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Damage Distribution in L’Aquila City (Central Italy) during the 6 April 2009 Earthquake
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/102(2012)
ISSN
0037-1106
Electronic ISSN
1943-3573
Publisher
Seismological Society of America
Pages (printed)
1543-1553
Issued date
August 2012
Abstract
The 6 April 2009 Mw 6.3 earthquake (Imax 9–10, Mercalli–Cancani–
Sieberg [MCS]) struck the Abruzzi region of central Italy, producing severe damage in
the city of L’Aquila. There was heavy damage in the city, especially in the central city
area where unusual features of the damage pattern were immediately evident. The aim
of this study is to correlate the distribution and the severity of the damage with the
geological setting of the area, taking into account the characteristics of the building
stock through time.
Strong-motion recordings and ambient noise measurements taken soon after the
mainshock and during the entire aftershock sequence showed variability in groundmotion
amplification throughout the city. Factor of amplification (Fa) results are very
high in the southern sector of the city, where the Limi Rossi del Colle dell’Aquila
(LRCA) red silts outcrop, and quickly decrease northward, where LRCA is absent. This
result correlates with the damage distribution to reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. In
the southern sector the rate of collapse of RC buildings was 10%, versus 2% in the rest
of the city. General conclusions highlight that the building stock of the city suffered
different levels of damage that can be partially explained by the combination of building
vulnerability and surface geology.
Sieberg [MCS]) struck the Abruzzi region of central Italy, producing severe damage in
the city of L’Aquila. There was heavy damage in the city, especially in the central city
area where unusual features of the damage pattern were immediately evident. The aim
of this study is to correlate the distribution and the severity of the damage with the
geological setting of the area, taking into account the characteristics of the building
stock through time.
Strong-motion recordings and ambient noise measurements taken soon after the
mainshock and during the entire aftershock sequence showed variability in groundmotion
amplification throughout the city. Factor of amplification (Fa) results are very
high in the southern sector of the city, where the Limi Rossi del Colle dell’Aquila
(LRCA) red silts outcrop, and quickly decrease northward, where LRCA is absent. This
result correlates with the damage distribution to reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. In
the southern sector the rate of collapse of RC buildings was 10%, versus 2% in the rest
of the city. General conclusions highlight that the building stock of the city suffered
different levels of damage that can be partially explained by the combination of building
vulnerability and surface geology.
References
Bazzurro, P., F. Mollaioli, A. De Sortis, and S. Bruno (2006). Effects of
masonry walls on the seismic risk of reinforced concrete frame
buildings, in Proc. of the 8th US National Conf. on Earthquake
Engineering, San Francisco, California, 18–22 April 2006.
Bernardini, A. (2008). Vulnerability analyses in a sample of 18 municipalities
in the Veneto–Friuli area (NE Italy), Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl. 49,
no. 3–4, 447–462.
Bernardini, A., M. R. Valluzzi, C. Modena, D. D’Ayala, and E. Speranza
(2008). Vulnerability assessment of the historical masonry building
typologies of Vittorio Veneto (NE Italy), Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl.
49, no. 3–4, 463–483.
Blumetti, A. M., M. Di Filippo, P. Zaffiro, P. Marsan, and B. Toro (2002).
Seismic hazard of the city of L’Aquila (Abruzzo–Central Italy): New
data from geological, morphotectonic and gravity prospecting
analysis, Studi Geologici Camerti 1, 7–18.
Bordoni, P., J. Haines, G. Milana, S. Marcucci, F. Cara, and G. Di Giulio
(2011). Seismic response of L’Aquila downtown from comparison
between 2D synthetics spectral ratios of SH, P-SV and Rayleigh waves
and observations of the 2009 earthquake sequence, Bull. Earthq. Eng.
9, no. 3, 761–781, doi 10.1007/s10518-011-9247-5.
Cara, F., G. Cultrera, R. Mario Azzara, V. De Rubeis, G. Di Giulio,
M. S. Giammarinaro, P. Tosi, P. Vallone, and A. Rovelli (2008).
Microtremor measurements in the city of Palermo, Italy: Analysis
of the correlation between local geology and damage, Bull. Seismol.
Soc. Am. 98, no. 3, 1354–1372, doi 10.1785/0120060260.
Carocci, C. F., and S. Lagomarsino (2009). Masonry buildings in the historic
centers of the L’Aquila area, Progettazione Sismica 03, Special Issue,
115–130.
Chiarabba, C., A. Amato, A. Anselmi, P. Baccheschi, I. Bianchi,M. Cattaneo,
G. Cecere, L. Chiaraluce, M. G. Ciaccio, P. De Gori, G. De Luca,
M. Di Bona, R. Di Stefano, L. Faenza, A. Govoni, L. Improta,
F. P. Lucente, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, F. Mele, A. Michelini, G.
Monachesi, M. Moretti, M. Pastori, N. Piana Agostinetti, D. Piccinini,
P. Roselli, D. Seccia, and L. Valoroso (2009). The 2009 L’Aquila
(central Italy) Mw 6.3 earthquake: Main shock and aftershocks,
Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L18308, doi 10.1029/2009GL039627.
Clementi, A., and E. Piroddi (1986). L’Aquila, Laterza, Bari, Italy, 214 pp.
Colapietra, R. (1978).L’Aquila dell’Antinori. Strutture sociali ed urbane della
città nel Sei e Settecento, Antinoriana III: Studi per il bicentenario della
morte di A.L. Antinori, L’Aquila, Nella Sede della Deputazione, Rome,
Italy, 66–72.
Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, and G. M. Verderame (2009). Reinforced concrete
buildings, Progettazione sismica 03, Special Issue, 131–148.
Gruppo di lavoro CPTI (2004). Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani,
versione 2004 (CPTI04), INGV, Bologna, Italy, http://emidius.mi.ingv
.it/CPTI04/ (last accessed May 2012).
D’Ayala, D. F., and S. Paganoni (2011). Assessment and analysis of damage
in L’Aquila historic city centre after sixth April 2009, Bull. Earthq.
Eng. 9, 81–104, doi 10.1007/s10518-010-9224-4.
De Luca, G., S. Marcucci, G. Milana, and T. Sanò (2005). Evidence of lowfrequency
amplification in the city of L’Aquila, central Italy, through a
multidisciplinary approach including strong- and weak-motion data,
ambient noise, and numerical modeling, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 95,
no. 4, 1469–1481, doi 10.1785/0120030253.
Demangeot, J. (1965). Géomorphologie des Abruzzes Adriatiques. Mém. et
Doc. du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) Paris,
403 pp.
Dolce, M., A. Masi, M. Marino, and M. Vona (2003). Earthquake damage
scenarios of the building stock of Potenza (southern Italy) including
site effects, Bull. Earthq. Eng. 1, 115–140.
Giammarinaro, M. S., A. Tertulliani, G. Galli, and M. Leta (2005). Investigation
of surface geology and intensity variability in the Palermo,
Italy, urban area after the 6 September 2002 earthquake, Bull. Seismol.
Soc. Am. 95, 2318–2327, doi 10.1785/0120040214.
Grünthal, G. (Editor) (1998). European macroseismic scale 1998, Cahiers
du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie 1998, Vol. 15,
100 pp.
Gruppo di Lavoro MS-AQ (2010). La microzonazione sismica dell'area
aquilana, 2 vol. 1, DVD.
Hellel, M., J. L. Chatelain, B. Guillier, D. Machane, R. Ben Salem,
E. Oubaiche, and H. Haddoum (2010). Heavier damages without site
effects and site effects with lighter damages: Boumerdes City (Algeria)
after the may 2003 earthquake, Seismol. Res. Lett. 81, 37–43, doi
10.1785/gssrl.81.1.37.
Housner, G. W. (1952). Spectrum intensities of strong motion earthquakes,
in Proc. of the Symposium of Earthquake and Blast Effects on
Structures, Los Angeles, California, June 1952, 21–36.
Locati, M. (Editor) (2009). DBMI08aq il database macrosismico di riferimento
per la compilazione di CPTI08aq, http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/
DBMI08/ (last accessed May 2012).
Merlo, C. (1942). L’Aquila. Ricerche di geografia urbana, Edizioni
Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 192 pp.
Milana, G., R. M. Azzara, E. Bertrand, P. Bordoni, F. Cara, R. Cogliano,
G. Cultrera, G. Di Giulio, A. M. Duval, A. Fodarella, S. Marcucci,
S. Pucillo, J. Régnier, and G. Riccio (2011). The contribution of
seismic data in microzonation studies for downtown L’Aquila, Bull.
Earthq. Eng. 9, 741–759, doi 10.1007/s10518-011-9246-6.
Motosaka, M., and M. S. Nagano (1996). Analysis of ground-motion amplification
characteristics in Kobe City considering a deep irregular
underground structure: Interpretation of heavily damaged belt zone
during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, J. Phys. Earth 44,
no. 5, 577–590.
Seekins, L. C., and J. Boatwright (1994). Ground motion amplification,
geology, and damage from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the
city of San Francisco, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 16–30.
1552 A. Tertulliani, I. Leschiutta, P. Bordoni, and G. Milana
Stucchi, M., R. Camassi, A. Rovida, M. Locati, E. Ercolani, C. Meletti,
P. Migliavacca, F. Bernardini, and R. Azzaro (2007). DBMI04, il database
delle osservazioni macrosismiche dei terremoti italiani utilizzate
per la compilazione del catalogo parametrico CPTI04, Quaderni di
Geofisica 49, 38, http://hdl.handle.net/2122/3178 (in Italian).
Tertulliani, A., L. Arcoraci, M. Berardi, F. Bernardini, R. Camassi,
C. Castellano, S. Del Mese, E. Ercolani, L. Graziani, I. Leschiutta,
A. Rossi, and M. Vecchi (2011). An application of EMS98 in a
medium-sized city: The case of L’Aquila (Central Italy) after the
April 6, 2009 Mw 6.3 earthquake, Bull. Earthq. Eng. 9, 67–80, doi
10.1007/s10518-010-9188-4.
Tertulliani, A., A. Rossi, L. Cucci, and M. Vecchi (2009). L’Aquila (Central
Italy) earthquakes: The predecessors of the April 6, 2009 event, Seismol.
Res. Lett. 80, no. 6, 1008–1013, doi 10.1785/gssrl.80.6.1008.
Torrieri, V. (2010). Santa Maria Paganica. Lavori di recupero del patrimonio
culturale e di rimozione delle macerie, in Le Macerie Rivelano,
L’Aquila 6 aprile 2009 inediti archeologici per la storia della città,
L’Aquila, Italy, 31 July–31 October 2010 (in Italian).
Vandi, A. F. (1753). Pianta della città dell’Aquila ripartita ne suoi
locali, Bologna, Italy, copy maintained at the National Archive
of L’Aquila.
Working Group of the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA) (2010).
Data Base of the Italian strong motion records, http://itaca.mi.ingv
.it (last accessed May 2012)
masonry walls on the seismic risk of reinforced concrete frame
buildings, in Proc. of the 8th US National Conf. on Earthquake
Engineering, San Francisco, California, 18–22 April 2006.
Bernardini, A. (2008). Vulnerability analyses in a sample of 18 municipalities
in the Veneto–Friuli area (NE Italy), Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl. 49,
no. 3–4, 447–462.
Bernardini, A., M. R. Valluzzi, C. Modena, D. D’Ayala, and E. Speranza
(2008). Vulnerability assessment of the historical masonry building
typologies of Vittorio Veneto (NE Italy), Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl.
49, no. 3–4, 463–483.
Blumetti, A. M., M. Di Filippo, P. Zaffiro, P. Marsan, and B. Toro (2002).
Seismic hazard of the city of L’Aquila (Abruzzo–Central Italy): New
data from geological, morphotectonic and gravity prospecting
analysis, Studi Geologici Camerti 1, 7–18.
Bordoni, P., J. Haines, G. Milana, S. Marcucci, F. Cara, and G. Di Giulio
(2011). Seismic response of L’Aquila downtown from comparison
between 2D synthetics spectral ratios of SH, P-SV and Rayleigh waves
and observations of the 2009 earthquake sequence, Bull. Earthq. Eng.
9, no. 3, 761–781, doi 10.1007/s10518-011-9247-5.
Cara, F., G. Cultrera, R. Mario Azzara, V. De Rubeis, G. Di Giulio,
M. S. Giammarinaro, P. Tosi, P. Vallone, and A. Rovelli (2008).
Microtremor measurements in the city of Palermo, Italy: Analysis
of the correlation between local geology and damage, Bull. Seismol.
Soc. Am. 98, no. 3, 1354–1372, doi 10.1785/0120060260.
Carocci, C. F., and S. Lagomarsino (2009). Masonry buildings in the historic
centers of the L’Aquila area, Progettazione Sismica 03, Special Issue,
115–130.
Chiarabba, C., A. Amato, A. Anselmi, P. Baccheschi, I. Bianchi,M. Cattaneo,
G. Cecere, L. Chiaraluce, M. G. Ciaccio, P. De Gori, G. De Luca,
M. Di Bona, R. Di Stefano, L. Faenza, A. Govoni, L. Improta,
F. P. Lucente, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, F. Mele, A. Michelini, G.
Monachesi, M. Moretti, M. Pastori, N. Piana Agostinetti, D. Piccinini,
P. Roselli, D. Seccia, and L. Valoroso (2009). The 2009 L’Aquila
(central Italy) Mw 6.3 earthquake: Main shock and aftershocks,
Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L18308, doi 10.1029/2009GL039627.
Clementi, A., and E. Piroddi (1986). L’Aquila, Laterza, Bari, Italy, 214 pp.
Colapietra, R. (1978).L’Aquila dell’Antinori. Strutture sociali ed urbane della
città nel Sei e Settecento, Antinoriana III: Studi per il bicentenario della
morte di A.L. Antinori, L’Aquila, Nella Sede della Deputazione, Rome,
Italy, 66–72.
Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, and G. M. Verderame (2009). Reinforced concrete
buildings, Progettazione sismica 03, Special Issue, 131–148.
Gruppo di lavoro CPTI (2004). Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani,
versione 2004 (CPTI04), INGV, Bologna, Italy, http://emidius.mi.ingv
.it/CPTI04/ (last accessed May 2012).
D’Ayala, D. F., and S. Paganoni (2011). Assessment and analysis of damage
in L’Aquila historic city centre after sixth April 2009, Bull. Earthq.
Eng. 9, 81–104, doi 10.1007/s10518-010-9224-4.
De Luca, G., S. Marcucci, G. Milana, and T. Sanò (2005). Evidence of lowfrequency
amplification in the city of L’Aquila, central Italy, through a
multidisciplinary approach including strong- and weak-motion data,
ambient noise, and numerical modeling, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 95,
no. 4, 1469–1481, doi 10.1785/0120030253.
Demangeot, J. (1965). Géomorphologie des Abruzzes Adriatiques. Mém. et
Doc. du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) Paris,
403 pp.
Dolce, M., A. Masi, M. Marino, and M. Vona (2003). Earthquake damage
scenarios of the building stock of Potenza (southern Italy) including
site effects, Bull. Earthq. Eng. 1, 115–140.
Giammarinaro, M. S., A. Tertulliani, G. Galli, and M. Leta (2005). Investigation
of surface geology and intensity variability in the Palermo,
Italy, urban area after the 6 September 2002 earthquake, Bull. Seismol.
Soc. Am. 95, 2318–2327, doi 10.1785/0120040214.
Grünthal, G. (Editor) (1998). European macroseismic scale 1998, Cahiers
du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie 1998, Vol. 15,
100 pp.
Gruppo di Lavoro MS-AQ (2010). La microzonazione sismica dell'area
aquilana, 2 vol. 1, DVD.
Hellel, M., J. L. Chatelain, B. Guillier, D. Machane, R. Ben Salem,
E. Oubaiche, and H. Haddoum (2010). Heavier damages without site
effects and site effects with lighter damages: Boumerdes City (Algeria)
after the may 2003 earthquake, Seismol. Res. Lett. 81, 37–43, doi
10.1785/gssrl.81.1.37.
Housner, G. W. (1952). Spectrum intensities of strong motion earthquakes,
in Proc. of the Symposium of Earthquake and Blast Effects on
Structures, Los Angeles, California, June 1952, 21–36.
Locati, M. (Editor) (2009). DBMI08aq il database macrosismico di riferimento
per la compilazione di CPTI08aq, http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/
DBMI08/ (last accessed May 2012).
Merlo, C. (1942). L’Aquila. Ricerche di geografia urbana, Edizioni
Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 192 pp.
Milana, G., R. M. Azzara, E. Bertrand, P. Bordoni, F. Cara, R. Cogliano,
G. Cultrera, G. Di Giulio, A. M. Duval, A. Fodarella, S. Marcucci,
S. Pucillo, J. Régnier, and G. Riccio (2011). The contribution of
seismic data in microzonation studies for downtown L’Aquila, Bull.
Earthq. Eng. 9, 741–759, doi 10.1007/s10518-011-9246-6.
Motosaka, M., and M. S. Nagano (1996). Analysis of ground-motion amplification
characteristics in Kobe City considering a deep irregular
underground structure: Interpretation of heavily damaged belt zone
during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, J. Phys. Earth 44,
no. 5, 577–590.
Seekins, L. C., and J. Boatwright (1994). Ground motion amplification,
geology, and damage from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the
city of San Francisco, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 16–30.
1552 A. Tertulliani, I. Leschiutta, P. Bordoni, and G. Milana
Stucchi, M., R. Camassi, A. Rovida, M. Locati, E. Ercolani, C. Meletti,
P. Migliavacca, F. Bernardini, and R. Azzaro (2007). DBMI04, il database
delle osservazioni macrosismiche dei terremoti italiani utilizzate
per la compilazione del catalogo parametrico CPTI04, Quaderni di
Geofisica 49, 38, http://hdl.handle.net/2122/3178 (in Italian).
Tertulliani, A., L. Arcoraci, M. Berardi, F. Bernardini, R. Camassi,
C. Castellano, S. Del Mese, E. Ercolani, L. Graziani, I. Leschiutta,
A. Rossi, and M. Vecchi (2011). An application of EMS98 in a
medium-sized city: The case of L’Aquila (Central Italy) after the
April 6, 2009 Mw 6.3 earthquake, Bull. Earthq. Eng. 9, 67–80, doi
10.1007/s10518-010-9188-4.
Tertulliani, A., A. Rossi, L. Cucci, and M. Vecchi (2009). L’Aquila (Central
Italy) earthquakes: The predecessors of the April 6, 2009 event, Seismol.
Res. Lett. 80, no. 6, 1008–1013, doi 10.1785/gssrl.80.6.1008.
Torrieri, V. (2010). Santa Maria Paganica. Lavori di recupero del patrimonio
culturale e di rimozione delle macerie, in Le Macerie Rivelano,
L’Aquila 6 aprile 2009 inediti archeologici per la storia della città,
L’Aquila, Italy, 31 July–31 October 2010 (in Italian).
Vandi, A. F. (1753). Pianta della città dell’Aquila ripartita ne suoi
locali, Bologna, Italy, copy maintained at the National Archive
of L’Aquila.
Working Group of the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA) (2010).
Data Base of the Italian strong motion records, http://itaca.mi.ingv
.it (last accessed May 2012)
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