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Revising the retrieval technique of a long-term stratospheric HNO3 data set: from a constrained matrix inversion to the optimal estimation algorithm
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
7/29 (2011)
Publisher
Copernicus Publications
Pages (printed)
1317-1330
Issued date
July 27, 2011
Abstract
The Ground-Based Millimeter-wave Spectrometer
(GBMS) was designed and built at the State University
of New York at Stony Brook in the early 1990s and since
then has carried out many measurement campaigns of stratospheric
O3, HNO3, CO and N2O at polar and mid-latitudes.
Its HNO3 data set shed light on HNO3 annual cycles over
the Antarctic continent and contributed to the validation of
both generations of the satellite-based JPL Microwave Limb
Sounder (MLS). Following the increasing need for long-term
data sets of stratospheric constituents, we resolved to establish
a long-term GMBS observation site at the Arctic station
of Thule (76.5 N, 68.8 W), Greenland, beginning in January
2009, in order to track the long- and short-term interactions
between the changing climate and the seasonal processes
tied to the ozone depletion phenomenon. Furthermore,
we updated the retrieval algorithm adapting the Optimal
Estimation (OE) method to GBMS spectral data in order
to conform to the standard of the Network for the Detection
of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) microwave
group, and to provide our retrievals with a set of averaging
kernels that allow more straightforward comparisons with
other data sets. The new OE algorithm was applied to GBMS
HNO3 data sets from 1993 South Pole observations to date,
in order to produce HNO3 version 2 (v2) profiles. A sample
of results obtained at Antarctic latitudes in fall and winter
and at mid-latitudes is shown here. In most conditions, v2
inversions show a sensitivity (i.e., sum of column elements
of the averaging kernel matrix) of 100±20% from 20 to
45 km altitude, with somewhat worse (better) sensitivity in
the Antarctic winter lower (upper) stratosphere. The 1 uncertainty
on HNO3 v2 mixing ratio vertical profiles depends on altitude and is estimated at 15% or 0.3 ppbv, whichever
is larger. Comparisons of v2 with former (v1) GBMS HNO3
vertical profiles, obtained employing the constrained matrix
inversion method, show that v1 and v2 profiles are overall
consistent. The main difference is at the HNO3 mixing ratio
maximum in the 20–25 km altitude range, which is smaller
in v2 than v1 profiles by up to 2 ppbv at mid-latitudes and
during the Antarctic fall. This difference suggests a better
agreement of GBMS HNO3 v2 profiles with both UARS/ and
EOS Aura/MLS HNO3 data than previous v1 profiles.
(GBMS) was designed and built at the State University
of New York at Stony Brook in the early 1990s and since
then has carried out many measurement campaigns of stratospheric
O3, HNO3, CO and N2O at polar and mid-latitudes.
Its HNO3 data set shed light on HNO3 annual cycles over
the Antarctic continent and contributed to the validation of
both generations of the satellite-based JPL Microwave Limb
Sounder (MLS). Following the increasing need for long-term
data sets of stratospheric constituents, we resolved to establish
a long-term GMBS observation site at the Arctic station
of Thule (76.5 N, 68.8 W), Greenland, beginning in January
2009, in order to track the long- and short-term interactions
between the changing climate and the seasonal processes
tied to the ozone depletion phenomenon. Furthermore,
we updated the retrieval algorithm adapting the Optimal
Estimation (OE) method to GBMS spectral data in order
to conform to the standard of the Network for the Detection
of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) microwave
group, and to provide our retrievals with a set of averaging
kernels that allow more straightforward comparisons with
other data sets. The new OE algorithm was applied to GBMS
HNO3 data sets from 1993 South Pole observations to date,
in order to produce HNO3 version 2 (v2) profiles. A sample
of results obtained at Antarctic latitudes in fall and winter
and at mid-latitudes is shown here. In most conditions, v2
inversions show a sensitivity (i.e., sum of column elements
of the averaging kernel matrix) of 100±20% from 20 to
45 km altitude, with somewhat worse (better) sensitivity in
the Antarctic winter lower (upper) stratosphere. The 1 uncertainty
on HNO3 v2 mixing ratio vertical profiles depends on altitude and is estimated at 15% or 0.3 ppbv, whichever
is larger. Comparisons of v2 with former (v1) GBMS HNO3
vertical profiles, obtained employing the constrained matrix
inversion method, show that v1 and v2 profiles are overall
consistent. The main difference is at the HNO3 mixing ratio
maximum in the 20–25 km altitude range, which is smaller
in v2 than v1 profiles by up to 2 ppbv at mid-latitudes and
during the Antarctic fall. This difference suggests a better
agreement of GBMS HNO3 v2 profiles with both UARS/ and
EOS Aura/MLS HNO3 data than previous v1 profiles.
References
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trace gases using quantitative millimeter wave emission spectroscopy,
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spectroscopic measurements over the South Pole: 5. Morphology
and evolution of HNO3 vertical distribution, 1993 versus 1995,
J. Geophys. Res., 105(D14), 17739–17750, 2000.
Muscari, G., Santee, M. L., and de Zafra, R. L.: Intercomparison
of stratospheric HNO3 measurements over Antarctica: Groundbased
millimeter-wave versus UARS/MLS version 5 retrievals,
J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4809, doi:10.1029/2002JD002546,
2002.
Muscari, G., de Zafra, R. L., and Smyshlyaev, S.: Evolution
of the NOy-N2O correlation in the Antarctic stratosphere
during 1993 and 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4428,
doi:10.1029/2002JD002871, 2003.
Muscari, G., di Sarra, A. G., de Zafra, R. L., Lucci, F., Baordo,
F., Angelini, F., and Fiocco, G.: Middle atmospheric O3,
CO, N2O, HNO3, and temperature profiles during the warm
Arctic winter 2001–2002, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14304,
doi:10.1029/2006JD007849, 2007.
Nagahama, T., Nakane, H., Fujinuma, Y., Ninomiya, M., Ogawa,
H., and Fukui, Y.: Ground-based millimeter-wave observations
of ozone in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere over Tsukuba,
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Nedoluha, G., Bevilacqua, R., Gomez, R., Thacker, D., Waltman,
W., and Pauls, T.: Ground-based measurements of water vapor in
the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D2), 2927–2939,
1995.
Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Kawa, S. R., Montzka, S. A., and
Schauffler, S. M.: When will the Antarctic ozone hole recover?,
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ground-based technique for millimeter wave spectroscopic observations
of stratospheric trace constituents, Radio Sci., 23,
106–118, 1988.
Parrish, A., Connor, B. J., Tsou, J. J., Mc Dermid, I. S., and Chu,
W. P.: Ground-Based Microwave Monitoring of Stratospheric
Ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D2), 2541–2546, 1992.
Petkie, D. T., Helminger, P. A, Butler, R. A., Albert, S., and De
Lucia, F. C.: The millimeter and submillimeter spectra of the
ground and exited 9, 8, 7 and 6 vibrational states of HNO3,
J. Mol. Spectrosc., 218, 127–130, 2003.
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from remote measurements of thermal radiation, Rev. Geophys.
Space Ge., 14(4), 609–624, 1976.
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on atmospheric, oceanic and Planetary Physics – vol.2, Taylor, F.
W., World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte LTd, Singapore, 2000.
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Bernath, P. F., Birk, M., Boudon, V., Brown, L. R., Campargue,
A., Champion, J. P., Chance, K., Coudert, L. H., Dana,
V., Devi, V. M., Fally, S., Flaud, J. M., Gamache, R. R., Goldman,
A., Jacquemart, D., Kleiner, I., Lacome, N., Lafferty, W.
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Santee, M., Lambert, A., Read, W., Livesey, N., Coeld, R., Cuddy,
D., Daffer, W., Drouin, B., Froidevaux, L., Fuller, R., Jarnot,
R., Knosp, B., Manney, G., Perun, V., Snyder, W., Stek, P.,
Thurstans, R., Wagner, P., Waters, J., Muscari, G., de Zafra,
R., Dibb, J., Fahey, D., Popp, P., Marcy, T., Jucks K., Toon,
G., Stachnik, R., Bernath, P., Boone, C., Walker, K., Urban,
J., and Murtagh, D.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb
Sounder HNO3 Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S40,
doi:10.1029/2007JD008721, 2007.
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the depletion of Antarctic ozone, Nature, 321, 755–758, 1986.
Tabazadeh, A., Santee, M. L., Danlin, M. Y., Pumphrey, H. C.,
Newman, P. A., Hamill, P. J., and Mergenthaler, J. L.: Quantifying
Denitrification and Its Effect on Ozone Recovery, Science,
288(5470), 1407–1411, 2000.
Tabazadeh, A., Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Drdla, K., and Schoeberl,
M. R.: Role of the Stratospheric Polar Freezing Belt in Denitrification, Science, 291(5513), 2591–2594, 2001.
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Sensing and Indirect Measurements, Developments in Geomathematics,
3, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1977.
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H. M., Read, W. G., Siegel, P. H., Cofield, R. E., Filipiak, M. J.,
Flower, D. A., Holden, J. R., Lau, G. K., Livesey, N. J., Manney,
G. L., Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L., Wu, D. L., Cuddy, D.
T., Lay, R. R., Loo, M. S., Vincent, S. Perun, V. S., Schwartz,
M. J., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Boyles, M. A., Chandra, K.
M., Chavez, M. C., Chen, G. S., Chudasama, B. V., Dodge, R.,
Fuller, R. A., Girard, M. A., Jiang, J. H., Jiang, Y., Knosp, B.
W., LaBelle, R. C., Lam, J. C., Lee, K. A., Miller, D., Oswald,
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D. Reidel Pub. Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1984.
Connor, B. J., Parrish, A., Tsou, J. J., and McCormick, M. P.: Error
analysis for the ground-based microwave ozone measurements
during STOIC, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D5), 9283–9291, 1995.
de Zafra, R. L.: The ground-based measurements of stratospheric
trace gases using quantitative millimeter wave emission spectroscopy,
in Diagnostic tools in atmospheric physics, Proceedings
of the international school of physics “Enrico Fermi”, 23–
54, Societ`a italiana di fisica, Bologna, 1995.
de Zafra, R. L., Chan, V., Crewell, S., Trimble, C., and Reeves, J.
M.: Millimeter wave spectroscopic measurements over the South
Pole: 3. The behavior of stratospheric nitric acid through polar
fall, winter, and spring, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D1), 1399–1410,
1997.
Di Biagio, C., Muscari, G., di Sarra, A., de Zafra, R. L., Eriksen,
P., Fiorucci, I., and Fu`a, D.: Evolution of temperature, O3,
CO, and N2O profiles during the exceptional 2009 Arctic major
stratospheric warming as observed by lidar and mm-wave spectroscopy
at Thule (76.5 N, 68.8 W), Greenland, J. Geophys.
Res., 115, D24315, doi:10.1029/2010JD014070, 2010. Fahey, D., Murphy, D., Kelly, K., Ko, M., Proffitt, M., Eubank,
C., Ferry, G., Loewenstein, M., and Chan, K.: Measurements of
Nitric Oxide and total reactive nitrogen in the Antarctic stratosphere:
observations and chemical implications, J. Geophys.
Res., 94(D14), 16665–16681, 1989.
Fiorucci. I., Muscari, G., Bianchi, C., Di Girolamo, P., Esposito,
F., Grieco, G., Summa, D., Bianchini, G., Palchetti, L., Cacciani,
M., Di Iorio, T., Pavese, G., Cimini, D., and de Zafra,
R. L.: Measurements of low amounts of precipitable water vapor
by millimeter wave spectroscopy: An intercomparison with
radiosonde, Raman lidar, and Fourier transform infrared data, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, D14314, doi:10.1029/2008JD009831, 2008.
Fiorucci, I., Muscari, G., Froidevaux, L., Santee, M. L., and De
Zafra, R. L.: Establishing a long-term, global stratospheric
HNO3 data record combining UARS MLS with Aura MLS data
by means of ground-based measurements, AGU Fall Meeting,
San Francisco, CA, USA, 14–18 December 2009, A21C-0218,
2009.
Goyette, T. M., Guo, W., and De Lucia, F. C.: Variable temperature
pressure broadening of HNO3 in the millimeter wave spectral
region, J. Mol. Spectros., 46(4), 293–297, 1991.
Haefele, A., De Wachter, E., Hocke, K., K¨ampfer, N., Nedoluha,
G. E., Gomez, R. M., Eriksson, P., Forkman, P., Lambert,
A., and Schwartz, M. J.: Validation of groundbased
microwave radiometers at 22 GHz for stratospheric and
mesospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D23305,
doi:10.1029/2009JD011997, 2009.
Hoogen, R., Rozanov, V. V., and Burrows, J. P.: Ozone profiles from
GOME satellite data: description and first validation Algorithm,
J. Geophys. Res., 104(D7), 8263–8280, 1999.
Janssen, M. A.: Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave radiometry,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1993.
Kraus, J. D.: Radio Astronomy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966.
Kuntz, M., Kopp, G., Berg, H., Hochschilda, G., and Krupa, R.:
Joint retrieval of atmospheric constituent profiles from groundbased
millimetre-wave measurements: ClO, HNO3, N2O, and
O3,, J. Geophys Res. 104(D11), 13981–13992, 1999.
Livesey N. J., Read, W. G., Froidevaux, L., Waters, J. W., Santee,
M. L., Pumphrey, H. C., Wu, D. L., Shippony, Z., and Jarnot, R.
F.: The UARS Microwave Limb Sounder version 5 data set: theory,
characterization, and validation,J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13),
4378, doi:10.1029/2002JD002273, 2003.
McDonald, M., de Zafra, R. L., and Muscari, G.: Millimeter wave
spectroscopic measurements over the South Pole: 5. Morphology
and evolution of HNO3 vertical distribution, 1993 versus 1995,
J. Geophys. Res., 105(D14), 17739–17750, 2000.
Muscari, G., Santee, M. L., and de Zafra, R. L.: Intercomparison
of stratospheric HNO3 measurements over Antarctica: Groundbased
millimeter-wave versus UARS/MLS version 5 retrievals,
J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4809, doi:10.1029/2002JD002546,
2002.
Muscari, G., de Zafra, R. L., and Smyshlyaev, S.: Evolution
of the NOy-N2O correlation in the Antarctic stratosphere
during 1993 and 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4428,
doi:10.1029/2002JD002871, 2003.
Muscari, G., di Sarra, A. G., de Zafra, R. L., Lucci, F., Baordo,
F., Angelini, F., and Fiocco, G.: Middle atmospheric O3,
CO, N2O, HNO3, and temperature profiles during the warm
Arctic winter 2001–2002, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14304,
doi:10.1029/2006JD007849, 2007.
Nagahama, T., Nakane, H., Fujinuma, Y., Ninomiya, M., Ogawa,
H., and Fukui, Y.: Ground-based millimeter-wave observations
of ozone in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere over Tsukuba,
Earth Planets Space, 51, 1287–1296, 1999.
Nedoluha, G., Bevilacqua, R., Gomez, R., Thacker, D., Waltman,
W., and Pauls, T.: Ground-based measurements of water vapor in
the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D2), 2927–2939,
1995.
Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Kawa, S. R., Montzka, S. A., and
Schauffler, S. M.: When will the Antarctic ozone hole recover?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12814, doi:10.1029/2005GL025232,
2006.
Parrish, A., de Zafra, R. L., Solomon, P. M., and Barrett, J. W.: A
ground-based technique for millimeter wave spectroscopic observations
of stratospheric trace constituents, Radio Sci., 23,
106–118, 1988.
Parrish, A., Connor, B. J., Tsou, J. J., Mc Dermid, I. S., and Chu,
W. P.: Ground-Based Microwave Monitoring of Stratospheric
Ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D2), 2541–2546, 1992.
Petkie, D. T., Helminger, P. A, Butler, R. A., Albert, S., and De
Lucia, F. C.: The millimeter and submillimeter spectra of the
ground and exited 9, 8, 7 and 6 vibrational states of HNO3,
J. Mol. Spectrosc., 218, 127–130, 2003.
Rodgers, C. D.: Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition
from remote measurements of thermal radiation, Rev. Geophys.
Space Ge., 14(4), 609–624, 1976.
Rodgers, C. D.: Inverse method for atmospheric sounding, Series
on atmospheric, oceanic and Planetary Physics – vol.2, Taylor, F.
W., World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte LTd, Singapore, 2000.
Rothman, L. S., Gordon, I. E., Barbe, A., Chris Benner, D.,
Bernath, P. F., Birk, M., Boudon, V., Brown, L. R., Campargue,
A., Champion, J. P., Chance, K., Coudert, L. H., Dana,
V., Devi, V. M., Fally, S., Flaud, J. M., Gamache, R. R., Goldman,
A., Jacquemart, D., Kleiner, I., Lacome, N., Lafferty, W.
J., Mandin, J. Y., Massie, S. T., Mikhailenko, S. N., Miller, C.
E., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Naumenko, O. V., Nikitin, A. V., Orphal,
J., Perevalov, V. I., Perrin, A., Predoi-Cross, A., Rinsland,
C. P., Rotger, M., Simeckova, M., Smith, M. A. H., Sung, K.,
Tashkun, S. A., Tennyson, J., Toth, R. A., Vandaele, A. C., and
Vander Auwera, J.: The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic
database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 110, 533–572, 2009.
Santee, M., Lambert, A., Read, W., Livesey, N., Coeld, R., Cuddy,
D., Daffer, W., Drouin, B., Froidevaux, L., Fuller, R., Jarnot,
R., Knosp, B., Manney, G., Perun, V., Snyder, W., Stek, P.,
Thurstans, R., Wagner, P., Waters, J., Muscari, G., de Zafra,
R., Dibb, J., Fahey, D., Popp, P., Marcy, T., Jucks K., Toon,
G., Stachnik, R., Bernath, P., Boone, C., Walker, K., Urban,
J., and Murtagh, D.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb
Sounder HNO3 Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S40,
doi:10.1029/2007JD008721, 2007.
Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Rowland, F. S., andWuebbles, D. J.: On
the depletion of Antarctic ozone, Nature, 321, 755–758, 1986.
Tabazadeh, A., Santee, M. L., Danlin, M. Y., Pumphrey, H. C.,
Newman, P. A., Hamill, P. J., and Mergenthaler, J. L.: Quantifying
Denitrification and Its Effect on Ozone Recovery, Science,
288(5470), 1407–1411, 2000.
Tabazadeh, A., Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Drdla, K., and Schoeberl,
M. R.: Role of the Stratospheric Polar Freezing Belt in Denitrification, Science, 291(5513), 2591–2594, 2001.
Twomey, S.: Introduction to the Mathematics of Inversion in Remote
Sensing and Indirect Measurements, Developments in Geomathematics,
3, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1977.
Waters, J.W., Froidevaux, L., Harwood, R. S., Jarnot, R. F., Pickett,
H. M., Read, W. G., Siegel, P. H., Cofield, R. E., Filipiak, M. J.,
Flower, D. A., Holden, J. R., Lau, G. K., Livesey, N. J., Manney,
G. L., Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L., Wu, D. L., Cuddy, D.
T., Lay, R. R., Loo, M. S., Vincent, S. Perun, V. S., Schwartz,
M. J., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Boyles, M. A., Chandra, K.
M., Chavez, M. C., Chen, G. S., Chudasama, B. V., Dodge, R.,
Fuller, R. A., Girard, M. A., Jiang, J. H., Jiang, Y., Knosp, B.
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