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Dynamic feeder dyke systems in basaltic volcanoes: the exceptional example o fthe 1809 Etna eruption (Italy)
Other Titles
Dynamic feeder dyke systems in basaltic volcanoes
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2T. Tettonica attiva
2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
4V. Vulcani e ambiente
6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
Status
Published
JCR Journal
N/A or not JCR
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
2/13 (2014)
Electronic ISSN
2296-6463
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
Pages (printed)
1-11
Issued date
July 21, 2014
Alternative Location
Subjects
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the 1809 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy, which represents one historical rare case in which it is possible to observe details of the internal structure of the feeder system. This is possible thanks to the presence of two large pit craters located in the middle of the eruptive fracture field that allow studying a section of the shallow feeder system. Along the walls of one of these craters, we analysed well-exposed cross sections of the uppermost 15–20 m of the feeder system and related volcanic products. Here, we describe the structure, morphology and lithology of this portion of the 1809 feeder system, including the host rock which conditioned the propagation of the dyke, and compare the results with other recent eruptions. Finally, we propose the dynamic model of the magma behaviour inside a laterally-propagating feeder dyke, demonstrating how this dynamic triggered important changes in the eruptive style (from effusive/Strombolian to phreatomagmatic) during the same eruption. Our results are also useful for hazard assessment related to the development of flank eruptions, potentially the most hazardous type of eruption from basaltic volcanoes in densely urbanized areas, such as Mt. Etna.
References
Acocella V., Neri M. (2003), What makes flank eruptions?: the 2001 Etna eruption and the possible triggering mechanisms. Bull.Volcanol. 65:517-529, doi: 10.1007/s00445-003-0280-3.
Acocella V., Neri M., Scarlato P. (2006a), Understanding shallow magma emplacement at volcanoes: Orthogonal feeder dikes during the 2002–2003 Stromboli (Italy) eruption. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L17310, doi:10.1029/2006GL026862.
Acocella V., Neri M., Sulpizio R. (2009), Dike propagation within active central volcanic edifices: constraints from Somma-Vesuvius, Etna and analogue models. Bull. Volcanol. 71:219–223, doi10.1007/s00445-008-0258-2.
Acocella V., Porreca M., Neri M., Mattei M. and Funiciello R. (2006b), Fissure eruptions at Mount Vesuvius (Italy): insights on the shallow propagation of dikes at volcanoes. Geology 34, 8, 673–676, doi: 10.1130/G22552.1.
Andronico D., Branca S., Calvari S., Burton M.R., Caltabiano T., Corsaro R.A., Del Carlo P., Garfì G., Lodato L., Miraglia L., Muré F., Neri M., Pecora E. , Pompilio M., Salerno G., Spampinato L. (2005), A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002-03 Etna eruption: insights for a complex plumbing system. Bull.Volcanol. 67, 314-330, doi: 10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8.
Allard P., Behncke B., D’Amico S., Neri M., Gambino S. (2006), Mount Etna 1993-2005: Anatomy of an Evolving Eruptive Cycle. Earth-Science Reviews 78, 85-114, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.04.002.
Alidibirov M., Dingwell, D.B. (1996), Magma fragmentation by rapid decompression. Nature 380, 146-148.
Behncke B., Neri M. (2003a), Cycles and trends in the recent eruptive behaviour of Mount Etna (Italy), Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 1405-1411, doi: 10.1139/E03-052.
Behncke B., Neri M. (2003b), The July-August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily). Bull.Volcanol. 65:461-476, doi: 10.1007/s00445-003-0274-1.
Bonforte A., Guglielmino F., Coltelli M., Ferretti A., Puglisi G. (2011), Structural assessment of Mount Etna volcano from Permanent Scatterers analysis. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12 (2) http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003213.
Bousquet J.C., Lanzafame G. (2001), Nouvelle interprétation des fractures des éruptionslatérales de l’Etna: conséquences pour son cadre tectonique. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 172:455–467.
Branca S., Coltelli M., Groppelli G., Lentini F. (2011), Geological map of Etna volcano, 1:50,000 scale. Ital. J. Geosci. 130 (3), 265–291. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2011.15.
Branca S., Ferrara V. (2012), The morphostructural setting of Mount Etna sedimentary basement (Italy): Implications for the geometry and volume of the volcano and its flank instability.Tectonophysics http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.11.011.
Calvari S., Pinkerton H. (2004), Birth, growth and morphologic evolution of the “Laghetto” cinder cone during the 2001 Etna eruption.J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 132, 225–239, doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00347-0.
Cappello A., Neri M., Acocella V., Gallo G., Vicari A., Del Negro C. (2012), Spatial vent opening probability map of Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy).Bull. Volcanol. 74, 2083–2094, doi: 10.1007/s00445-012-0647-4.
Del Negro C., Cappello A., Neri M., Bilotta G., Hérault A., Ganci G. (2013), Lava flow hazards at Etna volcano: constraints imposed by eruptive history and numerical simulations, Scientific Reports - Nature 3:3493, doi: 10.1038/srep03493.
Garduño V.H., Neri M., Pasquarè G., Borgia A., Tibaldi A. (1997), Geology of the NE Rift of Mount Etna, Sicily (Italy). ActaVulcanol. 9, 91–100.
Gemmellaro C. (1860), La vulcanologia dell’Etna. Atti Acc. Gioenia Sc. Nat., Ser. II, vol.14-15, p.131-133 Catania.
Geshi N., Kusumoto S., Gudmundsson A. (2010) The geometric difference between non-feeders and feeder dikes. Geology 38, 195-198,doi: 10.1130/G30350.1.
Geshi N., Oikawa T. (2014), The spectrum of basaltic feeder systems from effusive lava eruption to explosive eruption at Miyakejima volcano, Japan. Bull.Volcanol. 76:797, doi: 10.1007/s00445-014-0797-7.
Gudmundsson A. (1987), Lateral magma flow, caldera collapse and a mechanism of large eruptions in Iceland. J.Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 34:65–78.
Gudmundsson A. (2006), How local stresses control magma-chamber ruptures, dyke injections, and eruptions in composite volcanoes. Earth Sci. Rev. 79, 1–31.
Gudmundsson A. (2011), Deflection of dykes into sills at discontinuities and magma-chamber formation. Tectonophysics 500, 50-64.
Gudmundsson A., Oskarsson N., Gronvold K., Saemundsson K., Sigurdsson O., Stefansson R., Gislason S.R., Einarsson P., Brandsdottir B., Larsen G., Johannesson H., Thordarson T. (1992), The 1991 eruption of Hekla, Iceland. Bull. Volcanol. 54, 238–246.
Keating G.N., Valentine G.A., Krier D.J., Perry F.V. (2008), Shallow plumbing system for small-volume basaltic volcanoes. Bull.Volcanol. 70:563-582 doi: 10.1007/s00445-007-0154-1.
Komorowski J.C., et al., (2002), The January 2002 flank eruption of Nyiragongo volcano (DRC): Chronology, evidence for a tectonic rift trigger and impact of lava flows on the city of Goma. ActaVulcanol. 14, 25–57.
Lanzafame G., Leonardi A., Neri M., Rust D. (1997), Late overthrust of the Appenine - Maghrebian Chain at the NE periphery of Mt. Etna, Sicily. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t.324, serie II a, 325-332.
McGuire W.J., Pullen A.D. (1989), Location and orientation of eruptive fissures and feeder-dykes at Mount Etna: influence of gravitational and regional stress regimes. J.Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 38:325–244
Neri M., Acocella V., (2006), The 2004-05 Etna eruption: implications for flank deformation and structural behaviour of the volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 158, 195-206, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.022.
Neri M., Acocella V., Behncke B. (2004), The role of the Pernicana Fault System in the spreading of Mount Etna (Italy) during the 2002-2003 eruption. Bull.Volcanol. 66, 417-430, doi: 10.1007/s00445-003-0322-x.
Neri M., Acocella V., Behncke B., Giammanco S., Mazzarini F., Rust D. (2011), Structural analysis of the eruptive fissures at Mount Etna (Italy). Ann. Geophys., 54, 5, 464-479, doi: 10.4401/ag-5332.
Neri M., Lanzafame G., Acocella V., (2008), Dike emplacement and related hazard in volcanoes with sector collapse: the 2007 Stromboli eruption.J. Geol. Soc. London, 165, 883-886, doi:10.1144/0016-76492008-002.
Papale P. (1998), Strain-induced magma fragmentation in explosive eruption. Nature 397, 425-428.
Rubin A.M., Pollard D.D. (1987), Origins of blade-like dikes in volcanic rift zones. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1350:1449–1470.
Ruch J., AcocellaV., StortiF., NeriM., PepeS., SolaroG., SansostiE. (2010), Detachment depth of an unstable volcano revealed by rollover deformation: an integrated approach at Mt. Etna.Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L16304, doi:10.1029/2010GL044131.
Ruch J., Pepe S., Casu F., Acocella V., Neri M., Solaro G., Sansosti E. (2012), How do rift zones relate to volcano flank instability? Evidence from collapsing rifts at Etna.Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L20311, doi:10.1029/2012GL053683.
Ruch J., Pepe S., Casu F., Solaro G., Pepe A., Acocella V., Neri M., Sansosti E. (2013),Seismo-tectonic behavior of the Pernicana Fault System (Mt Etna): a gauge for volcano flank instability? J. Geophys, Res. Solid Earth 118, 4398–4409, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50281.
Siniscalchi A., Tripaldi S., Neri M., Balasco M., Romano G., Ruch J., Schiavone D. (2012), Flank instability structure of Mt Etna inferred by a magnetotelluric survey, J. Geophys. Res. 117, B03216, doi:10.1029/2011JB008657, 2012.
Solaro G., Acocella V., Pepe S., Ruch J., Neri M., Sansosti E. (2010), Anatomy of an unstable volcano through InSAR data: multiple processes affecting flank instability at Mt. Etna in 1994-2008. J. Geophys.Res., 115, B10405, doi:10.1029/2009JB000820.
Soriano C., Beamud E., GarcésM. (2008), Magma flowing dikes from rift zones of the basaltic shield of Tenerife, Canary Islands: implications for the emplacement of buoyant magma. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 173, 55–68. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.007.
Tedesco D., Vaselli O., Papale P., Carn S.A., Voltaggio M., Sawyer G.M., Durieux J., Kasereka M., Tassi F. (2007), January 2002 volcano-tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B09202. doi:10.1029/2006JB004762.
Valentine G.A., Groves K.R. (1996), Entrainment of country rock during basaltic eruptions of the Lucero Volcanic Field, New Mexico. J. Geol. 104: 71-90.
Wada Y. (1992), Magma flow directions inferred from preferred orientations of phenocryst in a composite feeder dike, Miyake-Jima, Japan. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 49, 119-126.
Acocella V., Neri M., Scarlato P. (2006a), Understanding shallow magma emplacement at volcanoes: Orthogonal feeder dikes during the 2002–2003 Stromboli (Italy) eruption. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L17310, doi:10.1029/2006GL026862.
Acocella V., Neri M., Sulpizio R. (2009), Dike propagation within active central volcanic edifices: constraints from Somma-Vesuvius, Etna and analogue models. Bull. Volcanol. 71:219–223, doi10.1007/s00445-008-0258-2.
Acocella V., Porreca M., Neri M., Mattei M. and Funiciello R. (2006b), Fissure eruptions at Mount Vesuvius (Italy): insights on the shallow propagation of dikes at volcanoes. Geology 34, 8, 673–676, doi: 10.1130/G22552.1.
Andronico D., Branca S., Calvari S., Burton M.R., Caltabiano T., Corsaro R.A., Del Carlo P., Garfì G., Lodato L., Miraglia L., Muré F., Neri M., Pecora E. , Pompilio M., Salerno G., Spampinato L. (2005), A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002-03 Etna eruption: insights for a complex plumbing system. Bull.Volcanol. 67, 314-330, doi: 10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8.
Allard P., Behncke B., D’Amico S., Neri M., Gambino S. (2006), Mount Etna 1993-2005: Anatomy of an Evolving Eruptive Cycle. Earth-Science Reviews 78, 85-114, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.04.002.
Alidibirov M., Dingwell, D.B. (1996), Magma fragmentation by rapid decompression. Nature 380, 146-148.
Behncke B., Neri M. (2003a), Cycles and trends in the recent eruptive behaviour of Mount Etna (Italy), Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 1405-1411, doi: 10.1139/E03-052.
Behncke B., Neri M. (2003b), The July-August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily). Bull.Volcanol. 65:461-476, doi: 10.1007/s00445-003-0274-1.
Bonforte A., Guglielmino F., Coltelli M., Ferretti A., Puglisi G. (2011), Structural assessment of Mount Etna volcano from Permanent Scatterers analysis. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12 (2) http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003213.
Bousquet J.C., Lanzafame G. (2001), Nouvelle interprétation des fractures des éruptionslatérales de l’Etna: conséquences pour son cadre tectonique. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 172:455–467.
Branca S., Coltelli M., Groppelli G., Lentini F. (2011), Geological map of Etna volcano, 1:50,000 scale. Ital. J. Geosci. 130 (3), 265–291. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2011.15.
Branca S., Ferrara V. (2012), The morphostructural setting of Mount Etna sedimentary basement (Italy): Implications for the geometry and volume of the volcano and its flank instability.Tectonophysics http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.11.011.
Calvari S., Pinkerton H. (2004), Birth, growth and morphologic evolution of the “Laghetto” cinder cone during the 2001 Etna eruption.J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 132, 225–239, doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00347-0.
Cappello A., Neri M., Acocella V., Gallo G., Vicari A., Del Negro C. (2012), Spatial vent opening probability map of Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy).Bull. Volcanol. 74, 2083–2094, doi: 10.1007/s00445-012-0647-4.
Del Negro C., Cappello A., Neri M., Bilotta G., Hérault A., Ganci G. (2013), Lava flow hazards at Etna volcano: constraints imposed by eruptive history and numerical simulations, Scientific Reports - Nature 3:3493, doi: 10.1038/srep03493.
Garduño V.H., Neri M., Pasquarè G., Borgia A., Tibaldi A. (1997), Geology of the NE Rift of Mount Etna, Sicily (Italy). ActaVulcanol. 9, 91–100.
Gemmellaro C. (1860), La vulcanologia dell’Etna. Atti Acc. Gioenia Sc. Nat., Ser. II, vol.14-15, p.131-133 Catania.
Geshi N., Kusumoto S., Gudmundsson A. (2010) The geometric difference between non-feeders and feeder dikes. Geology 38, 195-198,doi: 10.1130/G30350.1.
Geshi N., Oikawa T. (2014), The spectrum of basaltic feeder systems from effusive lava eruption to explosive eruption at Miyakejima volcano, Japan. Bull.Volcanol. 76:797, doi: 10.1007/s00445-014-0797-7.
Gudmundsson A. (1987), Lateral magma flow, caldera collapse and a mechanism of large eruptions in Iceland. J.Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 34:65–78.
Gudmundsson A. (2006), How local stresses control magma-chamber ruptures, dyke injections, and eruptions in composite volcanoes. Earth Sci. Rev. 79, 1–31.
Gudmundsson A. (2011), Deflection of dykes into sills at discontinuities and magma-chamber formation. Tectonophysics 500, 50-64.
Gudmundsson A., Oskarsson N., Gronvold K., Saemundsson K., Sigurdsson O., Stefansson R., Gislason S.R., Einarsson P., Brandsdottir B., Larsen G., Johannesson H., Thordarson T. (1992), The 1991 eruption of Hekla, Iceland. Bull. Volcanol. 54, 238–246.
Keating G.N., Valentine G.A., Krier D.J., Perry F.V. (2008), Shallow plumbing system for small-volume basaltic volcanoes. Bull.Volcanol. 70:563-582 doi: 10.1007/s00445-007-0154-1.
Komorowski J.C., et al., (2002), The January 2002 flank eruption of Nyiragongo volcano (DRC): Chronology, evidence for a tectonic rift trigger and impact of lava flows on the city of Goma. ActaVulcanol. 14, 25–57.
Lanzafame G., Leonardi A., Neri M., Rust D. (1997), Late overthrust of the Appenine - Maghrebian Chain at the NE periphery of Mt. Etna, Sicily. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t.324, serie II a, 325-332.
McGuire W.J., Pullen A.D. (1989), Location and orientation of eruptive fissures and feeder-dykes at Mount Etna: influence of gravitational and regional stress regimes. J.Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 38:325–244
Neri M., Acocella V., (2006), The 2004-05 Etna eruption: implications for flank deformation and structural behaviour of the volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 158, 195-206, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.022.
Neri M., Acocella V., Behncke B. (2004), The role of the Pernicana Fault System in the spreading of Mount Etna (Italy) during the 2002-2003 eruption. Bull.Volcanol. 66, 417-430, doi: 10.1007/s00445-003-0322-x.
Neri M., Acocella V., Behncke B., Giammanco S., Mazzarini F., Rust D. (2011), Structural analysis of the eruptive fissures at Mount Etna (Italy). Ann. Geophys., 54, 5, 464-479, doi: 10.4401/ag-5332.
Neri M., Lanzafame G., Acocella V., (2008), Dike emplacement and related hazard in volcanoes with sector collapse: the 2007 Stromboli eruption.J. Geol. Soc. London, 165, 883-886, doi:10.1144/0016-76492008-002.
Papale P. (1998), Strain-induced magma fragmentation in explosive eruption. Nature 397, 425-428.
Rubin A.M., Pollard D.D. (1987), Origins of blade-like dikes in volcanic rift zones. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1350:1449–1470.
Ruch J., AcocellaV., StortiF., NeriM., PepeS., SolaroG., SansostiE. (2010), Detachment depth of an unstable volcano revealed by rollover deformation: an integrated approach at Mt. Etna.Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L16304, doi:10.1029/2010GL044131.
Ruch J., Pepe S., Casu F., Acocella V., Neri M., Solaro G., Sansosti E. (2012), How do rift zones relate to volcano flank instability? Evidence from collapsing rifts at Etna.Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L20311, doi:10.1029/2012GL053683.
Ruch J., Pepe S., Casu F., Solaro G., Pepe A., Acocella V., Neri M., Sansosti E. (2013),Seismo-tectonic behavior of the Pernicana Fault System (Mt Etna): a gauge for volcano flank instability? J. Geophys, Res. Solid Earth 118, 4398–4409, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50281.
Siniscalchi A., Tripaldi S., Neri M., Balasco M., Romano G., Ruch J., Schiavone D. (2012), Flank instability structure of Mt Etna inferred by a magnetotelluric survey, J. Geophys. Res. 117, B03216, doi:10.1029/2011JB008657, 2012.
Solaro G., Acocella V., Pepe S., Ruch J., Neri M., Sansosti E. (2010), Anatomy of an unstable volcano through InSAR data: multiple processes affecting flank instability at Mt. Etna in 1994-2008. J. Geophys.Res., 115, B10405, doi:10.1029/2009JB000820.
Soriano C., Beamud E., GarcésM. (2008), Magma flowing dikes from rift zones of the basaltic shield of Tenerife, Canary Islands: implications for the emplacement of buoyant magma. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 173, 55–68. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.007.
Tedesco D., Vaselli O., Papale P., Carn S.A., Voltaggio M., Sawyer G.M., Durieux J., Kasereka M., Tassi F. (2007), January 2002 volcano-tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B09202. doi:10.1029/2006JB004762.
Valentine G.A., Groves K.R. (1996), Entrainment of country rock during basaltic eruptions of the Lucero Volcanic Field, New Mexico. J. Geol. 104: 71-90.
Wada Y. (1992), Magma flow directions inferred from preferred orientations of phenocryst in a composite feeder dike, Miyake-Jima, Japan. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 49, 119-126.
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