Options
Variability of foF2 over Rome and Gibilmanna during three solar cycles (1976-2000)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/117 (2012)
ISSN
0148-0227
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
Pages (printed)
A05316
Issued date
May 16, 2012
Abstract
Hourly validated values of the F2-layer critical frequency (foF2) recorded at Rome,
Italy (geographic coordinates 41.8ºN, 12.5ºE; geomagnetic coordinates 42.0ºN, 93.8ºE), and Gibilmanna, Italy (geographic coordinates 37.6ºN, 14.0ºE; geomagnetic coordinates 38.1ºN, 93.6ºE), along with the hourly quiet time reference values of foF2 (foF2QTRV) were considered around periods of minimum and maximum solar activity over the years 1976–2000. The foF2 data set was specifically organized in order to obtain an overall trend both for low and high solar activity, and different dispersion indices were used. The results obtained show that (1) at Rome, the foF2 variability is always greater during periods of high solar activity (HSA) in the hourly ranges 00:00–02:00 UT and 20:00–23:00 UT during
winter months, and in the hourly ranges 00:00–10:00 UT and 04:00–16:00 UT during
equinoctial and summer months respectively; (2) on the whole, around midday, for low
solar activity (LSA), the foF2 variability is smaller at the equinoxes than at the solstices; for HSA, it is greater at equinoxes than at solstices; (3) for LSA, at Gibilmanna the foF2 variability is in general larger than at Rome, especially in summer, and it is characterized by a number of relative minimums and maximums greater than those observed at Rome;
(4) at Rome, for both LSA and HSA, the passage of solar terminator at sunset significantly affects ionospheric variability in January, April, August, and November, at Gibilmanna in August, September, and November; (5) several variability peaks before sunrise and after
sunset are observed in both stations; (6) on a monthly basis, for both LSA and HSA,
a semiannual variation of foF2 variability is observed at both Rome and Gibilmanna;
and (7) evidence of ionospheric variability at the typical heights of the F region,
connected to upward propagating gravity waves triggered by solar terminator,
is observed at Rome during some days characterized by HSA in the equinoctial months.
Italy (geographic coordinates 41.8ºN, 12.5ºE; geomagnetic coordinates 42.0ºN, 93.8ºE), and Gibilmanna, Italy (geographic coordinates 37.6ºN, 14.0ºE; geomagnetic coordinates 38.1ºN, 93.6ºE), along with the hourly quiet time reference values of foF2 (foF2QTRV) were considered around periods of minimum and maximum solar activity over the years 1976–2000. The foF2 data set was specifically organized in order to obtain an overall trend both for low and high solar activity, and different dispersion indices were used. The results obtained show that (1) at Rome, the foF2 variability is always greater during periods of high solar activity (HSA) in the hourly ranges 00:00–02:00 UT and 20:00–23:00 UT during
winter months, and in the hourly ranges 00:00–10:00 UT and 04:00–16:00 UT during
equinoctial and summer months respectively; (2) on the whole, around midday, for low
solar activity (LSA), the foF2 variability is smaller at the equinoxes than at the solstices; for HSA, it is greater at equinoxes than at solstices; (3) for LSA, at Gibilmanna the foF2 variability is in general larger than at Rome, especially in summer, and it is characterized by a number of relative minimums and maximums greater than those observed at Rome;
(4) at Rome, for both LSA and HSA, the passage of solar terminator at sunset significantly affects ionospheric variability in January, April, August, and November, at Gibilmanna in August, September, and November; (5) several variability peaks before sunrise and after
sunset are observed in both stations; (6) on a monthly basis, for both LSA and HSA,
a semiannual variation of foF2 variability is observed at both Rome and Gibilmanna;
and (7) evidence of ionospheric variability at the typical heights of the F region,
connected to upward propagating gravity waves triggered by solar terminator,
is observed at Rome during some days characterized by HSA in the equinoctial months.
References
Akala, A. O., A. B. Adeloye, and E. O. Somoye (2010), Ionospheric foF2
variability over the Southeast Asian sector, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
A09329, doi:10.1029/2010JA015250.
Altadill, D., E. M. Apostolov, J. Boska, and P. Sauli (2004), Planetary and
gravity wave signatures in the F region ionosphere with impact to radio propagation
predictions and variability, Ann. Geophys., 47(2–3), 1109–1119.
Bibl, K., and B. W. Reinisch (1978), The universal digital ionosonde, Radio
Sci., 13, 519–530, doi:10.1029/RS013i003p00519.
Bilitza, D., O. K. Obrou, J. O. Adeniyi, and O. Oladipo (2004), Variability
of foF2 in the equatorial ionosphere, Adv. Space Res., 34(9), 1901–1906,
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.08.004. Boška, J., and J. Laštovicka (1996), Gravity wave activity in the lower ionosphere
and in the F2 region—Similarities and differences, Adv. Space
Res., 18(3), 127–130, doi:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00851-5.
Buonsanto, M. J. (1999), Ionospheric storms—A review, Space Sci. Rev.,
88, 563–601, doi:10.1023/A:1005107532631.
Cander, L. R., and S. J. Mihajlovic (1998), Forecasting ionospheric structure
during the great geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 103(A1),
391–398, doi:10.1029/97JA02418.
Chen, Y., and L. Liu (2010), Further study on the solar activity variation of
daytime NmF2, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12337, doi:10.1029/
2010JA015847.
Cliver, E. W., Y. Kamide, and A. G. Ling (2000), Mountains versus
valleys: Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res.,
105, 2413–2424, doi:10.1029/1999JA900439.
David, M., and J. J. Sojka (2010), Single-day dayside density enhancements
over Europe: A survey of a half-century of ionosonde data, J. Geophys.
Res., 115, A12311, doi:10.1029/2010JA015711.
Davis, R. M., and N. L. Groome (1964), Variations of the 3000 km MUF in
time and space, NBS Rep. 8498, U.S. Dep. of Commer., Washington,
D. C.
Elias, A. G. (2009), Trends in the F2 ionospheric layer due to long-term
variations in the Earth’s magnetic field, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys.,
71(14–15), 1602–1609, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.05.014.
Ezquer, R. G., M. Mosert, R. Corbella, M. Erazù, S. M. Radicella, M. Cabrera,
and L. de la Zerda (2004), Day-to-day variability of ionospheric characteristics
in the American sector, Adv. Space Res., 34(9), 1887–1893,
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.03.016.
Forbes, M. J., E. S. Paolo, and X. Zhang (2000), Variability of the ionosphere,
J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62(8), 685–693, doi:10.1016/S1364-
6826(00)00029-8.
Fotiadis, D. N., G. M. Baziakos, and S. S. Kouris (2004), On the global
behaviour of the day-to-day MUF variation, Adv. Space Res., 33(6),
893–901, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.005.
Fox, M. W., and P. J. Wilkinson (1988), A study of OWF conversion factors
in the Australian region, Tech. Rep., IPS-TR-88–02, 28 pp., IPS
Radio and Space Serv., Sydney, N. S. W., Australia.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, R. G. Roble, and A. D. Richmond
(1997), How does the thermosphere and ionosphere react to a geomagnetic
storm?, in Magnetic Storms, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 98, edited
by B. T. Tsurutani et al., pp. 203–225, AGU, Washington D. C.,
doi:10.1029/GM098p0203.
Hines, C. O. (1960), Internal atmospheric gravity waves at ionospheric
heights, Can. J. Phys., 38, 1441–1481, doi:10.1139/p60-150.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (1997), HF Propagation
Prediction Method Recommendation, 533 pp., Geneva.
Jarvis, M. J. (2009), Longitudinal variation in E- and F region ionospheric
trends, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 71(13), 1415–1429, doi:10.1016/j.
jastp.2008.05.017.
Joselyn, J. A. (1995), Geomagnetic activity forecasting: State of the art,
Rev. Geophys., 33, 383–401, doi:10.1029/95RG01304.
Kazimirovsky, E. S. (2002), Coupling from below as a source of ionospheric
variability: A review, Ann. Geophys., 45(1), 1–29.
Kouris, S. S., D. N. Fotiadis, and T. D. Xenos (1998), On the day to day
variation of foF2 and M(3000)F2, Adv. Space Res., 22(6), 873–876,
doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00116-1.
Kouris, S. S., D. N. Fotiadis, and B. Zolesi (1999), Specifications of the
F-region variations for quiet and disturbed CONDITIONS, Phys. Chem.
Earth, 24(4), 321–327, doi:10.1016/S1464-1917(99)00005-7.
Kozin, I. D., V. I. Kozin, and I. N. Fedulina (1995), On a choice of the ionospheric
disturbance indices, Geomagn. Aeron., 35(1), 111–112.
Laštovička, J. (2006), Forcing of the ionosphere by waves from below,
J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 68(3–5), 479–497, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.01.018.
Lastovicka, J., J. Boska, and D. Buresova (1993), Digital measurements of
LF radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere and inferred gravity
wave activity, Ann. Geophys., 11, 937–946.
Liu, L., M. He, X. Yue, B. Ning, and W. Wan (2010), Ionosphere around
equinoxes during low solar activity, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09307,
doi:10.1029/2010JA015318.
Liu, L., Y. Chen, H. Le, V. I. Kurkin, N. M. Polekh, and C.-C. Lee (2011),
The ionosphere under extremely prolonged low solar activity, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, A04320, doi:10.1029/2010JA016296.
MacDougall, J. W., G. Li, and P. T. Jayachandran (2009), Traveling ionospheric
disturbances near London, Canada, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys.,
71(17–18), 2077–2084, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.09.016.
Pietrella, M., and L. Perrone (2008), A local ionospheric model for forecasting
the critical frequency of the F2 layer during disturbed geomagnetic
and ionospheric conditions, Ann. Geophys., 26(2), 323–334,
doi:10.5194/angeo-26-323-2008. Prolss, G. W. (1995), Ionospheric F region storms, in Handbook of Atmospheric
Electrodynamics, vol. 2, edited by H. Volland, pp. 195–248,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Prölss, G. W. (1997), Magnetic storm associated perturbations of the upper
atmosphere, in Magnetic Storms, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 98, edited
by B. T. Tsurutani et al., pp. 227–241, AGU, Washington D. C.,
doi:10.1029/GM098p0227.
Reinisch, B. W., and X. Huang (1983), Automatic calculation of electron
density profiles from digital ionograms: 3. Processing of bottom side
ionograms, Radio Sci., 18(3), 477–492, doi:10.1029/RS018i003p00477.
Rishbeth, H. (1993), Day-to-day ionospheric variations in a period of high
solar activity, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 55(2), 165–171, doi:10.1016/0021-
9169(93)90121-E.
Rishbeth, H., and M. Mendillo (2001), Patterns of F2-layer variability,
J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 63(15), 1661–1680, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826
(01)00036-0.
Rishbeth, H., M. Mendillo, J. Wroten, and R. G. Roble (2009), Day-by-day
modelling of the ionospheric F2-layer for year 2002, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr.
Phys., 71(8–9), 848–856, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.03.022.
Romano,V., S. Pau, M. Pezzopane, E. Zuccheretti, B. Zolesi, G. De Franceschi,
and S. Locatelli (2008), The electronic Space Weather upper atmosphere
(eSWua) project at INGV: Advancements and state of the art, Ann. Geophys.,
26, 345–351, doi:10.5194/angeo-26-345-2008.
Rush, C. M., and J. Gibbs (1973), Predicting the day-to-day variability of
the mid-latitude ionosphere for application to HF propagation predictions,
Rep. TR-73–0335, Cambridge Res. Lab., Air Force Geophys. Lab., Hanscom
Air Force Base, Mass.
Russell, C. T., and R. L. McPherron (1973), Semiannual variation of
geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 92–108, doi:10.1029/
JA078i001p00092. Somoye, E. O., A. O. Akala, and A. Ogwala (2011), Day to day variability
of h′F and foF2 during some solar cycle epochs, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr.
Phys., 73(13), 1915–1922, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.05.004.
Somsikov, V. M. (1995), On the mechanism for the formation of atmospheric
irregularities in the solar terminator region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.,
57(1), 75–83, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(93)E0017-4.
Somsikov, V. M., and B. Ganguly (1995), On the formation of atmospheric
inhomogeneities in the solar terminator region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57
(12), 1513–1523, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(95)00014-S.
Triskova, L., V. Truhlik, and K. Podolska (2011), Time delays in the correlation
between solar activity and the F2 region plasma frequency, J. Atmos.
Sol. Terr. Phys., 73(5), 623–626, doi:10.1016/j.jastp. 2010.12.017.
Wakai, N., H. Ohyama, and T. Koizumi (1987), Manual of Ionogram Scaling,
3rd version, Radio Res. Lab., Minist. of Posts and Telecommun., Tokyo.
Wilkinson, P. J. (2004), Ionospheric variability and the international reference
ionosphere, Adv. Space Res., 34(9), 1853–1859, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.
08.007.
Williams, P. J. S., et al. (1988), The generation and propagation of atmospheric
gravity waves observed during the Worldwide Atmospheric
Gravity-wave Study (WAGS), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 50(4–5), 323–338,
doi:10.1016/0021-9169(88)90018-9.
Wrenn, G. L., A. S. Rodger, and H. Rishbeth (1987), Geomagnetic storms
in Antarctic F region: I. Diurnal and seasonal patterns in main phase
effects, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 49(9), 901–913, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(87)
90004-3.
Zolotukhina, N., N. Polekh, and O. Pirog (2011), Variability of the ionosphere
over Irkutsk at low solar activity, Adv. Space Res., 48(10),
1606–1612, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.08.006.
variability over the Southeast Asian sector, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
A09329, doi:10.1029/2010JA015250.
Altadill, D., E. M. Apostolov, J. Boska, and P. Sauli (2004), Planetary and
gravity wave signatures in the F region ionosphere with impact to radio propagation
predictions and variability, Ann. Geophys., 47(2–3), 1109–1119.
Bibl, K., and B. W. Reinisch (1978), The universal digital ionosonde, Radio
Sci., 13, 519–530, doi:10.1029/RS013i003p00519.
Bilitza, D., O. K. Obrou, J. O. Adeniyi, and O. Oladipo (2004), Variability
of foF2 in the equatorial ionosphere, Adv. Space Res., 34(9), 1901–1906,
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.08.004. Boška, J., and J. Laštovicka (1996), Gravity wave activity in the lower ionosphere
and in the F2 region—Similarities and differences, Adv. Space
Res., 18(3), 127–130, doi:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00851-5.
Buonsanto, M. J. (1999), Ionospheric storms—A review, Space Sci. Rev.,
88, 563–601, doi:10.1023/A:1005107532631.
Cander, L. R., and S. J. Mihajlovic (1998), Forecasting ionospheric structure
during the great geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 103(A1),
391–398, doi:10.1029/97JA02418.
Chen, Y., and L. Liu (2010), Further study on the solar activity variation of
daytime NmF2, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12337, doi:10.1029/
2010JA015847.
Cliver, E. W., Y. Kamide, and A. G. Ling (2000), Mountains versus
valleys: Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res.,
105, 2413–2424, doi:10.1029/1999JA900439.
David, M., and J. J. Sojka (2010), Single-day dayside density enhancements
over Europe: A survey of a half-century of ionosonde data, J. Geophys.
Res., 115, A12311, doi:10.1029/2010JA015711.
Davis, R. M., and N. L. Groome (1964), Variations of the 3000 km MUF in
time and space, NBS Rep. 8498, U.S. Dep. of Commer., Washington,
D. C.
Elias, A. G. (2009), Trends in the F2 ionospheric layer due to long-term
variations in the Earth’s magnetic field, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys.,
71(14–15), 1602–1609, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.05.014.
Ezquer, R. G., M. Mosert, R. Corbella, M. Erazù, S. M. Radicella, M. Cabrera,
and L. de la Zerda (2004), Day-to-day variability of ionospheric characteristics
in the American sector, Adv. Space Res., 34(9), 1887–1893,
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.03.016.
Forbes, M. J., E. S. Paolo, and X. Zhang (2000), Variability of the ionosphere,
J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62(8), 685–693, doi:10.1016/S1364-
6826(00)00029-8.
Fotiadis, D. N., G. M. Baziakos, and S. S. Kouris (2004), On the global
behaviour of the day-to-day MUF variation, Adv. Space Res., 33(6),
893–901, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.005.
Fox, M. W., and P. J. Wilkinson (1988), A study of OWF conversion factors
in the Australian region, Tech. Rep., IPS-TR-88–02, 28 pp., IPS
Radio and Space Serv., Sydney, N. S. W., Australia.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, R. G. Roble, and A. D. Richmond
(1997), How does the thermosphere and ionosphere react to a geomagnetic
storm?, in Magnetic Storms, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 98, edited
by B. T. Tsurutani et al., pp. 203–225, AGU, Washington D. C.,
doi:10.1029/GM098p0203.
Hines, C. O. (1960), Internal atmospheric gravity waves at ionospheric
heights, Can. J. Phys., 38, 1441–1481, doi:10.1139/p60-150.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (1997), HF Propagation
Prediction Method Recommendation, 533 pp., Geneva.
Jarvis, M. J. (2009), Longitudinal variation in E- and F region ionospheric
trends, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 71(13), 1415–1429, doi:10.1016/j.
jastp.2008.05.017.
Joselyn, J. A. (1995), Geomagnetic activity forecasting: State of the art,
Rev. Geophys., 33, 383–401, doi:10.1029/95RG01304.
Kazimirovsky, E. S. (2002), Coupling from below as a source of ionospheric
variability: A review, Ann. Geophys., 45(1), 1–29.
Kouris, S. S., D. N. Fotiadis, and T. D. Xenos (1998), On the day to day
variation of foF2 and M(3000)F2, Adv. Space Res., 22(6), 873–876,
doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00116-1.
Kouris, S. S., D. N. Fotiadis, and B. Zolesi (1999), Specifications of the
F-region variations for quiet and disturbed CONDITIONS, Phys. Chem.
Earth, 24(4), 321–327, doi:10.1016/S1464-1917(99)00005-7.
Kozin, I. D., V. I. Kozin, and I. N. Fedulina (1995), On a choice of the ionospheric
disturbance indices, Geomagn. Aeron., 35(1), 111–112.
Laštovička, J. (2006), Forcing of the ionosphere by waves from below,
J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 68(3–5), 479–497, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.01.018.
Lastovicka, J., J. Boska, and D. Buresova (1993), Digital measurements of
LF radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere and inferred gravity
wave activity, Ann. Geophys., 11, 937–946.
Liu, L., M. He, X. Yue, B. Ning, and W. Wan (2010), Ionosphere around
equinoxes during low solar activity, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09307,
doi:10.1029/2010JA015318.
Liu, L., Y. Chen, H. Le, V. I. Kurkin, N. M. Polekh, and C.-C. Lee (2011),
The ionosphere under extremely prolonged low solar activity, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, A04320, doi:10.1029/2010JA016296.
MacDougall, J. W., G. Li, and P. T. Jayachandran (2009), Traveling ionospheric
disturbances near London, Canada, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys.,
71(17–18), 2077–2084, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.09.016.
Pietrella, M., and L. Perrone (2008), A local ionospheric model for forecasting
the critical frequency of the F2 layer during disturbed geomagnetic
and ionospheric conditions, Ann. Geophys., 26(2), 323–334,
doi:10.5194/angeo-26-323-2008. Prolss, G. W. (1995), Ionospheric F region storms, in Handbook of Atmospheric
Electrodynamics, vol. 2, edited by H. Volland, pp. 195–248,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Prölss, G. W. (1997), Magnetic storm associated perturbations of the upper
atmosphere, in Magnetic Storms, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 98, edited
by B. T. Tsurutani et al., pp. 227–241, AGU, Washington D. C.,
doi:10.1029/GM098p0227.
Reinisch, B. W., and X. Huang (1983), Automatic calculation of electron
density profiles from digital ionograms: 3. Processing of bottom side
ionograms, Radio Sci., 18(3), 477–492, doi:10.1029/RS018i003p00477.
Rishbeth, H. (1993), Day-to-day ionospheric variations in a period of high
solar activity, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 55(2), 165–171, doi:10.1016/0021-
9169(93)90121-E.
Rishbeth, H., and M. Mendillo (2001), Patterns of F2-layer variability,
J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 63(15), 1661–1680, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826
(01)00036-0.
Rishbeth, H., M. Mendillo, J. Wroten, and R. G. Roble (2009), Day-by-day
modelling of the ionospheric F2-layer for year 2002, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr.
Phys., 71(8–9), 848–856, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.03.022.
Romano,V., S. Pau, M. Pezzopane, E. Zuccheretti, B. Zolesi, G. De Franceschi,
and S. Locatelli (2008), The electronic Space Weather upper atmosphere
(eSWua) project at INGV: Advancements and state of the art, Ann. Geophys.,
26, 345–351, doi:10.5194/angeo-26-345-2008.
Rush, C. M., and J. Gibbs (1973), Predicting the day-to-day variability of
the mid-latitude ionosphere for application to HF propagation predictions,
Rep. TR-73–0335, Cambridge Res. Lab., Air Force Geophys. Lab., Hanscom
Air Force Base, Mass.
Russell, C. T., and R. L. McPherron (1973), Semiannual variation of
geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 92–108, doi:10.1029/
JA078i001p00092. Somoye, E. O., A. O. Akala, and A. Ogwala (2011), Day to day variability
of h′F and foF2 during some solar cycle epochs, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr.
Phys., 73(13), 1915–1922, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.05.004.
Somsikov, V. M. (1995), On the mechanism for the formation of atmospheric
irregularities in the solar terminator region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.,
57(1), 75–83, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(93)E0017-4.
Somsikov, V. M., and B. Ganguly (1995), On the formation of atmospheric
inhomogeneities in the solar terminator region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57
(12), 1513–1523, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(95)00014-S.
Triskova, L., V. Truhlik, and K. Podolska (2011), Time delays in the correlation
between solar activity and the F2 region plasma frequency, J. Atmos.
Sol. Terr. Phys., 73(5), 623–626, doi:10.1016/j.jastp. 2010.12.017.
Wakai, N., H. Ohyama, and T. Koizumi (1987), Manual of Ionogram Scaling,
3rd version, Radio Res. Lab., Minist. of Posts and Telecommun., Tokyo.
Wilkinson, P. J. (2004), Ionospheric variability and the international reference
ionosphere, Adv. Space Res., 34(9), 1853–1859, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.
08.007.
Williams, P. J. S., et al. (1988), The generation and propagation of atmospheric
gravity waves observed during the Worldwide Atmospheric
Gravity-wave Study (WAGS), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 50(4–5), 323–338,
doi:10.1016/0021-9169(88)90018-9.
Wrenn, G. L., A. S. Rodger, and H. Rishbeth (1987), Geomagnetic storms
in Antarctic F region: I. Diurnal and seasonal patterns in main phase
effects, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 49(9), 901–913, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(87)
90004-3.
Zolotukhina, N., N. Polekh, and O. Pirog (2011), Variability of the ionosphere
over Irkutsk at low solar activity, Adv. Space Res., 48(10),
1606–1612, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.08.006.
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published.pietrella.pdf
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13.45 MB
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Adobe PDF
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