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Reinisch, B. W.
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Reinisch, B. W.
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- PublicationOpen AccessNear Earth space plasma monitoring under COST 296(2009-08)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Altadill, D.; Observatori de l’Ebre, Universitat Ramon Llull – CSIC, Spain ;Boska, J.; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, ASCR, Czech Republic ;Cander, L. R.; STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK ;Tamara Gulyaeva, T.; IZMIRAN , Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia ;Reinisch, B. W.; Center for Atmospheric Research, UMass Lowell, USA ;Romano, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia ;Krankowski, A.; University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland ;Bremer, J.; Leibnitz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Kühlungsborn, Germany ;Belehaki, A.; National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece ;Stanislawska, I.; Space Research Centre PAS, Warsaw, Poland ;Jakowski, N.; DLR, Institute of Communications and Navigation, Neustrelitz, Germany ;Scotto, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; This review paper presents the main achievements of the near Earth space plasma monitoring under COST 296 Action. The outputs of the COST 296 community making data, historical and real-time, standardized and available to the ionospheric community for their research, applications and modeling purposes are presented. The contribution of COST 296 with the added value of the validated data made possible a trusted ionospheric monitoring for research and modeling purposes, and it served for testing and improving the algorithms producing real-time data and providing data users measurement uncertainties. These value added data also served for calibration and validation of space-borne sensors. New techniques and parameters have been developed for monitoring the near Earth space plasma, as time dependent 2D maps of vertical total electron content (vTEC), other key ionospheric parameters and activity indices for distinguishing disturbed ionospheric conditions, as well as a technique for improving the discrepancies of different mapping services. The dissemination of the above products has been developed by COST 296 participants throughout the websites making them available on-line for real-time applications.352 362 - PublicationOpen AccessVertical electron density profiles from digisonde ionograms. The average representative profile(1996-08)
; ; ;Huang, X.; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research, Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A. ;Reinisch, B. W.; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research, Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A.; Profile calculations from ionograms using the Huang-Reinisch technique arrive at a set of boundary values and coefficients that describe the profile. From an ensemble of such sets an Average Representative Profile (ARP) is derived which is again expressed in terms of boundary values and coefficients.161 491 - PublicationOpen AccessCOST 296 scientific results designed for operational use(2009-08)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Stanislawska, I.; Space Research Centre PAS, Warsaw, Poland ;Belehaki, A.; National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece ;Jakowski, N.; DLR, Institute of Communications and Navigation, Neustrelitz, Germany ;Zolesi, B.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia ;Gulyaeva, T. L.; IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia ;Cander, L. R.; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK ;Reinisch, B. W.; Center for Atmospheric Research, UMass Lowell, USA ;Pezzopane, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia ;Tsagouri, I.; National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece ;Tomasik, L.; Space Research Centre PAS, Warsaw, Poland ;Galkin, I.; Center for Atmospheric Research, UMass Lowell, USA; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The main objective of the COST 296 Action «Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems» is the establishment/ improvement of ionospheric services by coordinating the development of specific algorithms, models, and tools capable of operating in a near-real-time mode. Key elements of these activities are contributions related to monitoring, modelling, and imaging of customer-relevant ionospheric quantities. COST stimulates, coordinates, and supports Europe’s goals of development and global cooperation by providing high quality information and knowledge of ionospheric and plasmaspheric conditions enabling high quality and reliable operation of radio systems. It also provides a platform for sharing such tools as algorithms or models, and for the joint development of advanced technologies. It takes advantage of many national and European service initiatives, for example DIAS (http://dias.space.noa.gr), SWACI (http://w3swaci.dlr.de), ESWUA (http://www.eswua.ingv.it/ingv), RWC-Warsaw (http://www.cbk.waw.pl/rwc), the COST Prompt Ionospheric Database http://www.wdc.rl.ac.uk/cgibin/ digisondes/cost_database.pl, http://www.izmiran.ru/services, and others. Existing national capabilities are taken into account to develop synergies and avoid duplication. The enhancement of environment monitoring networks and associated instrumentation yields mutual advantages for European and regional services specialized for local user needs. It structurally increases the integration of limited-area services, and generates a platform employing the same approach to each task differing mostly in input and output data. In doing so it also provides a complementary description of the environmental state within issued information, as well as providing a platform for interaction among local end users, who define what kind of information they need, for system providers, who finalize the tools necessary to obtain required information, and for local service providers, who do the actual processing of data, tailoring it to specific users’ needs. Such an initiative creates a unique opportunity for small national services to consolidate their product design so that is no longer limited to their own activity, but can serve the wider European services. The development and improvement of techniques for mitigating ionospheric effects on radio systems by the COST 296 Action prepared those services that implemented the new design techniques for the newly announced EU and ESA policy-Space Situation Awareness (SSA). COST 296 developments applied to nowcasting and forecasting services are an essential input to the Operational SSA Ionosphere.300 282 - PublicationOpen AccessMid-point electron density profiles from oblique ionograms(1996-08)
; ; ; ;Huang, X.; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research, Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A. ;Reinisch, B. W.; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research, Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A. ;Kuklinski, W. S.; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research, Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A.; ; A computationally efficient technique for the inversion of oblique ionograms into mid-point electron density profiles is described. The profile is given as the sum of quasi-parabolic functions suitable for ray tracing. The CPU time for a 486 desk top computer is 30 s.145 228 - PublicationOpen AccessElecton density profiles of the topside ionosphere(2002)
; ; ; ; ;Huang, X.; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, U.S.A. ;Reinisch, B. W.; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, U.S.A. ;Bilitza, D.; Raytheon ITSS, GSFC, Code 632, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A. ;Benson, R. F.; GSFC, Code 692, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A.; ; ; The existing uncertainties about the electron density profiles in the topside ionosphere, i.e., in the height region from h m F 2 to ~ 2000 km, require the search for new data sources. The ISIS and Alouette topside sounder satellites from the sixties to the eighties recorded millions of ionograms but most were not analyzed in terms of electron density profiles. In recent years an effort started to digitize the analog recordings to prepare the ionograms for computerized analysis. As of November 2001 about 350 000 ionograms have been digitized from the original 7-track analog tapes. These data are available in binary and CDF format from the anonymous ftp site of the National Space Science Data Center. A search site and browse capabilities on CDAWeb assist the scientific usage of these data. All information and access links can be found at http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/isis/isis-status. html. This paper describes the ISIS data restoration effort and shows how the digital ionograms are automatically processed into electron density profiles from satellite orbit altitude (1400 km for ISIS-2) down to the F peak. Because of the large volume of data an automated processing algorithm is imperative. The TOPside Ionogram Scaler with True height algorithm TOPIST software developed for this task is successfully scaling ~ 70% of the ionograms. An «editing process» is available to manually scale the more difficult ionograms. The automated processing of the digitized ISIS ionograms is now underway, producing a much-needed database of topside electron density profiles for ionospheric modeling covering more than one solar cycle.355 836 - PublicationOpen AccessThe F1 ledge: density, height and slope(1996-08)
; ; ;Reinisch, B. W.; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research, Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A. ;Huang, X.; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research, Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A.; Diurnal variations of the F1 region ionization at 170 km altitude and the slope ?170 = dN/dh at this height are analyzed for mid-latitude and equatorial stations: Millstone Hill, Ramey, Puerto Madryn and Jicamarca. Both the density N(t) and the slope ?(t)at 170 km show well defined diurnal variations with day-to-day variabilities of less than 10%. The heights of the F1 ledge, hmF1, are spread over ± 20 km and are therefore of limited value for modeling purposes.158 157 - PublicationOpen AccessImpact of COST 271(2004)
; ; ;Bradley, P. A.; Pandora, Scotlands Drive, Farnham Common, Slough, Berks, U.K. ;Reinisch, B. W.; Environmental, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, U.S.A.; This article discusses the significance of the achievements of the COST 271 Action on science and technology for space weather and telecommunications in Europe and the world. The Action's work has impacted national and international projects and the decision processes. The key words encompassed in the title of COST 271 are «space weather». But as the reader of this Final Report will appreciate, many more topics were addressed during the Action by the large team of workers from a wide range of countries and organisations than this wording would suggest. Relevant to the performance of telecommunication systems that rely on the presence of the ionosphere for propagation support, or that are affected by transmission through it, there have been investigations among other items of solar and magnetosphere disturbances on the ionosphere, satellite and ground-based measurements of the ionosphere, assembly of near-real-time databases of ionosphere information on the Web, studies of planetary and gravity waves in the ionosphere, ionosphere modelling, mapping and forecasting, long-term changes, ray-path deviations in the presence of irregularities, channel-scattering functions, and scintillations on Earth-space paths. The impact of all this work on the outside communities can be considered within three broad headings as follows.144 109 - PublicationOpen AccessIonospheric drift measurements with ionosondes(1998-11)
; ; ; ;Reinisch, B. W.; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A. ;Scali, J. L.; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A. ;Haines, D. L.; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A.; ; In the last forty years many attempts have been made to measure ionospheric plasma motions with HF radio sounders, generally specialized ionosondes. Starting in the 1950's, the so-called similar fading and the correlation methods were applied to estimate the velocities in the ionosphere. More recently, the interferometric Doppler technique was introduced which successfully measured ionospheric drifts that were verified by incoherent scatter radar measurements. The latter technique is discussed in some detail in this paper.318 695