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The Seismic Response at High Frequency in Central L’Aquila: A Comparison between Spectral Ratios of 2D Modeling and Observations of the 2009 Aftershocks
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
3/104 (2014)
ISSN
0037-1106
Electronic ISSN
1943-3573
Publisher
Seismological Society of America
Pages (printed)
1374–1388
Issued date
June 2014
Keywords
Abstract
The city of L’Aquila is built on a deep intramontane basin filled by silty clay of lacustrine origin with average S-wave velocity of about 725 m=s, topped by a calcareous breccias unit with a higher speed of about 900 m=s. New geologic and geophysical investigations following the 6 April 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila, Italy, earthquake have allowed us to develop a new velocity model for the basin deposits that, coupled with the inversion of velocity, includes lateral velocity variations in the top breccia layer and a newly found red silts unit, the Limi Rossi del Colle dell’Aquila (LRCA). The city area where the LRCA unit outcrops is correlated with clusters of reinforced concrete buildings that collapsed in the nor- mal faulting earthquake. We simulate the 2D seismic response of this new velocity model along two orthogonal cross sections and compare the synthetic spectral ratios to the experimental ones evaluated using aftershock recordings. As a result, taking into account the full scatter about the mean of the observed spectral ratios, we are able to predict not only the main features of the primary observed low-frequency resonance peak, but also the level of amplification at high frequency at most of the sites investigated.
References
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Amoroso, S., F. Del Monaco, F. Di Eusebio, P. Monaco, B. Taddei, M. Tallini, F. Totani, and G. Totani (2010). Campagna di indagini geologiche, geotecniche e geofisiche per lo studio della risposta sismica locale della città dell'Aquila: la stratigrafia dei sondaggi (Giugno - Agosto 2010), Report CERFIS n. 1.
Bindi, D., L. Luzi, M. Massa, and F. Pacor (2010) Horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA), Bull. Earthquake Engineering, 8, 1209-1230, doi: 10.1007/s10518-009-9130-9.
Blumetti, A. M., M. Di Filippo, P. Zaffiro, P. Marsan, and B. Toro (2002). Seismic hazard of the city of L’Aquila (Abruzzo-Central Italy): new data from geological, morphotectonic and gravity prospecting analysis, Studi Geologici Camerti 1, 7–18.
Borcherdt, R. D. (1970). Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 60, 29-61.
Borcherdt, R.D., C.S. Mueller, and L.G. Wennenberg (1983). Effects of local geological conditions on strong-ground motions in the vicinity of Coalinga, California, United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Proceedings of the Conference XXII, "Site specific effects of soil and rock on ground motion and the implications for earthquake-resistant design", Reston, Virginia.
Bordoni, P., M. Tallini, G. Milana, F. Cara, F. Del Monaco, G. Di Giulio, and J. Haines (2011a). Seismic response of L’Aquila (Central Appennines, Italy) from 2D numerical simulation, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 13, EGU2011-11347, 2011 EGU General Assembly 2011.
Bordoni, P., F. Del Monaco, M. Tallini, G. Milana, and J. Haines (2011b). The role of lateral heterogeneities and reversal of velocity at L’Aquila (Central Appenines, Italy) from a comparison between 2D modeling and observations from the 2009 earthquake sequence, 4th IASPEI / IAEE International Symposium: Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion August 23-26, 2011, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Bordoni, P., J. Haines, G. Milana, S. Marcucci, F. Cara, and G. Di Giulio (2011c). Seismic response of L’Aquila downtown from comparison between 2D synthetics spectral ratios of SH, P-SV and Rayleigh waves and observations of the 2009 earthquake sequence, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 9(3): 761-781, doi: 10.1007/s10518-011-9247-5.
Bosi, C., and T. Bertini (1970). Geologia della media valle dell’Aterno, Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 9, 719-777.
Cardarelli, E., and M. Cercato (2010). Relazione sulla campagna di indagine geofisica per lo studio della risposta sismica locale della città dell'Aquila prova crosshole sondaggio S3-4.
Cavinato, G.P., and P.G. De Celles (1999). Extensional basins in the tectonically bimodal central Apennines fold-thrust belt, Italy: Response to corner flow above a subducting slab in retrograde motion, Geology 27, 955-958.
Çelebi, M., P. Bazzurro, L. Chiaraluce, P. Clemente, B. Decanini, A. DeSortis, W. Ellsworth, A. Gorini, E. Kalkan, S. Marcucci, M. Milana, F. Mollaioli, M. Olivieri, F. Paolucci, D. Rinaldis, A. Rovelli, F. Sabetta, F. and C. Stephens (2010). Recorded Motions of the 6 April 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila, Italy, Earthquake and Implications for Building Structural Damage: Overview. Earthquake Spectra, Volume 26, No. 3, pages 651–684.
Chiarabba, C., A. Amato, M. Anselmi, P. Baccheschi, I. Bianchi, M. Cattaneo, G. Cecere, L. Chiaraluce, M. G. Ciaccio, P. De Gori, G. De Luca, M. Di Bona, R. Di Stefano, L. Faenza, A. Govoni, L. Improta, F. P. Lucente, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, F. Mele, A. Michelini, G. Monachesi, M. Moretti, M. Pastori, N. Piana Agostinetti, D. Piccinini, P. Roselli, D. Seccia, L. Valoroso (2009). The 2009 L’Aquila (central Italy) Mw 6.3 earthquake: main shock and aftershocks, Geophys Res. Lett. 36:L18308. doi:10.1029/2009GL039627.
Cirella, A., A. Piatanesi, M. Cocco, E. Tinti, L. Scognamiglio, A. Michelini, A. Lomax and E. Boschi (2009). Rupture history of the 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake from non-linear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data. Geophys. Res. Let. doi:10.1029/2009GL039795.
Cosentino, D., P. Cipollari, P. Marsili, and D. Scrocca (2010). Geology of the central Apennines: a regional review. In: Beltrando, Marco, Peccerillo, Angelo, Mattei, Massimo, Conticelli, Sandro, Doglioni, Carlo (Eds.), The Geology of Italy, 2010: Journal of the Virtual Explorer, Electronic Edition, ISSN 1441-8142, volume 36, paper 12, doi:10.3809/jvirtex.2010.00223.
Demangeot, J. (1965). Geomorphologie de Abruzzes Adriatiques, Mem. Doc. C.N.R.S. Paris, 1–403.
De Luca, G, S. Marcucci, G. Milana, and T. Sano` (2005). Evidence of low frequency amplification in the city of l’Aquila, Central Italy, through a multidisciplinary approach including strong and weak-motion data, ambient noise, and numerical modeling, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 95, 4, 1469–1481.
Del Monaco, F., M. Tallini, C. De Rose, and F. Durante (2013). HVNSR survey in historical downtown L'Aquila (central Italy): Site resonance properties vs. subsoil model, Engineering Geology 158, 34-47.
Galadini, F., and P. Messina (2004). Early–Middle Pleistocene eastward migration of the Abruzzi Apennine (central Italy) extensional domain, Journal of Geodynamics, 37, 57–81.
Goldstein, P., D. Dodge, M. Firpo, and L. Minner (2003). SAC2000: Signal processing and analysis tools for seismologists and engineers, invited contribution to The IASPEI International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, W. H. K. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. C. Jennings, and C. Kisslinger (Editors), Academic Press, London.
Grünthal, G. (1998). European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98), Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie 15, Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, Luxembourg, 99 pp.
Gruppo di Lavoro MS (2008). Indirizzi e criteri per la microzonazione sismica. Conferenza delle regioni e provincie autonome, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Roma, 3 vol. e Cd-rom.
Gruppo di Lavoro MS-AQ (2010). Microzonazione sismica per la ricostruzione dell’area aquilana. Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, L’Aquila, 3 vol. e DVD-rom.
Haines A. J., T. Hulme, and J. Yu (2004). General elastic wave scattering problems using an impedance operator approach – I. Mathematical development, Geophys. J. Int. 159 643-657.
Hudson, M., J. M. Idriss, and M. Beikae (1994). QUAD4M: a computer program to evaluate the seismic response of soil structures using finite element procedures and incorporating a compliant base, Center for Geotechnical Modeling Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
Hulme, T, A. J. Haines, and J. Yu (2004). General elastic wave scattering problems using an impedance operator approach — II. Two-dimensional isotropic validation and examples, Geophys. J. Int. 159:658–666.
Kennett, B.L.N. (1983). Seismic wave propagation in stratified media, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Milana, G., R. M. Azzara, E. Bertrand, P. Bordoni, F. Cara, R. Cogliano, G. Cultrera, G. Di Giulio, A.M. Duval, and A. Foderella (2011). The contribution of seismic data in microzonation studies for downtown L’Aquila, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 9-3, 741-759, DOI: 10.1007/s10518-011-9246-6.
Sanò T. (1996). BESOIL - Un programma per il calcolo della propagazione delle onde sismiche, Rapporto Tecnico, SSN/RT/96/9.
Smerzini, C., and M. Villani (2012). Broadband numerical simulations in complex near-field geological configurations: the case of the 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am, 102, 6, 2436-2451.
Tallini, M., G. Cavuoto, F. Del Monaco, V. Di Fiore, M. Mancini, G. Caielli, G.P. Cavinato, R. De Franco, N. Pelosi, and A. Rampolla (2012). Seismic surveys integrated with geological data for in-depth investigation of Mt. Pettino active fault area (Western L'Aquila Basin), Ital. J. Geosci. (Boll. Soc. Geol. It.), 131, 389-402, doi: 10.3301/IJG.2012.10.
Tertulliani, A., L. Arcoraci, M. Berardi, F. Bernardini, R. Camassi, C. Castellano, S. Del Mese, E. Ercolani, L. Graziani, I. Leschiutta, A. Rossi, and M. Vecchi (2010). An application of EMS98 in a medium-sized city: The case of L’Aquila (Central Italy) after the April 6, 2009 Mw 6.3 earthquake. Bull. Earthquake Eng. doi: 10.1007/s10518-010-9188-4.
Tertulliani, A., I. Leschiutta, P. Bordoni, and G. Milana (2012). Damage distribution in l’Aquila city (Central Italy) during the 6th April 2009 earthquake, Bull Seism Soc Am., 102, 4, 1543-1553.
Totani, G., P. Monaco, S. Marchetti, and D. Marchetti (2009). Vs measurements by seismic dilatometer (SDMT) in non-penetrable soils, Proc. 17th ICSMGE, Alexandria, Egypt, October 5-9, 2: 977-980.
Totani, G., F. Totani, P. Monaco, M. Tallini, F. Del Monaco, and G. Zia (2012). Site investigations and geotechnical model in the Southern part of the historic centre of L'Aquila, Second International Conference on Performance-Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Taormina – May 28-30, 2012.
Valoroso, L., L. Chiaraluce, D. Piccinini, R. Di Stefano, D. Schaff, and F. Waldhauser (2013). Radiography of a normal fault system by 64,000 high-precision earthquake locations: The 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) case study, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, VL - 118, 3, pp 2169-9356, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50130.
Amoroso, S., F. Del Monaco, F. Di Eusebio, P. Monaco, B. Taddei, M. Tallini, F. Totani, and G. Totani (2010). Campagna di indagini geologiche, geotecniche e geofisiche per lo studio della risposta sismica locale della città dell'Aquila: la stratigrafia dei sondaggi (Giugno - Agosto 2010), Report CERFIS n. 1.
Bindi, D., L. Luzi, M. Massa, and F. Pacor (2010) Horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA), Bull. Earthquake Engineering, 8, 1209-1230, doi: 10.1007/s10518-009-9130-9.
Blumetti, A. M., M. Di Filippo, P. Zaffiro, P. Marsan, and B. Toro (2002). Seismic hazard of the city of L’Aquila (Abruzzo-Central Italy): new data from geological, morphotectonic and gravity prospecting analysis, Studi Geologici Camerti 1, 7–18.
Borcherdt, R. D. (1970). Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 60, 29-61.
Borcherdt, R.D., C.S. Mueller, and L.G. Wennenberg (1983). Effects of local geological conditions on strong-ground motions in the vicinity of Coalinga, California, United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Proceedings of the Conference XXII, "Site specific effects of soil and rock on ground motion and the implications for earthquake-resistant design", Reston, Virginia.
Bordoni, P., M. Tallini, G. Milana, F. Cara, F. Del Monaco, G. Di Giulio, and J. Haines (2011a). Seismic response of L’Aquila (Central Appennines, Italy) from 2D numerical simulation, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 13, EGU2011-11347, 2011 EGU General Assembly 2011.
Bordoni, P., F. Del Monaco, M. Tallini, G. Milana, and J. Haines (2011b). The role of lateral heterogeneities and reversal of velocity at L’Aquila (Central Appenines, Italy) from a comparison between 2D modeling and observations from the 2009 earthquake sequence, 4th IASPEI / IAEE International Symposium: Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion August 23-26, 2011, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Bordoni, P., J. Haines, G. Milana, S. Marcucci, F. Cara, and G. Di Giulio (2011c). Seismic response of L’Aquila downtown from comparison between 2D synthetics spectral ratios of SH, P-SV and Rayleigh waves and observations of the 2009 earthquake sequence, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 9(3): 761-781, doi: 10.1007/s10518-011-9247-5.
Bosi, C., and T. Bertini (1970). Geologia della media valle dell’Aterno, Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 9, 719-777.
Cardarelli, E., and M. Cercato (2010). Relazione sulla campagna di indagine geofisica per lo studio della risposta sismica locale della città dell'Aquila prova crosshole sondaggio S3-4.
Cavinato, G.P., and P.G. De Celles (1999). Extensional basins in the tectonically bimodal central Apennines fold-thrust belt, Italy: Response to corner flow above a subducting slab in retrograde motion, Geology 27, 955-958.
Çelebi, M., P. Bazzurro, L. Chiaraluce, P. Clemente, B. Decanini, A. DeSortis, W. Ellsworth, A. Gorini, E. Kalkan, S. Marcucci, M. Milana, F. Mollaioli, M. Olivieri, F. Paolucci, D. Rinaldis, A. Rovelli, F. Sabetta, F. and C. Stephens (2010). Recorded Motions of the 6 April 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila, Italy, Earthquake and Implications for Building Structural Damage: Overview. Earthquake Spectra, Volume 26, No. 3, pages 651–684.
Chiarabba, C., A. Amato, M. Anselmi, P. Baccheschi, I. Bianchi, M. Cattaneo, G. Cecere, L. Chiaraluce, M. G. Ciaccio, P. De Gori, G. De Luca, M. Di Bona, R. Di Stefano, L. Faenza, A. Govoni, L. Improta, F. P. Lucente, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, F. Mele, A. Michelini, G. Monachesi, M. Moretti, M. Pastori, N. Piana Agostinetti, D. Piccinini, P. Roselli, D. Seccia, L. Valoroso (2009). The 2009 L’Aquila (central Italy) Mw 6.3 earthquake: main shock and aftershocks, Geophys Res. Lett. 36:L18308. doi:10.1029/2009GL039627.
Cirella, A., A. Piatanesi, M. Cocco, E. Tinti, L. Scognamiglio, A. Michelini, A. Lomax and E. Boschi (2009). Rupture history of the 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake from non-linear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data. Geophys. Res. Let. doi:10.1029/2009GL039795.
Cosentino, D., P. Cipollari, P. Marsili, and D. Scrocca (2010). Geology of the central Apennines: a regional review. In: Beltrando, Marco, Peccerillo, Angelo, Mattei, Massimo, Conticelli, Sandro, Doglioni, Carlo (Eds.), The Geology of Italy, 2010: Journal of the Virtual Explorer, Electronic Edition, ISSN 1441-8142, volume 36, paper 12, doi:10.3809/jvirtex.2010.00223.
Demangeot, J. (1965). Geomorphologie de Abruzzes Adriatiques, Mem. Doc. C.N.R.S. Paris, 1–403.
De Luca, G, S. Marcucci, G. Milana, and T. Sano` (2005). Evidence of low frequency amplification in the city of l’Aquila, Central Italy, through a multidisciplinary approach including strong and weak-motion data, ambient noise, and numerical modeling, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 95, 4, 1469–1481.
Del Monaco, F., M. Tallini, C. De Rose, and F. Durante (2013). HVNSR survey in historical downtown L'Aquila (central Italy): Site resonance properties vs. subsoil model, Engineering Geology 158, 34-47.
Galadini, F., and P. Messina (2004). Early–Middle Pleistocene eastward migration of the Abruzzi Apennine (central Italy) extensional domain, Journal of Geodynamics, 37, 57–81.
Goldstein, P., D. Dodge, M. Firpo, and L. Minner (2003). SAC2000: Signal processing and analysis tools for seismologists and engineers, invited contribution to The IASPEI International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, W. H. K. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. C. Jennings, and C. Kisslinger (Editors), Academic Press, London.
Grünthal, G. (1998). European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98), Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie 15, Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, Luxembourg, 99 pp.
Gruppo di Lavoro MS (2008). Indirizzi e criteri per la microzonazione sismica. Conferenza delle regioni e provincie autonome, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Roma, 3 vol. e Cd-rom.
Gruppo di Lavoro MS-AQ (2010). Microzonazione sismica per la ricostruzione dell’area aquilana. Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, L’Aquila, 3 vol. e DVD-rom.
Haines A. J., T. Hulme, and J. Yu (2004). General elastic wave scattering problems using an impedance operator approach – I. Mathematical development, Geophys. J. Int. 159 643-657.
Hudson, M., J. M. Idriss, and M. Beikae (1994). QUAD4M: a computer program to evaluate the seismic response of soil structures using finite element procedures and incorporating a compliant base, Center for Geotechnical Modeling Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
Hulme, T, A. J. Haines, and J. Yu (2004). General elastic wave scattering problems using an impedance operator approach — II. Two-dimensional isotropic validation and examples, Geophys. J. Int. 159:658–666.
Kennett, B.L.N. (1983). Seismic wave propagation in stratified media, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Milana, G., R. M. Azzara, E. Bertrand, P. Bordoni, F. Cara, R. Cogliano, G. Cultrera, G. Di Giulio, A.M. Duval, and A. Foderella (2011). The contribution of seismic data in microzonation studies for downtown L’Aquila, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 9-3, 741-759, DOI: 10.1007/s10518-011-9246-6.
Sanò T. (1996). BESOIL - Un programma per il calcolo della propagazione delle onde sismiche, Rapporto Tecnico, SSN/RT/96/9.
Smerzini, C., and M. Villani (2012). Broadband numerical simulations in complex near-field geological configurations: the case of the 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am, 102, 6, 2436-2451.
Tallini, M., G. Cavuoto, F. Del Monaco, V. Di Fiore, M. Mancini, G. Caielli, G.P. Cavinato, R. De Franco, N. Pelosi, and A. Rampolla (2012). Seismic surveys integrated with geological data for in-depth investigation of Mt. Pettino active fault area (Western L'Aquila Basin), Ital. J. Geosci. (Boll. Soc. Geol. It.), 131, 389-402, doi: 10.3301/IJG.2012.10.
Tertulliani, A., L. Arcoraci, M. Berardi, F. Bernardini, R. Camassi, C. Castellano, S. Del Mese, E. Ercolani, L. Graziani, I. Leschiutta, A. Rossi, and M. Vecchi (2010). An application of EMS98 in a medium-sized city: The case of L’Aquila (Central Italy) after the April 6, 2009 Mw 6.3 earthquake. Bull. Earthquake Eng. doi: 10.1007/s10518-010-9188-4.
Tertulliani, A., I. Leschiutta, P. Bordoni, and G. Milana (2012). Damage distribution in l’Aquila city (Central Italy) during the 6th April 2009 earthquake, Bull Seism Soc Am., 102, 4, 1543-1553.
Totani, G., P. Monaco, S. Marchetti, and D. Marchetti (2009). Vs measurements by seismic dilatometer (SDMT) in non-penetrable soils, Proc. 17th ICSMGE, Alexandria, Egypt, October 5-9, 2: 977-980.
Totani, G., F. Totani, P. Monaco, M. Tallini, F. Del Monaco, and G. Zia (2012). Site investigations and geotechnical model in the Southern part of the historic centre of L'Aquila, Second International Conference on Performance-Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Taormina – May 28-30, 2012.
Valoroso, L., L. Chiaraluce, D. Piccinini, R. Di Stefano, D. Schaff, and F. Waldhauser (2013). Radiography of a normal fault system by 64,000 high-precision earthquake locations: The 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) case study, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, VL - 118, 3, pp 2169-9356, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50130.
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