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Extent of low-accumulation ‘wind glaze’ areas on the East Antarctic plateau: implications for continental ice mass balance
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
210 / 58 (2012)
ISSN
0022-1430
Electronic ISSN
1727-5652
Publisher
International Glaciological Society
Pages (printed)
633-647
Issued date
August 2012
Abstract
Persistent katabatic winds form widely distributed localized areas of near-zero net surface accumulation on the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) plateau. These areas have been called ‘glaze’ surfaces due to their polished appearance. They are typically 2–200km2 in area and are found on leeward slopes of ice-sheet undulations and megadunes. Adjacent, leeward high-accumulation regions (isolated dunes) are generally smaller and do not compensate for the local low in surface mass balance
(SMB). We use a combination of satellite remote sensing and field-gathered datasets to map the extent of wind glaze in the EAIS above 1500m elevation. Mapping criteria are derived from distinctive surface and subsurface characteristics of glaze areas resulting from many years of intense annual temperature cycling without significant burial. Our results show that 11.2 1.7%, or 950 143 103 km2, of the EAIS above 1500m is wind glaze. Studies of SMB interpolate values across glaze regions, leading to
overestimates of net mass input. Using our derived wind-glaze extent, we estimate this excess in three recent models of Antarctic SMB at 46–82 Gt. The lowest-input model appears to best match the mean in
regions of extensive wind glaze.
(SMB). We use a combination of satellite remote sensing and field-gathered datasets to map the extent of wind glaze in the EAIS above 1500m elevation. Mapping criteria are derived from distinctive surface and subsurface characteristics of glaze areas resulting from many years of intense annual temperature cycling without significant burial. Our results show that 11.2 1.7%, or 950 143 103 km2, of the EAIS above 1500m is wind glaze. Studies of SMB interpolate values across glaze regions, leading to
overestimates of net mass input. Using our derived wind-glaze extent, we estimate this excess in three recent models of Antarctic SMB at 46–82 Gt. The lowest-input model appears to best match the mean in
regions of extensive wind glaze.
References
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Scambos T (2004) Extreme firn metamorphism: impact of
decades of vapor transport on near-surface firn at a lowaccumulation
glazed site on the East Antarctic plateau. Ann.
Glaciol., 39, 73–78 (doi: 10.3189/172756404781814041)
Arcone SA, Jacobel R and Hamilton G (2012) Unconformable stratigraphy
in East Antarctica: Part I. Large firn cosets, recrystallized
growth, and model evidence for intensified accumulation.
J. Glaciol., 58(208), 240–252 (doi: 10.3189/2012JoJ11J044)
Arthern RJ, Winebrenner DP and Vaughan DG (2006) Antarctic
snow accumulation mapped using polarization of 4.3cm
wavelength microwave emission. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D6),
D06107 (doi: 10.1029/2004JD005667)
Bamber JL, Gomez-Dans JL and Griggs JA (2009) A new 1 km
digital elevation model of the Antarctic derived from combined
satellite radar and laser data – Part 1: data and methods.
Cryosphere, 3(1), 101–111
Benson CS (1960) Stratigraphic studies in the snow and firn of the
Greenland ice sheet. (PhD thesis, California Institute of
Technology)
Bintanja R and Van den Broeke MR (1995) The climate sensitivity of
Antarctic blue-ice areas. Ann. Glaciol., 21, 157–161
Bromwich DH, Guo Z, Bai L and Chen Q (2004) Modelled
Antarctic precipitation. Part I: spatial and temporal variability.
J. Climate, 17(3), 427–447
Brown IC and Scambos TA (2004) Satellite monitoring of blue-ice
extent near Byrd Glacier, Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol., 39, 223–230
(doi: 10.3189/172756404781813871)
Connolley WM (1996) The Antarctic temperature inversion. Int. J.
Climatol., 16(12), 1333–1342
Courville ZR, Albert MR, Fahnestock MA, Cathles LM and Shuman
CA (2007) Impacts of an accumulation hiatus on the physical
properties of firn at a low-accumulation polar site. J. Geophys.
Res., 112(F2), F02030 (doi: 10.1029/2005JF000429) DenHartog SL (1959) Snow pit work on Little America–Victoria
Land Traverse 1958–1959. The Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH (OSU Research Foundation Report 825-2, Pt 2)
Ding M and 6 others (2011) Spatial variability of surface mass
balance along a traverse route from Zhongshan station to
Dome A, Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 57(204), 658–666 (doi:
10.3189/002214311797409820)
Fahnestock M, Bindschadler R, Kwok R and Jezek K (1993)
Greenland ice sheet surface properties and ice dynamics from
ERS-1 SAR imagery. Science, 262(5139), 1530–1534
Fahnestock MA, Scambos TA, Shuman CA, Arthern RJ,Winebrenner
DP and Kwok R (2000) Snow megadune fields on the East
Antarctic Plateau: extreme atmosphere–ice interaction. Geophys.
Res. Lett., 27(22), 3719–3722 (doi: 10.1029/1999GL011248)
Frezzotti M, Gandolfi S, La Marca F and Urbini S (2002a) Snow
dunes and glazed surfaces in Antarctica: new field and remotesensing
data. Ann. Glaciol., 34, 81–88 (doi: 10.3189/
172756402781817851)
Frezzotti M, Gandolfi S and Urbini S (2002b) Snow megadunes in
Antarctica: sedimentary structure and genesis. J. Geophys. Res.,
107(D18), 4344 (doi: 10.1029/2001JD000673)
Frezzotti M and 13 others (2005) Spatial and temporal variability
of snow accumulation in East Antarctica from
traverse data. J. Glaciol., 51(172), 113–124 (doi: 10.3189/
172756505781829502) Frezzotti M, Urbini S, Proposito M, Scarchilli C and Gandolfi S
(2007) Spatial and temporal variability of surface mass balance
near Talos Dome, East Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 112(F2),
F02032 (doi: 10.1029/2006JF000638) Fujii Y and Kusunoki K (1982) The role of sublimation and
condensation in the formation of ice sheet surface at Mizuho
Station, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 87(C6), 4293–4300 (doi:
10.1029/JC087iC06p04293)
Gay M, Fily M, Genthon C, Frezzotti M, Oerter H and Winther JG
(2002) Snow grain-size measurements in Antarctica. J. Glaciol.,
48(163), 527–535 (doi: 10.3189/172756502781831016)
Giovinetto MB (1963) Glaciological studies on the McMurdo–
South Pole traverse, 1960–1961. Inst. Polar Stud. Rep. 7
Giovinetto MB and Zwally HJ (2000) Spatial distribution of net
surface accumulation on the Antarctic ice sheet. Ann. Glaciol.,
31, 171–178
Goodwin ID (1990) Snow accumulation and surface topography in
the katabatic zone of eastern Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Antarct.
Sci., 2(3), 235–242
Goodwin ID, Higham M, Allison I and Ren J (1994) Accumulation
variation in eastern Kemp Land, Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol., 20,
202–206
Hoen EW and Zebker HA (2000) Topography-driven variations in
backscatter strength and depth observed over the Greenland Ice
Sheet with InSAR. In 20th International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2000), 24–28 July 2000, Honolulu,
HI, USA. Proceedings, Vol. 2. Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, 470–472
Jezek KC (2003) Observing the Antarctic ice sheet using the
RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar. Polar Geogr., 27(3),
197–209 (doi: 10.1080/789610167)
King JC, Anderson PS, Vaughan DG, Mann GW, Mobbs SD and
Vosper SB (2004) Wind-borne redistribution of snow across an
Antarctic ice rise. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D11), D11104 (doi:
10.1029/2003JD004361)
Lambert B and Long D (2006) A large-scale Ku-band backscatter
model of the East-Antarctic megadune fields. In 26th International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS
2006), 31 July–4 August 2006, Denver, CO, USA. Proceedings,
Vol. 2. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Piscataway,
NJ, 3832–3834
Lenaerts JTM, Van den Broeke MR, Van de Berg WJ, Van Meijgaard
E and Kuipers Munneke P (2012) A new, high-resolution surface
mass balance map of Antarctica (1979–2010) based on regional
atmospheric climate modeling. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39(4),
L04501 (doi: 10.1029/2011GL050713)
Liu H, Jezek KC and Li B (1999) Development of an Antarctic
digital elevation model by integrating cartographic and remotely
sensed data: a geographic information system based approach.
J. Geophys. Res., 104(B10), 23 199–23 213 (doi: 10.1029/
1999JB900224)
Long DG and Drinkwater MR (2000) Azimuth variation in
microwave scatterometer and radiometer data over Antarctica.
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 38(4), 1857–1870
Magand O and 6 others (2007) An up-to-date quality-controlled
surface mass balance dataset for the 908–1808E Antarctica sector
and 1950–2005 period. J. Geophys. Res., 112(D12), D12106
(doi: 10.1029/2006JD007691)
Magand O, Picard G, Brucker L, Fily M and Genthon C (2008)
Snow melting bias in microwave mapping of Antarctic snow
accumulation. Cryosphere, 2(2), 109–115 (doi: 10.5194/tc-2-
109-2008)
Monaghan AJ, Bromwich DH and Wang S-H (2006) Recent trends
in Antarctic snow accumulation from Polar MM5 simulations.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 364(1844), 1683–1708
(doi: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1795)
Motoyama H and 7 others (2008) Glaciological data collected by
the 45th, 46th and 47th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition
during 2004–2007. JARE Data Rep. 308 (Glaciology 34)
Mu¨ ller K and 6 others (2010) An 860 km surface mass-balance
profile on the East Antarctic plateau derived by GPR. Ann.
Glaciol., 51(55), 1–8 (doi: 10.3189/172756410791392718)
Neumann TA, Waddington ED, Steig EJ and Grootes PM (2005)
Non-climate influences on stable isotopes at the Taylor Mouth, Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 51(173), 248–258 (doi: 10.3189/
172756505781829331)
Nolin AWand Dozier J (2000) A hyperspectral method for remotely
sensing the grain size of snow. Remote Sens. Environ., 74(2),
207–216 (doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00111-5)
Nolin AW, Fetter F and Scambos T (2002) Surface roughness
characterizations of sea ice and ice sheets: case studies with
MISR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40(7), 1605–1615
(doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2002.801581)
Parish TR and Bromwich DH (1987) The surface windfield over the
Antarctic ice sheets. Nature, 328(6125), 51–54
Powers JG, Monaghan AJ, Cayette AM, Bromwich DH, Kuo Y-H and
Manning KW (2003) Real-time mesoscale modeling over Antarctica:
the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). Bull.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84(11), 1533–1545 (doi: 10.1175/BAMS-
84-11-1533)
Rignot E and 6 others (2008) Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from
radar interferometry and regional climate modelling. Nature
Geosci., 1(2), 106–110 (doi: 10.1038/ngeo102)
Rundle AS (1971) Snow accumulation and firn stratigraphy on the
East Antarctic plateau. In Crary AP ed. Antarctic snow and ice
studies II. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC,
239–255 (Antarctic Research Series 16)
Scambos TA, Fahnestock MA, Shuman C and Haran TM (2006)
Impact of megadunes and glaze areas on estimates of East
Antarctic mass balance and accumulation rate change. [Abstr.
C11A-1130] Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meet.
Scambos TA, Haran TM, Fahnestock MA, Painter TH and Bohlander
J (2007) MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) datasets:
continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size.
Remote Sens. Environ., 111(2–3), 242–257 (doi: 10.1016/
j.rse.2006.12.020)
Scarchilli C, Frezzotti M, Grigioni P, De Silvestri L, Agnoletto L and
Dolci S (2010) Extraordinary blowing snow transport events in
East Antarctica. Climate Dyn., 34(7–8), 1195–1206 (doi:
10.1007/s00382-009-0601-0)
Shuman CA and Alley RB (1993) Spatial and temporal characterization
of hoar formation in central Greenland using SSM/I
brightness temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(23),
2643–2646
Siegert MJ, Hindmarsh RCA and Hamilton GS (2003) Evidence for a
large surface ablation zone in central East Antarctica during the
last Ice Age. Quat. Res., 59(1), 114–121 (doi: 10.1016/S0033-
5894(02)00014-5)
Stearns LA (2007) Outlet glacier dynamics in East Greenland and
East Antarctica. (PhD thesis, University of Maine)
Stearns LA (2011) Dynamics and mass balance estimates of four
large East Antarctic outlet glaciers. Ann. Glaciol., 52(59),
116–126 (doi: 10.3189/172756411799096187)
Suhn H-G, Jezek K, Baumgartner F, Forster R and Mosley-Thompson
E (1999) Radar backscatter measurements from RADARSAT SAR
imagery of South Pole Station, Antarctica. In Stein TI ed. 19th
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
(IGARSS ’99), 28 June–2 July 1999, Hamburg, Germany.
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Scambos T (2004) Extreme firn metamorphism: impact of
decades of vapor transport on near-surface firn at a lowaccumulation
glazed site on the East Antarctic plateau. Ann.
Glaciol., 39, 73–78 (doi: 10.3189/172756404781814041)
Arcone SA, Jacobel R and Hamilton G (2012) Unconformable stratigraphy
in East Antarctica: Part I. Large firn cosets, recrystallized
growth, and model evidence for intensified accumulation.
J. Glaciol., 58(208), 240–252 (doi: 10.3189/2012JoJ11J044)
Arthern RJ, Winebrenner DP and Vaughan DG (2006) Antarctic
snow accumulation mapped using polarization of 4.3cm
wavelength microwave emission. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D6),
D06107 (doi: 10.1029/2004JD005667)
Bamber JL, Gomez-Dans JL and Griggs JA (2009) A new 1 km
digital elevation model of the Antarctic derived from combined
satellite radar and laser data – Part 1: data and methods.
Cryosphere, 3(1), 101–111
Benson CS (1960) Stratigraphic studies in the snow and firn of the
Greenland ice sheet. (PhD thesis, California Institute of
Technology)
Bintanja R and Van den Broeke MR (1995) The climate sensitivity of
Antarctic blue-ice areas. Ann. Glaciol., 21, 157–161
Bromwich DH, Guo Z, Bai L and Chen Q (2004) Modelled
Antarctic precipitation. Part I: spatial and temporal variability.
J. Climate, 17(3), 427–447
Brown IC and Scambos TA (2004) Satellite monitoring of blue-ice
extent near Byrd Glacier, Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol., 39, 223–230
(doi: 10.3189/172756404781813871)
Connolley WM (1996) The Antarctic temperature inversion. Int. J.
Climatol., 16(12), 1333–1342
Courville ZR, Albert MR, Fahnestock MA, Cathles LM and Shuman
CA (2007) Impacts of an accumulation hiatus on the physical
properties of firn at a low-accumulation polar site. J. Geophys.
Res., 112(F2), F02030 (doi: 10.1029/2005JF000429) DenHartog SL (1959) Snow pit work on Little America–Victoria
Land Traverse 1958–1959. The Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH (OSU Research Foundation Report 825-2, Pt 2)
Ding M and 6 others (2011) Spatial variability of surface mass
balance along a traverse route from Zhongshan station to
Dome A, Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 57(204), 658–666 (doi:
10.3189/002214311797409820)
Fahnestock M, Bindschadler R, Kwok R and Jezek K (1993)
Greenland ice sheet surface properties and ice dynamics from
ERS-1 SAR imagery. Science, 262(5139), 1530–1534
Fahnestock MA, Scambos TA, Shuman CA, Arthern RJ,Winebrenner
DP and Kwok R (2000) Snow megadune fields on the East
Antarctic Plateau: extreme atmosphere–ice interaction. Geophys.
Res. Lett., 27(22), 3719–3722 (doi: 10.1029/1999GL011248)
Frezzotti M, Gandolfi S, La Marca F and Urbini S (2002a) Snow
dunes and glazed surfaces in Antarctica: new field and remotesensing
data. Ann. Glaciol., 34, 81–88 (doi: 10.3189/
172756402781817851)
Frezzotti M, Gandolfi S and Urbini S (2002b) Snow megadunes in
Antarctica: sedimentary structure and genesis. J. Geophys. Res.,
107(D18), 4344 (doi: 10.1029/2001JD000673)
Frezzotti M and 13 others (2005) Spatial and temporal variability
of snow accumulation in East Antarctica from
traverse data. J. Glaciol., 51(172), 113–124 (doi: 10.3189/
172756505781829502) Frezzotti M, Urbini S, Proposito M, Scarchilli C and Gandolfi S
(2007) Spatial and temporal variability of surface mass balance
near Talos Dome, East Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 112(F2),
F02032 (doi: 10.1029/2006JF000638) Fujii Y and Kusunoki K (1982) The role of sublimation and
condensation in the formation of ice sheet surface at Mizuho
Station, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 87(C6), 4293–4300 (doi:
10.1029/JC087iC06p04293)
Gay M, Fily M, Genthon C, Frezzotti M, Oerter H and Winther JG
(2002) Snow grain-size measurements in Antarctica. J. Glaciol.,
48(163), 527–535 (doi: 10.3189/172756502781831016)
Giovinetto MB (1963) Glaciological studies on the McMurdo–
South Pole traverse, 1960–1961. Inst. Polar Stud. Rep. 7
Giovinetto MB and Zwally HJ (2000) Spatial distribution of net
surface accumulation on the Antarctic ice sheet. Ann. Glaciol.,
31, 171–178
Goodwin ID (1990) Snow accumulation and surface topography in
the katabatic zone of eastern Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Antarct.
Sci., 2(3), 235–242
Goodwin ID, Higham M, Allison I and Ren J (1994) Accumulation
variation in eastern Kemp Land, Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol., 20,
202–206
Hoen EW and Zebker HA (2000) Topography-driven variations in
backscatter strength and depth observed over the Greenland Ice
Sheet with InSAR. In 20th International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2000), 24–28 July 2000, Honolulu,
HI, USA. Proceedings, Vol. 2. Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, 470–472
Jezek KC (2003) Observing the Antarctic ice sheet using the
RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar. Polar Geogr., 27(3),
197–209 (doi: 10.1080/789610167)
King JC, Anderson PS, Vaughan DG, Mann GW, Mobbs SD and
Vosper SB (2004) Wind-borne redistribution of snow across an
Antarctic ice rise. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D11), D11104 (doi:
10.1029/2003JD004361)
Lambert B and Long D (2006) A large-scale Ku-band backscatter
model of the East-Antarctic megadune fields. In 26th International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS
2006), 31 July–4 August 2006, Denver, CO, USA. Proceedings,
Vol. 2. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Piscataway,
NJ, 3832–3834
Lenaerts JTM, Van den Broeke MR, Van de Berg WJ, Van Meijgaard
E and Kuipers Munneke P (2012) A new, high-resolution surface
mass balance map of Antarctica (1979–2010) based on regional
atmospheric climate modeling. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39(4),
L04501 (doi: 10.1029/2011GL050713)
Liu H, Jezek KC and Li B (1999) Development of an Antarctic
digital elevation model by integrating cartographic and remotely
sensed data: a geographic information system based approach.
J. Geophys. Res., 104(B10), 23 199–23 213 (doi: 10.1029/
1999JB900224)
Long DG and Drinkwater MR (2000) Azimuth variation in
microwave scatterometer and radiometer data over Antarctica.
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 38(4), 1857–1870
Magand O and 6 others (2007) An up-to-date quality-controlled
surface mass balance dataset for the 908–1808E Antarctica sector
and 1950–2005 period. J. Geophys. Res., 112(D12), D12106
(doi: 10.1029/2006JD007691)
Magand O, Picard G, Brucker L, Fily M and Genthon C (2008)
Snow melting bias in microwave mapping of Antarctic snow
accumulation. Cryosphere, 2(2), 109–115 (doi: 10.5194/tc-2-
109-2008)
Monaghan AJ, Bromwich DH and Wang S-H (2006) Recent trends
in Antarctic snow accumulation from Polar MM5 simulations.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 364(1844), 1683–1708
(doi: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1795)
Motoyama H and 7 others (2008) Glaciological data collected by
the 45th, 46th and 47th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition
during 2004–2007. JARE Data Rep. 308 (Glaciology 34)
Mu¨ ller K and 6 others (2010) An 860 km surface mass-balance
profile on the East Antarctic plateau derived by GPR. Ann.
Glaciol., 51(55), 1–8 (doi: 10.3189/172756410791392718)
Neumann TA, Waddington ED, Steig EJ and Grootes PM (2005)
Non-climate influences on stable isotopes at the Taylor Mouth, Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 51(173), 248–258 (doi: 10.3189/
172756505781829331)
Nolin AWand Dozier J (2000) A hyperspectral method for remotely
sensing the grain size of snow. Remote Sens. Environ., 74(2),
207–216 (doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00111-5)
Nolin AW, Fetter F and Scambos T (2002) Surface roughness
characterizations of sea ice and ice sheets: case studies with
MISR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40(7), 1605–1615
(doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2002.801581)
Parish TR and Bromwich DH (1987) The surface windfield over the
Antarctic ice sheets. Nature, 328(6125), 51–54
Powers JG, Monaghan AJ, Cayette AM, Bromwich DH, Kuo Y-H and
Manning KW (2003) Real-time mesoscale modeling over Antarctica:
the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). Bull.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84(11), 1533–1545 (doi: 10.1175/BAMS-
84-11-1533)
Rignot E and 6 others (2008) Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from
radar interferometry and regional climate modelling. Nature
Geosci., 1(2), 106–110 (doi: 10.1038/ngeo102)
Rundle AS (1971) Snow accumulation and firn stratigraphy on the
East Antarctic plateau. In Crary AP ed. Antarctic snow and ice
studies II. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC,
239–255 (Antarctic Research Series 16)
Scambos TA, Fahnestock MA, Shuman C and Haran TM (2006)
Impact of megadunes and glaze areas on estimates of East
Antarctic mass balance and accumulation rate change. [Abstr.
C11A-1130] Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meet.
Scambos TA, Haran TM, Fahnestock MA, Painter TH and Bohlander
J (2007) MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) datasets:
continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size.
Remote Sens. Environ., 111(2–3), 242–257 (doi: 10.1016/
j.rse.2006.12.020)
Scarchilli C, Frezzotti M, Grigioni P, De Silvestri L, Agnoletto L and
Dolci S (2010) Extraordinary blowing snow transport events in
East Antarctica. Climate Dyn., 34(7–8), 1195–1206 (doi:
10.1007/s00382-009-0601-0)
Shuman CA and Alley RB (1993) Spatial and temporal characterization
of hoar formation in central Greenland using SSM/I
brightness temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(23),
2643–2646
Siegert MJ, Hindmarsh RCA and Hamilton GS (2003) Evidence for a
large surface ablation zone in central East Antarctica during the
last Ice Age. Quat. Res., 59(1), 114–121 (doi: 10.1016/S0033-
5894(02)00014-5)
Stearns LA (2007) Outlet glacier dynamics in East Greenland and
East Antarctica. (PhD thesis, University of Maine)
Stearns LA (2011) Dynamics and mass balance estimates of four
large East Antarctic outlet glaciers. Ann. Glaciol., 52(59),
116–126 (doi: 10.3189/172756411799096187)
Suhn H-G, Jezek K, Baumgartner F, Forster R and Mosley-Thompson
E (1999) Radar backscatter measurements from RADARSAT SAR
imagery of South Pole Station, Antarctica. In Stein TI ed. 19th
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
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