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Continuous gravity measurementsr evealal ow-density lava lake at Kılauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/376(2013)
ISSN
0012-821X
Electronic ISSN
1385-013X
Publisher
Elsevier Science Limited
Pages (printed)
178–185
Issued date
July 1, 2013
Alternative Location
Keywords
Abstract
On 5 March 2011, the lava lake within the summit eruptive vent at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, began to drain as magma withdrew to feed a dike intrusion and fissure eruption on the volcano’s east rift zone. The draining was monitored by a variety of continuous geological and geophysical measurements, including deformation, thermal and visual imagery, and gravity. Over the first ~14 hours of the draining, the ground near the eruptive vent subsided by about 0.15 m, gravity dropped by more than 100 μGal, and the lava lake retreated by over 120 m. We used GPS data to correct the gravity signal for the effects of subsurface mass loss and vertical deformation in order to isolate the change in gravity due to draining of the lava lake alone. Using a model of the eruptive vent geometry based on visual observations and the lava level over time determined from thermal camera data, we calculated the best fit lava density to the observed gravity decrease—to our knowledge, the first geophysical determination of the density of a lava lake anywhere in the world. Our result, 950 ± 300 kg m-3, suggests a lava density less than that of water and indicates that Kīlauea’s lava lake is gas-rich, which can explain why rockfalls that impact the lake trigger small explosions. Knowledge of such a fundamental material property as density is also critical to investigations of lava-lake convection and degassing and can inform calculations of pressure change in the subsurface magma plumbing system.
References
Branca, S., Carbone, D., Greco F., 2003. Intrusive mechanism of the 2002 NE-Rift eruption at Mt. Etna (Italy) inferred through continuous microgravity data and volcanological evidences. Geoph. Res. Lett. 30 (20), 2077, 10.1029/2003GL018250.
Carbone, D., Zuccarello, L., Saccorotti, G., Greco, F., 2006. Analysis of simultaneous gravity and tremor anomalies observed during the 2002-2003 Etna eruption. Earth Plan. Sc. Lett. 245, 616–629.
Carbone, D., Jousset, P., Musumeci, C., 2009. Gravity “steps” at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Instrumental effects or evidences of earthquake-triggered magma density changes? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L02301, doi:10.1029/2008GL036179.
Carbone, D., Zuccarello, L., Saccorotti, G., 2008. Geophysical indications of magma uprising at Mt Etna during the December 2005 to January 2006 non-eruptive period. Geoph. Res. Lett. 35, L06305, doi:10.1029/2008GL033212.
Carbone, D., Zuccarello, L., Montalto, P., Rymer, H., 2012. New geophysical insight into the dynamics of Stromboli volcano (Italy). Gondwana Res. 22, 290-299 doi:10.1016/j.gr.2011.09.007.
Carbone, D., Poland, M. P., 2012. Gravity fluctuations induced by magma convection at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Geology 40 (9), 803–806.
Carey, R. J., Manga, M., Degruyter, W., Swanson, D., Houghton, B., Orr, T., Patrick, M., 2012. Externally triggered renewed bubble nucleation in basaltic magma: The 12 October 2008 eruption at Halema‘uma‘u Overlook vent, Kīlauea, Hawai‘i, USA. J. Geophys. Res. 117, B11202.
Carey, R. J., Manga, M., Degruyter, W., Gonnermann, H., Swanson, D., Houghton, B., Orr, T., Patrick, M., 2013. Convection in a volcanic conduit recorded by bubbles. Geology 41, 395–398.
Cervelli, P. F., Miklius, A., 2003. Chap. 9, The shallow magmatic system of Kīlauea Volcano, in: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A., Takahashi, T. J. (Eds.), The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The First 20 Years, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1676, 149–163.
Davaille, A., Jaupart, C., 1993. Thermal convection in lava lakes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20 (17), 1827-1830.
Eggers, A. A., 1987. Residual gravity changes and eruption magnitudes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 33, 201–216.
Elias, T., Sutton, A. J., 2012. Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, 2007–2010. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 2012–1107.
Gudmundsson, A., 1986. Mechanical aspects of postglacial volcanism and tectonics of the Reykjanes Peninsula, Southwest Iceland. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 12711–12721.
Heliker, C., Mattox, T. N., 2003. Chap. 1, The first two decades of the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha eruption: chronology and selected bibliography, in: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A., Takahashi, T. J. (Eds.), The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The First 20 Years, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1676, 1–27.
Houghton, B. F., Swanson, D. A., Carey, R. J., Rausch, J., Sutton, A. J., 2011. Pigeonholing pyroclasts: Insights from the 19 March 2008 explosive eruption of Kīlauea volcano. Geology 39, 263–266.
Johnson, D. J., 1992, Dynamics of magma storage in the summit reservoir of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 1807-1820.
Johnson, D. J., Sigmundsson, F., Delaney, P. T., 2000, Comment on "Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano" by P.T. Delaney and D. F. McTigue. Bull. Volcanol. 61, 491-493.
Jousset, P., Dwipa, S., Beauducel, F., Duquesnoy, T., Diament, M., 2000. Temporal gravity at Merapi during the 1993-1995 crisis: an insight into the dynamical behaviour of volcanoes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 100, 289 – 320.
Kauahikaua, J., Miklius, A., 2003. Chap. 10, Long-term trends in microgravity at Kīlauea's summit during the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha eruption, , in: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A., Takahashi, T. J. (Eds.), The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The First 20 Years, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1676, 165–171.
Lautze, N. C., Houghton, B. F., 2007. Linking explosion intensity and magma rheology at Stromboli volcano in 2002. B. Volcanol. 69, 445-460.
Lundgren, P. L., Poland, M., Miklius, A., Orr, T., Yun, S., Fielding, E., Liu, Z., Tanaka, A., Szeliga, W., Hensley, S., Owen, S., 2013. Evolution of dike opening during the March 2011 Kamoamoa fissure eruption, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 10.1002/jgrb.50108.
McTigue, D. F., 1987. Elastic stress and deformation near a finite spherical magma body: Resolution of the point source paradox. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 12931–12940.
Oppenheimer, C., McGonigle, A. J. S., Allard, P., Wooster, M. J., Tsanev, V. I., 2004. Sulfur, heat and magma budget of Erta 'Ale lava lake, Ethiopia. Geology 32, 509–512.
Oppenheimer, C., Lomakina, A. S., Kyle, P. R., Kingsbury, N. G., Boichu, M., 2009. Pulsatory magma supply to a phonolite lava lake. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 284 (3–4), 392–398.
Oppenheimer, C., Moretti, R., Kyle, P. R., Eschenbacher, A., Lowenstern, J. B., Hervig, R. L., Dunbar, N. W., 2011. Mantle to surface degassing of alkalic magmas at Erebus volcano, Antarctica. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 306 (3–4), 261–271.
Orr, T. R., Thelen, W. A., Patrick, M. R., Swanson, D. A., Wilson, D. C., 2013. Explosive eruptions triggered by rockfalls at Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i. Geology 41, 207-210.
Palma, J., Calder, E. S., Basualto, D., Blake, S., Rothery, D. A., 2008. Correlations between SO2 flux, seismicity, and outgassing activity at the open vent of Villarrica volcano, Chile. J. Geophys. Res. 113, B10201.
Patrick, M., Wilson, D., Fee, D., Orr, T., Swanson, D., 2011. Shallow degassing events as a trigger for very-long-period seismicity at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. B. Volcanol. 73, 1179–1186.
Patrick, M. R., Orr, T. R., Antolik, L., Lee, R., Kamibayashi, K., 2012. Recent improvements in monitoring Hawaiian volcanoes with webcams and thermal cameras. Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, December 3–7, Abstract V33E-01.
Poland, M. P., Sutton, A. J., Gerlach, T. M., 2009. Magma degassing triggered by static decompression at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L16306.
Rivalta, E., Segall, P., 2008. Magma compressibility and the missing source for some dike intrusions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L04306.
Sawyer, G. M., Carn, S. A., Tsanev, V. I., Oppenheimer, C., Burton, M., 2008. Investigation into magma degassing at Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9, Q02017.
Spampinato, L., Oppenheimer, C., Calvari, S., Cannata, A., Montalto, P., 2008. Lava lake surface characterization by thermal imaging: Erta 'Ale volcano (Ethiopia). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9, Q12008.
Swanson, D., Wooten, K., Orr, T., 2009. Buckets of ash track tephra flux from Halema`uma`u Crater, Hawai`i. EOS Trans. AGU 90, 427.
Talwani, M., 1973. Computer usage in the computation of gravity anomalies. Methods in Computational Physics 13, 343–389.
Tazieff, H., 1994. Permanent lava lakes: Observed facts and induced mechanisms. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 63, 3-11.
Tedesco, D., Vaselli, O., Papale, P., Carn, S. A., Voltaggio, M., Sawyer, G. M., Durieux, J., Kasereka, M., Tassi, F., 2007. January 2002 volcano-tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B09202.
Wilson, D., Elias, T., Orr, T., Patrick, M., Sutton, J., Swanson, D., 2008. Small explosion from new vent at Kīlauea’s summit: Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 89 (22), 203.
Witham, F., Llewellin, E. W., 2006. Stability of lava lakes. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 158, 321-332.
Witham, F., Woods, A.W., Gladstone, C., 2006. An analogue experiment model of depth fluctuations in lava lakes. Bull. Volcanol. 69, 51–56.
Wooten, K.M., Thornber, C.R., Orr, T.R., Ellis, J.F., Trusdell, F.A., 2009. Catalog of tephra samples from Kilauea's summit eruption, March-December 2008. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 2009-1134.
Carbone, D., Zuccarello, L., Saccorotti, G., Greco, F., 2006. Analysis of simultaneous gravity and tremor anomalies observed during the 2002-2003 Etna eruption. Earth Plan. Sc. Lett. 245, 616–629.
Carbone, D., Jousset, P., Musumeci, C., 2009. Gravity “steps” at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Instrumental effects or evidences of earthquake-triggered magma density changes? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L02301, doi:10.1029/2008GL036179.
Carbone, D., Zuccarello, L., Saccorotti, G., 2008. Geophysical indications of magma uprising at Mt Etna during the December 2005 to January 2006 non-eruptive period. Geoph. Res. Lett. 35, L06305, doi:10.1029/2008GL033212.
Carbone, D., Zuccarello, L., Montalto, P., Rymer, H., 2012. New geophysical insight into the dynamics of Stromboli volcano (Italy). Gondwana Res. 22, 290-299 doi:10.1016/j.gr.2011.09.007.
Carbone, D., Poland, M. P., 2012. Gravity fluctuations induced by magma convection at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Geology 40 (9), 803–806.
Carey, R. J., Manga, M., Degruyter, W., Swanson, D., Houghton, B., Orr, T., Patrick, M., 2012. Externally triggered renewed bubble nucleation in basaltic magma: The 12 October 2008 eruption at Halema‘uma‘u Overlook vent, Kīlauea, Hawai‘i, USA. J. Geophys. Res. 117, B11202.
Carey, R. J., Manga, M., Degruyter, W., Gonnermann, H., Swanson, D., Houghton, B., Orr, T., Patrick, M., 2013. Convection in a volcanic conduit recorded by bubbles. Geology 41, 395–398.
Cervelli, P. F., Miklius, A., 2003. Chap. 9, The shallow magmatic system of Kīlauea Volcano, in: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A., Takahashi, T. J. (Eds.), The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The First 20 Years, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1676, 149–163.
Davaille, A., Jaupart, C., 1993. Thermal convection in lava lakes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20 (17), 1827-1830.
Eggers, A. A., 1987. Residual gravity changes and eruption magnitudes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 33, 201–216.
Elias, T., Sutton, A. J., 2012. Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, 2007–2010. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 2012–1107.
Gudmundsson, A., 1986. Mechanical aspects of postglacial volcanism and tectonics of the Reykjanes Peninsula, Southwest Iceland. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 12711–12721.
Heliker, C., Mattox, T. N., 2003. Chap. 1, The first two decades of the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha eruption: chronology and selected bibliography, in: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A., Takahashi, T. J. (Eds.), The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The First 20 Years, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1676, 1–27.
Houghton, B. F., Swanson, D. A., Carey, R. J., Rausch, J., Sutton, A. J., 2011. Pigeonholing pyroclasts: Insights from the 19 March 2008 explosive eruption of Kīlauea volcano. Geology 39, 263–266.
Johnson, D. J., 1992, Dynamics of magma storage in the summit reservoir of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 1807-1820.
Johnson, D. J., Sigmundsson, F., Delaney, P. T., 2000, Comment on "Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano" by P.T. Delaney and D. F. McTigue. Bull. Volcanol. 61, 491-493.
Jousset, P., Dwipa, S., Beauducel, F., Duquesnoy, T., Diament, M., 2000. Temporal gravity at Merapi during the 1993-1995 crisis: an insight into the dynamical behaviour of volcanoes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 100, 289 – 320.
Kauahikaua, J., Miklius, A., 2003. Chap. 10, Long-term trends in microgravity at Kīlauea's summit during the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha eruption, , in: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A., Takahashi, T. J. (Eds.), The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The First 20 Years, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1676, 165–171.
Lautze, N. C., Houghton, B. F., 2007. Linking explosion intensity and magma rheology at Stromboli volcano in 2002. B. Volcanol. 69, 445-460.
Lundgren, P. L., Poland, M., Miklius, A., Orr, T., Yun, S., Fielding, E., Liu, Z., Tanaka, A., Szeliga, W., Hensley, S., Owen, S., 2013. Evolution of dike opening during the March 2011 Kamoamoa fissure eruption, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 10.1002/jgrb.50108.
McTigue, D. F., 1987. Elastic stress and deformation near a finite spherical magma body: Resolution of the point source paradox. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 12931–12940.
Oppenheimer, C., McGonigle, A. J. S., Allard, P., Wooster, M. J., Tsanev, V. I., 2004. Sulfur, heat and magma budget of Erta 'Ale lava lake, Ethiopia. Geology 32, 509–512.
Oppenheimer, C., Lomakina, A. S., Kyle, P. R., Kingsbury, N. G., Boichu, M., 2009. Pulsatory magma supply to a phonolite lava lake. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 284 (3–4), 392–398.
Oppenheimer, C., Moretti, R., Kyle, P. R., Eschenbacher, A., Lowenstern, J. B., Hervig, R. L., Dunbar, N. W., 2011. Mantle to surface degassing of alkalic magmas at Erebus volcano, Antarctica. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 306 (3–4), 261–271.
Orr, T. R., Thelen, W. A., Patrick, M. R., Swanson, D. A., Wilson, D. C., 2013. Explosive eruptions triggered by rockfalls at Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i. Geology 41, 207-210.
Palma, J., Calder, E. S., Basualto, D., Blake, S., Rothery, D. A., 2008. Correlations between SO2 flux, seismicity, and outgassing activity at the open vent of Villarrica volcano, Chile. J. Geophys. Res. 113, B10201.
Patrick, M., Wilson, D., Fee, D., Orr, T., Swanson, D., 2011. Shallow degassing events as a trigger for very-long-period seismicity at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. B. Volcanol. 73, 1179–1186.
Patrick, M. R., Orr, T. R., Antolik, L., Lee, R., Kamibayashi, K., 2012. Recent improvements in monitoring Hawaiian volcanoes with webcams and thermal cameras. Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, December 3–7, Abstract V33E-01.
Poland, M. P., Sutton, A. J., Gerlach, T. M., 2009. Magma degassing triggered by static decompression at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L16306.
Rivalta, E., Segall, P., 2008. Magma compressibility and the missing source for some dike intrusions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L04306.
Sawyer, G. M., Carn, S. A., Tsanev, V. I., Oppenheimer, C., Burton, M., 2008. Investigation into magma degassing at Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9, Q02017.
Spampinato, L., Oppenheimer, C., Calvari, S., Cannata, A., Montalto, P., 2008. Lava lake surface characterization by thermal imaging: Erta 'Ale volcano (Ethiopia). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9, Q12008.
Swanson, D., Wooten, K., Orr, T., 2009. Buckets of ash track tephra flux from Halema`uma`u Crater, Hawai`i. EOS Trans. AGU 90, 427.
Talwani, M., 1973. Computer usage in the computation of gravity anomalies. Methods in Computational Physics 13, 343–389.
Tazieff, H., 1994. Permanent lava lakes: Observed facts and induced mechanisms. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 63, 3-11.
Tedesco, D., Vaselli, O., Papale, P., Carn, S. A., Voltaggio, M., Sawyer, G. M., Durieux, J., Kasereka, M., Tassi, F., 2007. January 2002 volcano-tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B09202.
Wilson, D., Elias, T., Orr, T., Patrick, M., Sutton, J., Swanson, D., 2008. Small explosion from new vent at Kīlauea’s summit: Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 89 (22), 203.
Witham, F., Llewellin, E. W., 2006. Stability of lava lakes. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 158, 321-332.
Witham, F., Woods, A.W., Gladstone, C., 2006. An analogue experiment model of depth fluctuations in lava lakes. Bull. Volcanol. 69, 51–56.
Wooten, K.M., Thornber, C.R., Orr, T.R., Ellis, J.F., Trusdell, F.A., 2009. Catalog of tephra samples from Kilauea's summit eruption, March-December 2008. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 2009-1134.
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