol 2:317–322 872
Muyzer G, De Waal EC, Uitterlinden AG (1993) Profiling of complex 873
microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 874
analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified genes coding for 875
16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:695–700 876
Muyzer G, Hottentra¨ger S, Teske A, Wawer C (1996) Denaturing 877
gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA—A 878
new molecular approach to analyse the genetic diversity of 879
mixed microbial communities. In: Akkermans ADL, van Elsas 880
JD, de Bruijn FJ (eds) Molecular microbial ecology manual. 881
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 1–23 882
Nakagawa S, Takai K, Inagaki F, Chiba H, Ishibashi J, Kataoka S, 883
Hirayama H, Nunoura T, Horikoshi Sako Y (2005) Variability in 884
microbial community and venting chemistry in a sediment- 885
hosted backarc hydrothermal system: impacts of subseafloor 886
phase-separation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 54:141–155 887
Page A, Juniper SK, Olagnon M, Alain K, Desrosiers G, Querellou J, 888
Cambon-Bonavita MA (2004) Microbial diversity associated 889
with a Paralvinella sulfincola tube and the adjacent substratum 890
on an active deep-sea vent chimney. Geobiology 2:225–238 891
Raskin L, Stromley JM, Rittmann BE, Stahl DA (1994) Group specific 892
16S rRNA hybridization probes to describe natural communities 893
of methanogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1232–1240 894
Rogers KL, Amend JP (2005) Archaeal diversity and geochemical 895
energy yields in a geothermal well on Vulcano Island, Italy. 896
Geobiology 3:319–332 897
Rusch A, Amend JP (2004) Order-specific 16S rRNA-targeted 898
oligonucleotide probes for (hyper) thermophilic archaea and 899
bacteria. Extremophiles 8:357–366 900
Rusch A, Walpersdorf E, deBeer D, Gurrieri S, Amend JP (2005) 901
Microbial communities near the oxic/anoxic interface in the 902
hydrothermal system of Vulcano Island, Italy. Chem Geol 903
224:169–182
Sievert SM, Brinkhoff T, Muyzer G, Ziebis W, Kuever J (1999)
906 Spatial heterogeneity of bacterial populations along an environ-
907 mental gradient at a shallow submarine hydrothermal vent near
908 Milos Island (Greece). Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3834–3842
909 Sievert SM, Kuever J, Muyzer G (2000) Identification of 16S
910 ribosomal DNA-defined bacterial populations at a shallow
911 submarine hydrothermal vent near Milos Island (Greece). Appl
912 Environ Microbiol 66:3102–3109
913 Sievert SM, Scott KM, Klotz MG, Chain PS, Hauser LJ, Hemp J,
914 Hugler M, Land M, Lapidus A, Larimer FW, Lucas S, Malfatti
915 SA, Meyer F, Paulsen IT, Ren Q, Simon J (2008) Genome of the
916 epsilonproteobacterial chemolithoautotroph Sulfurimonas deni-
917 trificans. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1145–1156
918 Skoog A, Vlahos P, Rogers KL, Amend JP (2007) Concentrations,
919 distributions, and energy yields of dissolved neutrals aldoles in a
920 shallow hydrothermal vent system of Vulcano, Italy. Org
921 Geochem 38:1416–1430
922 Stahl DA, Amann RI (1991) Development and application of nucleic
923 acid probes. In: Stackebrandt E, Goodfellow M (eds) Nucleic
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