Options
Modeling of unrest signals in heterogeneous hydrothermal systems
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/115 (2010)
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
Pages (printed)
B09213
Issued date
September 30, 2010
Abstract
Monitoring of quiescent volcanoes, such as Campi Flegrei (Italy), involves the
measurement of geochemical and geophysical parameters that are expected to change as
eruptive conditions approach. Some of these changes are associated with the hydrothermal
activity that is driven by the release of heat and magmatic fluids. This work focuses on
the properties of the porous medium and on their effects on the signals generated by the
circulating fluids. The TOUGH2 porous media flow model is applied to simulate a shallow
hydrothermal system fed by a source of magmatic fluids. The simulated activity of the
source, with periods of increased fluid discharge, generates changes in gas composition,
gravity, and ground deformation. The same boundary conditions and source activity were
applied to simulate the evolution of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems,
characterized by different rock properties. Phase distribution, fluid composition, and the
related signals depend on the nature and properties of the rock sequence through which the
fluids propagate. Results show that the distribution of porosity and permeability affects all
the observable parameters, controlling the timing and the amplitude of their changes
through space and time. Preferential pathways for fluid ascent favor a faster evolution,
with larger changes near permeable channels. Slower changes over wider areas
characterize less permeable systems. These results imply that monitoring signals do not
simply reflect the evolution of the magmatic system: intervening rocks leave a marked
signature that should be taken into account when monitoring data are used to infer
system conditions at depth.
measurement of geochemical and geophysical parameters that are expected to change as
eruptive conditions approach. Some of these changes are associated with the hydrothermal
activity that is driven by the release of heat and magmatic fluids. This work focuses on
the properties of the porous medium and on their effects on the signals generated by the
circulating fluids. The TOUGH2 porous media flow model is applied to simulate a shallow
hydrothermal system fed by a source of magmatic fluids. The simulated activity of the
source, with periods of increased fluid discharge, generates changes in gas composition,
gravity, and ground deformation. The same boundary conditions and source activity were
applied to simulate the evolution of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems,
characterized by different rock properties. Phase distribution, fluid composition, and the
related signals depend on the nature and properties of the rock sequence through which the
fluids propagate. Results show that the distribution of porosity and permeability affects all
the observable parameters, controlling the timing and the amplitude of their changes
through space and time. Preferential pathways for fluid ascent favor a faster evolution,
with larger changes near permeable channels. Slower changes over wider areas
characterize less permeable systems. These results imply that monitoring signals do not
simply reflect the evolution of the magmatic system: intervening rocks leave a marked
signature that should be taken into account when monitoring data are used to infer
system conditions at depth.
Sponsors
This work was carried out within the research project V1-UNREST, founded by the Italian Civil Protection Department
References
Acocella, V. (2008), Activating and reactivating pairs of nested collapses during caldera-forming eruptions: Campi Flegrei (Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 35 (17), 1–5.
Allard, P., A. Maiorani, D. Tedesco, G. Cortecci, and B. Turi (1991), Isotopic study of the origin of sulfur and carbon in Solfatara fumaroles, Campi Flegrei caldera, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 48 (1-2), 139–159.
Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, A. T. Linde, I. S. Sacks, R. Scarpa, and P. Romano (2007), A horizontal crack in a layered structure satisfies deformation for the 2004–2006 uplift of Campi Flegrei, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 (L22313), doi:10.1029/2007GL031644.
Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, and G. Berrino (2008), Simultaneous inversion of deforma-
tion and gravity changes in a horizontally layered half-space: Evidences for magma
intrusion during 1982-1984 unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 272, 181–188, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.040.
Barberi, F., G. Corrado, F. Innocenti, and G. Luongo (1984), Phlegrean Fields 1982 –
1984: Brief chronicle of a volcano emergency in a densely populated area, Bul l. Vol-
canol., 47, 175–185.
Battaglia, M., C. Troise, F. Obrizzo, F. Pingue, and G. De Natale (2006), Evidence for
fluid migration as the source of deformation at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), grl, 33,
L01307, doi:10.1029/2005GL024904.
Berrino, G., G. Corrado, G. Luongo, and B. Toro (1984), Ground deformation and gravity
changes accompanying the 1982 Pozzuoli uplift, Bul l. Volcanol., 47, 188–200.
Bodnar, R. J., C. Cannatelli, B. De Vivo, A. Lima, H. E. Belkin, and A. Milia (2007),
Quantitative model for magma degassing and ground deformation (bradyseism) at
Campi Flegrei, Italy: Implications for future eruptions, Geology, 35 (9), 791–794.
Bruno, P. P. G., G. P. Ricciardi, Z. Petrillo, V. Di Fiore, A. Troiano, and G. Chiodini (2007), Geophysical and hydrogeological experiments from a shallow hydrothermal system at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy: Response to caldera unrest, J. Geophys. Res., 112 (B06201), doi:10.1029/2006JB004383. Casertano, L., A. Oliveri del Castillo, and M. T. Quagliariello (1976), Hydrodynamics
and geodynamics in the Phlegrean Fields area of Italy, Nature, 264, 161–164.
Chiarabba, C., and M. Moretti (2006), An insight into the unrest phenomena at the
Campi Flegrei caldera from Vp and Vp/Vs tomography, Terra Nova, 18, 373–379.
Chiodini, G. (2009), CO2 /CH4 ratio in fumaroles a powerful tool to detect magma
degassing episodes at quiescent volcanoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36 (L02302), doi:10.1029/2008GL036347.
Chiodini, G., F. Frondini, C. Cardellini, D. Granieri, L. Marini, and G. Ventura (2001),
CO2 degassing and energy realease at Solfatara volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (16), 16,213–16,221.
Chiodini, G., M. Todesco, S. Caliro, C. Del Gaudio, G. Macedonio, and M. Russo (2003),
Magma degassing as a trigger of bradyseismic events: The case of Phlegrean Fields
(Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (8), 1434–1437.
Chiodini, G., S. Caliro, C. Cardellini, D. Granieri, R. Avino, A. Baldini, M. Donnini, and C. Minopoli (2009), Long term variations of the Campi Flegrei (Italy) volcanic system
as revealed by the monitoring of hydrothermal activity, J. Geophys. Res., in press.
Corey, A. (1954), The interrelation between gas and oil relative permeabilities, Producers Monthly, 19 (1), 38–41.
Crescentini, L., and A. Amoruso (2007), Effects of crustal layering on the inversion of deformation and gravity data in volcanic areas: An application to the Campi Flegrei
caldera, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 34 (L09303), doi:10.1029/2007GL029919.
De Natale, G., F. Pingue, P. Allard, and A. Zollo (1991), Geophysical and geochemical
modelling of the 1982-1984 unrest phenomena at Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy),
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 48, 199–222.
De Natale, G., C. Troise, and F. Pingue (2001), A mechanical fluid-dynamical model for
ground movements at Campi Flegrei caldera, J. Geodyn., 32, 487–571.
Hurwitz, S., L. B. Christiansen, and P. A. Hsieh (2007), Hydrothermal fluid flow and
deformation in large calderas: Inferences from numerical simulations, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, B02206, doi:10.1029/2006JB004689.
Hutnak, M., S. Hurwitz, S. E. Ingebritsen, and P. A. Hsieh (2009), Numerical models of caldera deformation: Effects of multiphase and multicomponent hydrothermal fluid flow, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B04411, doi:10.1029/2008JB006151.
Ingebritsen, S., and C. Manning (2010), Permeability of the continental crust: dynamic variations inferred from seismicity and metamorphism, Geofluids, in press.
Judenherc, S., and A. Zollo (2004), The Bay of Naples (southern Italy): Constraints on
the volcanic structures inferred from a dense seismic survey, J. Geophys. Res., 109 (B10), doi:10.1029/2003JB002876.
Lima, A., B. De Vivo, F. J. Spera, R. J. Bodnar, A. Milia, C. Nunziata, H. E. Belkin, and C. Cannatelli (2009), Thermodynamic model for uplift and deflation episodes (bradyseism) associated with magmatic–hydrothermal activity at the Campi Flegrei (Italy),Earth-Science Reviews, 97, 44–58.
Manning, C., and S. Ingebritsen (1999), Permeability of the continental crust: Implications of geothermal data and metamorphic systems, Rev. Geophys., 37 (1), 127–150.
Mogi, K. (1958), Relations of the eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformations of
the ground surface around them, Bul l. Earthq. Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ., 36, 99–134.
Newhall, C., and D. Dzurisin (1988), Historical unrest at large calderas of the world, USGS Bul l., (1855), 1108.
Orsi, G., S. D. Vita, and M. Di Vito (1996), The restless, resurgent Campi Flegrei nested
caldera (Italy): constraints on its evolution and configuration, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 74 (3-4), 179–214.
Orsi, G., S. M. Petrazzuoli, and K. Wohletz (1999), Mechanical and thermo-fluid behaviour during unrest at the Campi Flegri caldera (Italy), J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 91, 453–470.
Peluso, F., and I. Arienzo (2007), Experimental determination of permeability of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, J. Volcanol. and Geotherm. Res., 160 (1-2), doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.09.004.
Pruess, K., C. M. Oldenburg, and G. Moridis (1999), TOUGH2 user’s guide, version 2.0,
Paper LBNL-43134, Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA.
Rinaldi, A. P., M. Todesco, and M. Bonafede (2010), Hydrothermal instability and ground
displacement at the Campi Flegrei caldera, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 178, 155–161, doi:
10.1016/j.pepi.2009.09.005.
Rosi, M., and A. Sbrana (1987), The Phlegrean Fields, Quaderni de La Ricerca Scientifica, 114, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma ,Italy.
Sorey, M., V. McConnell, and E. Roeloffs (2003), Summary of recent research in Long Valley caldera, California, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 127 (3-4), 165–173.
Tedesco, D. (1994), Chemical and isotopic gas emissions at Campi Flegrei: Evidence for
an aborted period of unrest, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (B8), doi:doi:10.1029/94JB00465.
Tedesco, D., P. Allard, Y. Sano, and H. Wakita (1990), Helium-3 in subaerial and submarine fumaroles of Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 1105–1116.
Todesco, M. (2008), Hydrothermal fluid circulation and its effects on caldera unrest, in Caldera Volcanoes: Analysis, Modeling and Response, Dev. Volcanol., vol. 10, edited by J. Gottsmann and J. Marti, pp. 393–416, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Todesco, M. (2009), Signals from the campi flegrei hydrothermal system: Role of a “magmatic” source of fluids, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B05201, doi:10.1029/2008JB006134.
Todesco, M., and G. Berrino (2005), Modelling hydrothermal fluid circulation and gravity signals at the Phlegrean Fields caldera, Earth Plan. Sci. Lett., 240, 328–338.
Todesco, M., G. Chiodini, and G. Macedonio (2003), Monitoring and modelling hydrother-
mal fluid emission at La Solfatara (Phlegrean Field, Italy). An interdisciplinary ap-
proach to the study of diffuse degassing, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 125, 57–80.
Todesco, M., J. Rutqvist, G. Chiodini, K. Pruess, and C. M. Oldenburg (2004), Model-
ing of recent volcanic episodes at Phlegrean Fields (Italy): geochemical variations and
ground deformation, Geothermics, 33, 531–547.
Tramelli, A., E. Del Pezzo, F. Bianco, and E. Boschi (2006), 3D scattering image of the
Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy): New hints on the position of the old caldera rim, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 155, 269–280, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2005.12.009.
Troise, C., G. De Natale, F. Pingue, F. Obrizzo, P. De Martino, U. Tammaro, and
E. Boschi (2007), Renewed ground uplift at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): New insight on magmatic processes and forecast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 (L03301).
Vanorio, T., M. Prasad, D. Patella, and A. Nur (2002), Ultrasonic velocity measurements
in volcanic rocks: correlation with microtexture, Geophys. J. Int., 149 (1), 22–36.
Villemant, B., G. Hammouya, A. Michel, M. Semet, J.-C. Komorowski, G. Boudon, and J.-L. Chemin´ee (2005), The memory of volcanic waters: Shallow magma degassing revealed by halogen monitoring in thermal springs of La Soufrière volcano
(Guadeloupe, Lesser Sntilles), Earth and Plan. Sci. Lett., 237 (3-4), 710–728,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.013.
Walsh, J., and J. Rice (1979), Local changes in gravity resulting from deformation, J.
Geophys. Res, 84 (B1).
Zollo, A., N. Maercklin, M. Vassallo, D. Dello Iacono, J. Virieux, and P. Gasparini (2008),Seismic reflections reveal a massive melt layer feeding Campi Flegrei caldera, Geophys. Res.Lett.,35(12),doi:10.1029/2008GL034242.
Allard, P., A. Maiorani, D. Tedesco, G. Cortecci, and B. Turi (1991), Isotopic study of the origin of sulfur and carbon in Solfatara fumaroles, Campi Flegrei caldera, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 48 (1-2), 139–159.
Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, A. T. Linde, I. S. Sacks, R. Scarpa, and P. Romano (2007), A horizontal crack in a layered structure satisfies deformation for the 2004–2006 uplift of Campi Flegrei, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 (L22313), doi:10.1029/2007GL031644.
Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, and G. Berrino (2008), Simultaneous inversion of deforma-
tion and gravity changes in a horizontally layered half-space: Evidences for magma
intrusion during 1982-1984 unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 272, 181–188, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.040.
Barberi, F., G. Corrado, F. Innocenti, and G. Luongo (1984), Phlegrean Fields 1982 –
1984: Brief chronicle of a volcano emergency in a densely populated area, Bul l. Vol-
canol., 47, 175–185.
Battaglia, M., C. Troise, F. Obrizzo, F. Pingue, and G. De Natale (2006), Evidence for
fluid migration as the source of deformation at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), grl, 33,
L01307, doi:10.1029/2005GL024904.
Berrino, G., G. Corrado, G. Luongo, and B. Toro (1984), Ground deformation and gravity
changes accompanying the 1982 Pozzuoli uplift, Bul l. Volcanol., 47, 188–200.
Bodnar, R. J., C. Cannatelli, B. De Vivo, A. Lima, H. E. Belkin, and A. Milia (2007),
Quantitative model for magma degassing and ground deformation (bradyseism) at
Campi Flegrei, Italy: Implications for future eruptions, Geology, 35 (9), 791–794.
Bruno, P. P. G., G. P. Ricciardi, Z. Petrillo, V. Di Fiore, A. Troiano, and G. Chiodini (2007), Geophysical and hydrogeological experiments from a shallow hydrothermal system at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy: Response to caldera unrest, J. Geophys. Res., 112 (B06201), doi:10.1029/2006JB004383. Casertano, L., A. Oliveri del Castillo, and M. T. Quagliariello (1976), Hydrodynamics
and geodynamics in the Phlegrean Fields area of Italy, Nature, 264, 161–164.
Chiarabba, C., and M. Moretti (2006), An insight into the unrest phenomena at the
Campi Flegrei caldera from Vp and Vp/Vs tomography, Terra Nova, 18, 373–379.
Chiodini, G. (2009), CO2 /CH4 ratio in fumaroles a powerful tool to detect magma
degassing episodes at quiescent volcanoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36 (L02302), doi:10.1029/2008GL036347.
Chiodini, G., F. Frondini, C. Cardellini, D. Granieri, L. Marini, and G. Ventura (2001),
CO2 degassing and energy realease at Solfatara volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (16), 16,213–16,221.
Chiodini, G., M. Todesco, S. Caliro, C. Del Gaudio, G. Macedonio, and M. Russo (2003),
Magma degassing as a trigger of bradyseismic events: The case of Phlegrean Fields
(Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (8), 1434–1437.
Chiodini, G., S. Caliro, C. Cardellini, D. Granieri, R. Avino, A. Baldini, M. Donnini, and C. Minopoli (2009), Long term variations of the Campi Flegrei (Italy) volcanic system
as revealed by the monitoring of hydrothermal activity, J. Geophys. Res., in press.
Corey, A. (1954), The interrelation between gas and oil relative permeabilities, Producers Monthly, 19 (1), 38–41.
Crescentini, L., and A. Amoruso (2007), Effects of crustal layering on the inversion of deformation and gravity data in volcanic areas: An application to the Campi Flegrei
caldera, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 34 (L09303), doi:10.1029/2007GL029919.
De Natale, G., F. Pingue, P. Allard, and A. Zollo (1991), Geophysical and geochemical
modelling of the 1982-1984 unrest phenomena at Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy),
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 48, 199–222.
De Natale, G., C. Troise, and F. Pingue (2001), A mechanical fluid-dynamical model for
ground movements at Campi Flegrei caldera, J. Geodyn., 32, 487–571.
Hurwitz, S., L. B. Christiansen, and P. A. Hsieh (2007), Hydrothermal fluid flow and
deformation in large calderas: Inferences from numerical simulations, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, B02206, doi:10.1029/2006JB004689.
Hutnak, M., S. Hurwitz, S. E. Ingebritsen, and P. A. Hsieh (2009), Numerical models of caldera deformation: Effects of multiphase and multicomponent hydrothermal fluid flow, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B04411, doi:10.1029/2008JB006151.
Ingebritsen, S., and C. Manning (2010), Permeability of the continental crust: dynamic variations inferred from seismicity and metamorphism, Geofluids, in press.
Judenherc, S., and A. Zollo (2004), The Bay of Naples (southern Italy): Constraints on
the volcanic structures inferred from a dense seismic survey, J. Geophys. Res., 109 (B10), doi:10.1029/2003JB002876.
Lima, A., B. De Vivo, F. J. Spera, R. J. Bodnar, A. Milia, C. Nunziata, H. E. Belkin, and C. Cannatelli (2009), Thermodynamic model for uplift and deflation episodes (bradyseism) associated with magmatic–hydrothermal activity at the Campi Flegrei (Italy),Earth-Science Reviews, 97, 44–58.
Manning, C., and S. Ingebritsen (1999), Permeability of the continental crust: Implications of geothermal data and metamorphic systems, Rev. Geophys., 37 (1), 127–150.
Mogi, K. (1958), Relations of the eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformations of
the ground surface around them, Bul l. Earthq. Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ., 36, 99–134.
Newhall, C., and D. Dzurisin (1988), Historical unrest at large calderas of the world, USGS Bul l., (1855), 1108.
Orsi, G., S. D. Vita, and M. Di Vito (1996), The restless, resurgent Campi Flegrei nested
caldera (Italy): constraints on its evolution and configuration, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 74 (3-4), 179–214.
Orsi, G., S. M. Petrazzuoli, and K. Wohletz (1999), Mechanical and thermo-fluid behaviour during unrest at the Campi Flegri caldera (Italy), J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 91, 453–470.
Peluso, F., and I. Arienzo (2007), Experimental determination of permeability of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, J. Volcanol. and Geotherm. Res., 160 (1-2), doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.09.004.
Pruess, K., C. M. Oldenburg, and G. Moridis (1999), TOUGH2 user’s guide, version 2.0,
Paper LBNL-43134, Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA.
Rinaldi, A. P., M. Todesco, and M. Bonafede (2010), Hydrothermal instability and ground
displacement at the Campi Flegrei caldera, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 178, 155–161, doi:
10.1016/j.pepi.2009.09.005.
Rosi, M., and A. Sbrana (1987), The Phlegrean Fields, Quaderni de La Ricerca Scientifica, 114, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma ,Italy.
Sorey, M., V. McConnell, and E. Roeloffs (2003), Summary of recent research in Long Valley caldera, California, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 127 (3-4), 165–173.
Tedesco, D. (1994), Chemical and isotopic gas emissions at Campi Flegrei: Evidence for
an aborted period of unrest, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (B8), doi:doi:10.1029/94JB00465.
Tedesco, D., P. Allard, Y. Sano, and H. Wakita (1990), Helium-3 in subaerial and submarine fumaroles of Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 1105–1116.
Todesco, M. (2008), Hydrothermal fluid circulation and its effects on caldera unrest, in Caldera Volcanoes: Analysis, Modeling and Response, Dev. Volcanol., vol. 10, edited by J. Gottsmann and J. Marti, pp. 393–416, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Todesco, M. (2009), Signals from the campi flegrei hydrothermal system: Role of a “magmatic” source of fluids, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B05201, doi:10.1029/2008JB006134.
Todesco, M., and G. Berrino (2005), Modelling hydrothermal fluid circulation and gravity signals at the Phlegrean Fields caldera, Earth Plan. Sci. Lett., 240, 328–338.
Todesco, M., G. Chiodini, and G. Macedonio (2003), Monitoring and modelling hydrother-
mal fluid emission at La Solfatara (Phlegrean Field, Italy). An interdisciplinary ap-
proach to the study of diffuse degassing, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 125, 57–80.
Todesco, M., J. Rutqvist, G. Chiodini, K. Pruess, and C. M. Oldenburg (2004), Model-
ing of recent volcanic episodes at Phlegrean Fields (Italy): geochemical variations and
ground deformation, Geothermics, 33, 531–547.
Tramelli, A., E. Del Pezzo, F. Bianco, and E. Boschi (2006), 3D scattering image of the
Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy): New hints on the position of the old caldera rim, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 155, 269–280, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2005.12.009.
Troise, C., G. De Natale, F. Pingue, F. Obrizzo, P. De Martino, U. Tammaro, and
E. Boschi (2007), Renewed ground uplift at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): New insight on magmatic processes and forecast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 (L03301).
Vanorio, T., M. Prasad, D. Patella, and A. Nur (2002), Ultrasonic velocity measurements
in volcanic rocks: correlation with microtexture, Geophys. J. Int., 149 (1), 22–36.
Villemant, B., G. Hammouya, A. Michel, M. Semet, J.-C. Komorowski, G. Boudon, and J.-L. Chemin´ee (2005), The memory of volcanic waters: Shallow magma degassing revealed by halogen monitoring in thermal springs of La Soufrière volcano
(Guadeloupe, Lesser Sntilles), Earth and Plan. Sci. Lett., 237 (3-4), 710–728,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.013.
Walsh, J., and J. Rice (1979), Local changes in gravity resulting from deformation, J.
Geophys. Res, 84 (B1).
Zollo, A., N. Maercklin, M. Vassallo, D. Dello Iacono, J. Virieux, and P. Gasparini (2008),Seismic reflections reveal a massive melt layer feeding Campi Flegrei caldera, Geophys. Res.Lett.,35(12),doi:10.1029/2008GL034242.
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