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Camarda, Marco
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Camarda, Marco
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marco.camarda@ingv.it
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staff
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14032928200
38 results
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- PublicationOpen AccessOn-field measurements of CO2 isotope composition of diffuse degassing from soils in volcanic areas: Delta-ray setup for direct measurements in the 0-100% vol. range.(2019-04-10)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; Volcanoes release carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and have been targeted as potential contributors to the global warming. Despite the evidences lay against these conjectures, the accurate estimation of the release of CO2 of volcanic origin in the atmosphere is currently unavailable because both not all the volcanoes of the world are satisfactorily monitored, and the estimations available for monitored volcanoes are often discordant. At the same time, the available estimate for the monitored volcanoes can be different according to the state of activity of the volcano.Multiple sources can be effective in the release of CO2 in volcanic zones as demonstrated by the isotopic fingerprinting of CO2. Better estimates of the amount of carbon dioxide released by different sources represent one means of improving the accuracy of the estimation of the CO2 budget in environmental systems and reducing the knowledge gaps related to the effects of the carbon cycle in the Earth-climate system. The coupled approach of carbon isotope and CO2 flux measurements allows the precise identification of different sources, and enables the evaluation of the mass contribution of each source to the carbon dioxide emissions. From a volcanological perspective, it is well known that the amount of CO2 released by soils before and during periods of unrest increases appreciably, similar to the amount of carbon dioxide released from the craters of the volcanoes. This study focuses on the application of a DeltaRayTM from Thermo Scientific, and reports the development of an innovative method for directly determining in the field the isotope composition of carbon dioxide discharged by soils at concentrations from atmospheric to 100 vol %. To settle the DeltaRayTM to the determination of the isotope composition of soil gases, a sampling method has been designed to analyse the isotope composition of the CO2 in a gas sample of unknown CO2 concentration, reduce the measurement operation time without loss of accuracy, and measure the isotope composition of the CO2 without changing the instrument configuration. The results of the first application on Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) are reported in order to evaluate the amount of hydrothermal CO2 discharged by soils. The amount of hydrothermal CO2 released by soils is not negligible because of the specific extent of the degassing surface. For the first time, the budget of the CO2 of hydrothermal origin discharged by soils on Vulcano was computed separately from the contribution of the biogenic source, and the data indicate a degassing area that is wider than that previously reported in the literature. Furthermore, the synchronous and extensive investigation of both the spatial distribution of the carbon isotope composition of CO2 and the CO2 flux provides a better assessment of the amount of CO2 of deep origin. Monitoring of this type of CO2 represents a step forward in the evaluation of the volcanic hazard.35 6 - PublicationOpen AccessUNA NUOVA STAZIONE A VULCANO PER IL MONITORAGGIO DEL FLUSSO DI CALORE DAL SUOLO(2010)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Diliberto, Iole Serena; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Camarda, Marco; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Cappuzzo, Santo; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;De Gregorio, Sofia; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Giudice, Gaetano; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Guida, Roberto; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Madonia, Paolo; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Foresta Martin, Luigi; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; Una stazione per il monitoraggio delle variazioni del flusso di calore dal suolo è stata installata all’isola di Vulcano sul cono attivo di La Fossa, all’esterno del campo fumarolico di alta temperatura. La stazione misura i valori di temperatura del suolo a sei differenti profondità, lungo uno stesso profilo verticale. Le misure consentono di ottenere il gradiente di temperatura (°C/m) nel suolo ed il coefficiente di correlazione lineare (R2) delle temperature registrate lungo il profilo. Tali parametri (R2 e °C/m) consentono di determinare il flusso di calore nei periodi in cui la componente conduttiva è la principale forma di trasporto del calore. La stazione è stata progettata ed assemblata nel laboratorio di elettronica della sezione di Palermo dell’INGV e utilizza un programma di acquisizione ed un sistema di trasmissione interamente progettati e sviluppati dallo stesso personale. Dopo un primo periodo di osservazione dei dati e di verifiche tecniche la stazione, denominata Bordosud, è entrata nel sistema di monitoraggio geochimico dell’attività di Vulcano gestito dalle Sezione di Palermo dell’INGV. L’energia termica rilasciata da un sistema vulcanico è un parametro di primaria importanza per la sorveglianza dell’attività vulcanica. Durante i periodi intereruttivi, il calore rilasciato attraverso la circolazione dei fluidi idrotermali e l’energia termica associata all’emissione di vapore attraverso i campi fumarolici costituiscono una buona parte dell’energia totale rilasciata dal vulcano.203 322 - PublicationRestrictedTemporal variations in air permeability and soil CO2 flux in volcanic ash soils (island of Vulcano, Italy)(2017-08)
; ; ; ; ; ; ;; ; Air permeability is a major physical factor affecting the advective transport of a gas through the soil, and variations in this parameter can strongly influence the emission of endogenous gases from the soil to the atmosphere. In this paper, we illustrated a new and simple method for measuring in situ air permeability based on the measurement of air pressure inside a special probe inserted into the soil. The method was designed and developed primarily to study the relationship between air permeability and the soil CO2 flux in an active volcanic area. The method was used for continuous monitoring of the air permeability at two different locations on the island of Vulcano. At the same time, the values of the atmospheric pressure, temperature, rain, and volumetric water content of the soil were also acquired to investigate their effect on soil air permeability and soil CO2 flux. The results showed that during the monitoring period, soil air permeability exhibited minor variations at each site, while larger variations in the soil CO2 flux were recorded. The effect of soil air permeability on soil CO2 flux was negligible at both sites, whereas a strong dependence of soil CO2 flux on volumetric water content and on atmospheric pressure was found. Furthermore, the variation in air permeability recorded at both sites was much lower than that predicted using some well-known predictive models, showing that the relationship among different soil transport parameters is more complex in real field conditions than would be expected by semiempirical models.513 14 - PublicationOpen AccessChanges of heat and fluid release from crater and peripheral areas during solphataric activityAt Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), different measurement methods have been developed for more than 30 years and models were formulated to account for the real time evolution of the actual solphataric activity. The results of a long term monitoring of surface temperature and of CO2 flux from soil, reviewed in a multidisciplinary framework, are presented here. These two parameters, monitored at the ground surface, highlighted local variations of the hydrothermal release and the time series of data showed in several instances, different range of values. The background and anomalous ranges defined by this long term monitoring are robust by a statistical point of view. The long term data-series offered a useful tool to verify conceptual framework and to better define the natural hazard evaluation integrating “classical” and “new” investigation techniques. Moreover, La Fossa area lays in a geodynamic context with active seismo- tectonic processes, frequently perturbing the pressure field of the hydrothermal system under investigation. Any perturbation in the pressure state variable (P) of the system, results in an excited state of its components and a relevant transfer of energy and mass towards the surface starts to counterbalance the perturbation. The continuous monitoring of surface temperature reveals the effects of the forces guiding the heat flows whereas the space variation of temperature indicates the rising paths of hydrothermal and magmatic fluids. The occurrence of new fumaroles and mofetes, or even changing emission rates of fluids by these vents, rises questions about the evolution of the equilibrium state of buried hydrothermal system, or about changing physical condition of overburden rocks. The conceptual framework suggesting the potential of our time series of field data is that a rock body, can be seen as a multiphase geochemical system where the fluid phases play a crucial role in defining the physical changes of the body and its response to the different forces acting on it. The changes of pore pressure depend on the balance between gas phases production and gas leaked out from a geochemical system. Analyses of fluxes at the system boundaries can give information on the equilibrium of the interacting geospheres. Even if playing variables are too many, some specific compounds and parameters can be selected as indicators of the state of the system.#
56 14 - PublicationRestrictedTemporal and spatial correlations between soil CO2 flux and crustal stress(2016-10)
; ; ; ; ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;De Gregorio, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Di Martino, R. M. R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Favara, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; ; In seismically active areas, tectonic stress deforms and breaks the rocks of the crust. Ongoing deformation produces detectable modifications in the shallower portions of the crust, resulting in a wide variety of changes in several parameters. In this paper, we report the results of a large-scale spatial (across an area of 15,000 km2) and temporal (up to 3 years) investigation of the relationship between active crustal stress and soil CO2 flux. We deployed a network of 10 automatic stations in most of the seismically active districts of southern Italy to monitor the soil CO2 fluxes, and we used seismicity data to track crustal stress. The results of the investigation show that the CO2 flux signals varied independently in the districts with low and sporadic seismicity. Conversely, in the only district with nearly continuous seismic activity, almost all of the CO2 flux signals were well correlated with each other, and we recorded a clear synchronous sharp increase of the seismicity and signals recorded by several stations. The high spatial and temporal correlation between seismicity and gas discharge evidenced in this study prove that the crustal stress associated with the seismogenic process is able to effectively modulate the gas release in a seismically active area.860 29 - PublicationRestrictedA multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of the mechanism that triggered the Cerda landslide (Sicily, Italy)(2005)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Agnesi, V.; Dipartimento di Geologia e Geodesia, Universita` degli Studi, Corso Tukory 131, Palermo 90134, Italy ;Camarda, M.; Dipartimento CFTA, Universita` degli Studi, Via Archirafi 36, Palermo 90100, Italy ;Conoscenti, C.; Dipartimento di Geologia e Geodesia, Universita` degli Studi, Corso Tukory 131, Palermo 90134, Italy ;Di Maggio, C.; Dipartimento di Geologia e Geodesia, Universita` degli Studi, Corso Tukory 131, Palermo 90134, Italy ;Diliberto, I. S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Madonia, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Rotigliano, E.; Dipartimento di Geologia e Geodesia, Universita` degli Studi, Corso Tukory 131, Palermo 90134, Italy; ; ; ; ; ; The present paper describes a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of a seismically triggered landslide that occurred in the Cerda area (Italy) on September 6, 2002, about 1 h after an earthquake took place in the south Tyrrhenian Sea. The study was focused on an analysis of the role of the seismic input in triggering the landslide, in view of the evidence that no other mass movement was recorded in the adjacent areas despite geological and geomorphological spatial homogeneity. The studied area is located on a slope of the western flank of the Fiume Imera Settentrionale (Northern Sicily), which is made up of clayey–arenitic rocks. The slope inclines gently but is not uniform due to fluvial, gravitative, and rainwash processes. Field data dealing with global positioning system (GPS), geology, geomorphology, geophysics (vertical electrical sounding, or VES), and geochemistry (soil gas fluxes and composition) were acquired and analysed in order to investigate the cause–effect relationships between the earthquake and the mass movement. The GPS survey allowed us to map the ground failures that have also been classified on the basis of their kinematical meaning (i.e., compressive, distensive, or transcurrent structures). The geological analysis revealed outcropping rocks and tectonic structures. The geomorphologic survey highlighted the presence of preexisting landslide bodies. The geophysical survey detected a buried surface located at a depth of about 100 m . Finally, the geochemical survey showed that the gas released from the displaced mass came from a shallow depth and was not related to any active fault system. The abovementioned information allowed us to interpret the landslide event as a partial reactivation of a preexisting landslide body that was triggered by the earthquake.436 92 - PublicationRestrictedContinuous monitoring of hydrogen and carbon dioxide at Mt Etna(2013-08-20)
; ; ; ; ;Di Martino, R. M. R.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Gurrieri, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Valenza, M.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy; ; ; This study assessed the use of a H2 fuel cell as an H2-selective sensor for volcano monitoring. The resolution, repeatability, and cross-sensitivity of the sensor were investigated and evaluated under known laboratory conditions. A tailor-made device was developed and used for continuously monitoring H2 and CO2 at Mt Etna throughout 2009 and 2010. The temporal variations of both parameters were strongly correlated with the evolution of the volcanic activity during the monitoring period. In particular, the CO2 flux exhibited long-term variations, while H2 exhibited pulses immediately before the explosive activity that occurred at Mt Etna during 2010.821 34 - PublicationOpen AccessInferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network(2023)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO2 flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO2 flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO2 degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards.956 59 - PublicationRestrictedCO2 flux measurements in volcanic areas using the dynamic concentration methods: the influence of the soil permeability(2006)
; ; ; ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Gurrieri, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Valenza, M.; Dipartimento di Chimica e Fisica della Terra ed Applicazioni, Palermo, Italy; ; In order to evaluate the influence of soil permeability on soil CO2 flux measurements performed with the dynamic concentration method, several tests were carried out using soils characterized by different permeability values and flow rates. A special device was assembled in the laboratory to create a one-dimensional gas flow through a soil of known permeability. Using the advective-diffusion theory, a physical model to predict soil concentration gradients was also developed. The calculated values of CO2 concentrations at different depths were compared with those measured during the tests and a good agreement was found. Four soils with different gas permeability (3.6 10 2 to 1.23 102 mm2) were used. The CO2 flux values were varied from 0.1 kg m 2 d 1 up to 22 kg m 2 d 1. On the basis of these results, a new empirical equation for calculating very accurate soil CO2 flux from dynamic concentration and soil permeability values was proposed. As highlighted by the experimental data, the influence of soil permeability on CO2 flux measurements depends on various factors, of which the flow rate of the suction pump is the most important. Setting low values for the pumping flux (0.4–0.8 L min 1), the mean error due to soil permeability was lower than 5%. Finally, the method was tested by measuring the CO2 flux in a grid of 48 sampling sites on Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), and the global error, affecting the CO2 flux measurements in a real application, was evaluated.244 49 - PublicationOpen AccessTemporal and spatial variations in soil CO2 flux exhaled in peripheral areas of Mt. Etna during the last two years(2007-04-15)
; ; ; ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;De Gregorio, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Gurrieri, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; ; European Geosciences UnionMt. Etna is the highest volcano in Europe, up today it reaches about 3320 m a.s.l. It is located in the eastern cost of Sicily (Southern Italy) which is characterized by intense tectonic activity and magmatism (Hirn et al., 1997). The Mt. Etna has a very intense degassing (Gerlach, 1991, Allard et al., 1991) which occurs both from top craters and along its flanks, mainly along the active structures (D’alessandro et al. 1995, Giammanco et al., 1998). In order to monitoring the volcanic activity, since 1989, several soil CO2 flux measurements have been periodically carried out in some areas of the volcano characterized by high CO2 emissions. In particular, the selected areas are located in the SW zone around the Paternò village and in the eastern part of the volcano, around the village of Zafferana Etnea. The measurements of CO2 flux in the areas are performed in a regular grid of about 70 sites. In the past the highest values of CO2 flux were recorded before the 1991-1993 eruption. This was the most important eruption of the last three century as regard of amount of erupted magma volume (Barberi et al., 1993). Generally till now the data about peripheral degassing have been considered only in term of total mean flux leaving aside any consideration about the spatial distribution in the single area. In the last two years, besides simply considered the variations of mean flux, an analysis of spatial distributions variations has been undertaken in order to better understand the relationships between volcano system modifications and diffuse degassing. During the same period two anomalous episodes were recorded one on May - September 2005 and the other, on May – July 2006. These two periods showed on the whole different characteristics. The first anomaly was more intense in the Zafferana area and was coupled with an intense seismic activity recorded, nearby this area. Otherwise the second episodes showed the greatest intensity in Paternò area and coincided with the occurrence of several earthquakes, with hypocentre placed about 10 km depth, few kilometers north of the Paternò. Furthermore both the episodes were associated with significantly modifications on spatial distribution of soil CO2 with shapes and the extents quite different each other. The two anomalies were due to movement and/or arrive of magma batches. The differences being between them reflect inequality in the modality and/or type of the magma rising process. Regarding the occurrence of the last eruptive period (July – December 06) should be noted, that unlike of the almost all previous eruptions, the flux remain rather high in both the areas, also after the beginning of the eruptive event.226 87