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Lillo, J.
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Lillo, J.
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- PublicationRestrictedA compilation of field surveys on gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from contrasting environmental settings in Europe, South America, South Africa and China: separating fads from facts(2013-12-31)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Higueras, P.; Departamento de Ingenierı´a Geolo´gica y Minera, Escuela Universitaria Polite´cnica de Almade´n, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, 13400 Almade´n, Spain ;Oyarzun, R.; Instituto de Geologı´a Aplicada (IGeA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, 13400 Almade´n, Spain ;Kotnik, J.; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia ;Esbrı´, J. M.; Instituto de Geologı´a Aplicada (IGeA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, 13400 Almade´n, Spain ;Martìnez-Coronado, A.; Instituto de Geologı´a Aplicada (IGeA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, 13400 Almade´n, Spain ;Horvat, M.; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia ;Lòpez-Berdonces, M. A.; Instituto de Geologı´a Aplicada (IGeA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, 13400 Almade´n, Spain ;Llanos, W.; Exploraciones Mineras S.A. (EM), Avenida Apoquindo 4775, Providencia, Santiago, Chile ;Vaselli, O.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Unversita´ di Florence, Via G. Pira, 4, 50121 Florence, Italy ;Nisi, B.; CNR-IGG Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy ;Mashyanov, N.; Department of Geology, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St., Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation ;Ryzov, V.; Department of Geology, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St., Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation ;Spiric, Z.; OIKON, Institute for Applied Ecology, Avenija Dubrovnik 6-8, 10 020 Zagreb, Croatia ;Panichev, N.; Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa ;McCrindle, R.; Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa ;Feng, X.; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China ;Fu, X.; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China ;Lillo, J.; Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnologý´a, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipa´n s/n, 28933 Mo´stoles, Madrid, Spain ;Loredo, J.; Departamento de Explotacio´n y Prospeccio´n de Minas, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Minas, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain ;Garcìa, M. E.; Facultad de Ciencias Quý´micas, Universidad Mayor de San Andre´s, Campus de Cota-Cota, La Paz, Bolivia ;Alfonso, P.; Departament d’Enginyeria Minera i Recursos Minerals, Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya, Catalunya, Spain ;Villegas, K.; Departament d’Enginyeria Minera i Recursos Minerals, Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya, Catalunya, Spain ;Palacios, S.; Departament d’Enginyeria Minera i Recursos Minerals, Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya, Catalunya, Spain ;Oyarzu´n, J.; Departamento de Ingenierý´a de Minas, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile ;Maturana, H.; Departamento de Ingenierı´a de Minas, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile ;Contreras, F.; Facultad de Agronomı´a (Maracay), Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela ;Adams, M.; Facultad de Agronomı´a (Maracay), Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela ;Ribeiro-Guevara, S.; Centro Atomico, Bariloche, Argentina ;Niecenski, L. P.; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Huremovic´, J.; Prirodno matematicki fakultet, Sarajevo, Bosna and Herzegovina; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Mercury is transported globally in the atmosphere mostly in gaseous elemental form (GEM, Hg0 gas), but still few worldwide studies taking into account different and contrasted environmental settings are available in a single publication. This work presents and discusses data from Argentina, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Chile, China, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Slovenia and Venezuela. We classified the information in four groups: (1) mining districts where this contaminant poses or has posed a risk for human populations and/or ecosystems; (2) cities, where the concentration ofatmospheric mercury could be higher than normal due to the burning of fossil fuels and industrial activities; (3) areas with natural emissions from volcanoes; and (4) pristine areas where no anthropogenic influence was apparent. All the surveys were performed using portable LUMEX RA-915 series atomic absorption spectrometers. The results for cities fall within a low GEM concentration range that rarely exceeds 30 ng m-3, that is, 6.6 times lower than the restrictive ATSDR threshold (200 ng m-3) for chronic exposure to this pollutant. We also observed this behavior in the former mercury mining districts, where few data were above 200 ng m-3.We noted that high concentrations of GEM are localized phenomena that fade away in short distances. However, this does not imply that they do not pose a risk for those working in close proximity to the source. This is the case of the artisanal gold miners that heat the Au–Hg amalgam to vaporize mercury. In this respect, while GEM can be truly regarded as a hazard, because of possible physical–chemical transformations into other species, it is only under these localized conditions, implying exposure to high GEM concentrations, which it becomes a direct risk for humans.378 77