Options
Long term variations of the Campi Flegrei (Italy) volcanic system as revealed by the monitoring of hydrothermal activity
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/115(2010)
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
Pages (printed)
B03205
Issued date
2010
Keywords
Abstract
Long duration time-series of the chemical composition of fumaroles and of soil CO2 flux reveal
that important variations in the activity of the Solfatara fumarolic field, the most important
hydrothermal site of Campi Flegrei, occurred in the 2000-2008 period. A continuous increase of the
CO2 concentrations, and a general decrease of the CH4 concentrations are interpreted as the
consequence of the increment of the relative amount of magmatic fluids, rich in CO2 and poor in
CH4, hosted by the hydrothermal system. Contemporaneously, the H2O-CO2-He-N2 gas system
shows remarkable compositional variations in the samples collected after July 2000 with respect to
the previous ones, indicating the progressive arrival at the surface of a magmatic component
different from that involved in the 1983-84 episode of volcanic unrest (1983-1984 bradyseism).
The change starts in 2000 concurrently with the occurrence of relatively deep, long-period seismic
events which were the indicator of the opening of an easy-ascent pathway for the transfer of
magmatic fluids towards the shallower, brittle domain hosting the hydrothermal system. Since 2000,
this magmatic gas source is active and causes ground deformations, seismicity as well as the
expansion of the area affected by soil degassing of deeply derived CO2. Even though the activity
will most probably be limited to the expulsion of large amounts of gases and thermal energy, as
observed in other volcanoes and in the past activity of Campi Flegrei, the behavior of the system in
the future is, at the moment, unpredictable.
that important variations in the activity of the Solfatara fumarolic field, the most important
hydrothermal site of Campi Flegrei, occurred in the 2000-2008 period. A continuous increase of the
CO2 concentrations, and a general decrease of the CH4 concentrations are interpreted as the
consequence of the increment of the relative amount of magmatic fluids, rich in CO2 and poor in
CH4, hosted by the hydrothermal system. Contemporaneously, the H2O-CO2-He-N2 gas system
shows remarkable compositional variations in the samples collected after July 2000 with respect to
the previous ones, indicating the progressive arrival at the surface of a magmatic component
different from that involved in the 1983-84 episode of volcanic unrest (1983-1984 bradyseism).
The change starts in 2000 concurrently with the occurrence of relatively deep, long-period seismic
events which were the indicator of the opening of an easy-ascent pathway for the transfer of
magmatic fluids towards the shallower, brittle domain hosting the hydrothermal system. Since 2000,
this magmatic gas source is active and causes ground deformations, seismicity as well as the
expansion of the area affected by soil degassing of deeply derived CO2. Even though the activity
will most probably be limited to the expulsion of large amounts of gases and thermal energy, as
observed in other volcanoes and in the past activity of Campi Flegrei, the behavior of the system in
the future is, at the moment, unpredictable.
References
Allard, P., A. Maiorani, D. Tedesco, G. Cortecci, and B. Turi (1991), Isotopic Study of the Origin
of Sulfur and Carbon in Solfatara Fumaroles, Campi Flegrei Caldera, J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res., 48 (1-2), 139-159.
Barberi, F., D. P. Hill, F. Innocenti, G. Luongo, and M. Treuil (1984), On the 1982-1984
bradyseismic crisis at Phlegraean Fields (Italy), Bulletin Volcanologique, 47 (2, special issue),
171-411.
Bianco, F., E. Del Pezzo, G. Saccorotti, and G. Ventura (2004), The role of hydrothermal fluids in
triggering the July-August 2000 seismic swarm at Campi Flegrei, Italy; evidence from
seismological and mesostructural data, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 133(1-4), 229-246.
Bodnar, R.J., C. Cannatelli, B. De Vivo, A. Lima, H.E. Belkin, and A. Milia (2007), Quantitative
model for magma degassing and ground deformation (bradyseism) at Campi Flegrei, Italy:
Implications for future eruptions, Geology, 35, 9, 791–794, doi: 10.1130/G23653A
Burnard, P., D. Graham, and G. Turner (1997), Vesicle-specific noble gas analyses of “popping
rock:” Implications for primordial noble gases in earth., Science, 276, 568,-571.
Caliro, S., G. Chiodini, R. Moretti, R. Avino, D. Granieri, M. Russo, and J. Fiebig (2007), The
origin of the fumaroles of La Solfatara (Campi Flegrei, South Italy), Geochim. Cosmochim.
Acta, 71(12), 3040.
Cardellini, C., G. Chiodini, and F. Frondini (2003), Application of stochastic simulation to CO2
flux from soil: Mapping and quantification of gas release, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B9), 2425-
2437.
Cardellini, C., F. Frondini, B. Gambardella, and N. Morgantini (2007), Flussi di CO2 dalsuolo
nell'area di Muravera, in Geochemical baseline of Italy, edited by G. Ottonello and L. Serva,
pp. 1-16, Pacini Editore, Pisa.
Chiodini, G. (2008), CO2/CH4 ratio in fumaroles a powerful tool to detect magma degassing
episodes at quiescent volcanoes., Geophys. Res. Lett., in press
29
Chiodini, G., F. Frondini, and B. Raco (1996), Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa Crater,
Vulcano Island (Italy), Bull. Volcanol., 58(1), 41-50.
Chiodini, G., R. Cioni, M. Guidi, B. Raco, and L. Marini (1998), Soil CO2 flux measurements in
volcanic and geothermal areas, Applied Geochemistry, 13(5), 543-552.
Chiodini, G., and L. Marini (1998), Hydrothermal gas equilibria; the H2O-H2 -CO2 -CO-CH4
system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62(15), 2673-2687.
Chiodini, G., P. Allard, S. Caliro, and F. Parello (2000), 18O exchange between steam and carbon
dioxide in volcanic and hydrothermal gases: implications for the source of water, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 64(14), 2479.
Chiodini, G., F. Frondini, C. Cardellini, D. Granieri, L. Marini, and G. Ventura (2001), CO2
degassing and energy release at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy, J. Geophys. Res.,
106(8), 16213-16221.
Chiodini, G., M. Todesco, S. Caliro, C. Del Gaudio, G. Macedonio, and M. Russo (2003), Magma
degassing as a trigger of bradyseismic events; the case of Phlegrean Fields (Italy), Geophys.
Res. Lett., 30(8), 1434.
Chiodini, G., G. Vilardo, V. Augusti, D. Granieri, S. Caliro, C. Minopoli, and C. Terranova (2007),
Thermal monitoring of hydrothermal activity by permanent infrared automatic stations:
Results obtained at Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Campi Flegrei (Italy), J. Geophys. Res., 112(B12)
doi:10.1029/2007JB005140, 2007.
Chiodini, G., S. Caliro, C. Cardellini, R. Avino, D. Granieri, and A. Schmidt (2008), Carbon
isotopic composition of soil CO2 efflux, a powerful method to discriminate different sources
feeding soil CO2 degassing in volcanic-hydrothermal areas, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 274 (3-4),
doi:1016/j.epsl.2008.07.051
Cioni, R., E. Corazza, and L. Marini (1984), The gas/steam ratio as indicator of heat transfer at the
Solfatara fumaroles, Phlegraean Fields (Italy), Bull. Volcanol., 47, 295–302.
Cusano, P., S. Petrosino, and G. Saccorotti (2008), Hydrothermal origin for sustained Long-Period
30
(LP) activity at Campi Flegrei Volcanic Complex, Italy, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 177(4),
1035.
David, M. (1977), Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation., 364pp ., Elsevier Scientific Publishing
Company, Amsterdam.
Deutsch, C. V., and A. G. Journel (1998), GSLIB: Geostatistical software library and users guide,
second ed., 369 pp., Oxford University Press, New York.
Di Vito, M. A., R. Isaia, G. Orsi, J. Southon, S. De Vita, M. D'Antonio, L. Pappalardo, and M.
Piochi (1999), Volcanism and deformation since 12,000 years at the Campi Flegrei caldera
(Italy), J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 91(2-4), 221-246.
Dvorak, J. J., and G. Mastrolorenzo (1991), The mechanisms of Recent vertical crustal movements
in Campi Flegrei Caldera, southern Italy, Special Paper - Geological Society of America, 263,
47.
Edwards, A. L. (1972), TRUMP: A Computer Program for Transient and Steady State Temperature
Distributions in Multidimensional Systems, edited, National Technical Information Service,
National Bureau of Standards, Springfield, VA.
Giggenbach, W. F. (1987), Redox processes governing the chemistry of fumarolic gas discharges
from White Island, New Zealand, Applied Geochemistry, 2(2), 143.
Giggenbach, W. F. (1988), Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52(12), 2749.
Hippolyte, J. C., J. Angelier, and F. Roure (1994), A major geodynamic change revealed by
Quaternary stress patterns in the Southern Apennines (Italy), Tectonophysics, 230(3-4), 199-
210.
International, Formulation,Committee (1967), A Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of
Ordinary Water Substance. ICF Secretariat, Dusseldorf.
Issel, A. (1883), Le oscillazioni lente del suolo o bradisismi. Atti Regia Università di Genova, IV,
pp.1-210.
31
Mangiacapra, A., R. Moretti, M. Rutherford, L. Civetta, G. Orsi, and P. Papale (2008), The deep
magmatic system of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21304.
Miller, S. A., Collettini C., Chiaraluce L., Cocco M., Barchi M. R., and K. B. (2004), Aftershocks
driven by a high pressure CO2 source at depth., Nature, 427, 724-772.
Moridis, G., and K. Pruess (1998), Flow and transport simulations using T2CG1, a package of
conjugate Gradient Solvers for the TOUGH2 family of codes., Report LBL 36235, Lawrence
Berkeley Nat. Lab.
Narasimhan, T. N., P. A. Witherspoon, and. (1976), An integrated finite difference method for
analysing fluid flow in porous media., Water Resour. Res., 12, 57-64.
Orsi, G., S. de Vita, and M. di Vito (1996), The restless, resurgent Campi Flegrei nested caldera
(Italy); constraints on its evolution and configuration, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 74(3-4),
179-214.
Orsi, G., L. Civetta, C. Del Gaudio, S. de Vita, M.A. Di Vito, R. Isaia, S.M. Petrazzuoli, G.P.
Ricciardi, and C. Ricco (1999), Short-term ground deformations and seismicity in the
resurgent Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): an example of active block-resurgence in a densely
populated area, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 91, 415–451.
Ozima, M., and F. A. Podosek (1983), Noble gas geochemistry, 367 pp., Cambridge U. P.
Piochi, M., P. P. Bruno, and G. De Astis (2005), Relative roles of rifting tectonics and magma
ascent processes; inferences from geophysical, structural, volcanological, and geochemical
data for the Neapolitan volcanic region, southern Italy, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 6(7), 25.
Pritchett, J. W., M. H. Rice, and T. D. Riney (1981), Equation of state for water-carbon dioxide
mixtures: implication for Baca Reservoir, Report DOE/ET/27163-8, System Science and
Software, La Jolla, CA.
Pruess, K. (1987), TOUGH User’s guide., LBL Report 20700. Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
Pruess, K. (1991), TOUGH2 - A general purpose numerical simulator for multiphase fluid and heat
flow, LBL Report 29400, Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
32
Raich, J. W., and W. H. Schlesinger (1992), The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and
its relationship to vegetation and climate, Tellus, 44B, 81-99.
Raich, J. W., and A. Tufekcioglu (2000), Vegetation and soil respiration: Correlations and controls,
Biogeochemistry, 48(1), 71-90.
Reth, S., M. Gockede, and E. Falge (2005), CO2 efflux from agricultural soils in Eastern Germany -
comparison of a closed chamber system with eddy covariance measurements, Theor. Appl.
Climatol., 80(2-4), 105-120.
Ricco C., A. I., B. S., and D. G. C. (2007), The study of the tiltmetric inversion recorded from July
to October 2006 at the Phlegrean Fields (Naples, Italy). Annals of Geophysics, 50, 661-674.
Rosi, M., R. Santacroce, F. Barberi, D. P. Hill, F. Innocenti, G. Luongo, and M. Treuil (1984),
Volcanic hazard assessment in the Phlegraean Fields; a contribution based on stratigraphic
and historical data, Bulletin Volcanologique, 47(2, special issue), 359-370.
Rosi, M., and A. Sbrana (Eds.) (1987), Phlegraean Fields, 175 pp., CNR, Rome, Italy.
Saccorotti, G., F. Bianco, M. Castellano, and E. Del Pozzo (2001), The July-August 2000 seismic
swarms at Campi Flegrei volcanic complex, Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(13), 2525-2528.
Saccorotti, G., S. Petrosino, F. Bianco, M. Castellano, D. Galluzzo, M. La Rocca, E. Del Pezzo, L.
Zaccarelli, and P. Cusano (2007), Seismicity associated with the 2004-2006 renewed ground
uplift at Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy, Physic. Earth Planet. Int., 165(1-2), 14-24.
Sano, Y., N. Takahata, Y. Nishio, T. P. Fischer, and S. N. Williams (2001), Volcanic flux of
nitrogen from the Earth, Chem. Geol., 171(3-4), 263-271.
Sinclair, A. J. (1974), Selection of threshold values in geochemical data using probability graphs., J.
Geochem. Explor., 3., 129-149.
Sutton, F. M., and A. McNabb (1977), Boiling curves at Broadlands geothermal field, New
Zealand., N.Z. J. Sci., 20, 333-337.
Todesco, M., G. Chiodini, and G. Macedonio (2003), Monitoring and modelling hydrothermal fluid
emission at La Solfatara (Phlegrean Fields, Italy); an interdisciplinary approach to the study of
33
diffuse degassing, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 125(1-2), 57-79.
Todesco, M., J. Rutqvist, G. Chiodini, K. Pruess, and C. M. Oldenburg (2004), Modeling of recent
volcanic episodes at Phlegrean Fields (Italy); geochemical variations and ground deformation,
Geothermics, 33(4), 531-547.
Troise, C., G. De Natale, F. Pingue, F. Obrizzo, P. De Martino, U. Tammaro, and E. Boschi (2007),
Renewed ground uplift at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): New insight on magmatic processes
and forecast., Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03301.
Yazaki, Y., S. Mariko, and H. Koizumi (2004), Carbon dynamics and budget in a Miscanthus
sinensis grassland in Japan, Ecol. Res., 19, 511-520.
of Sulfur and Carbon in Solfatara Fumaroles, Campi Flegrei Caldera, J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res., 48 (1-2), 139-159.
Barberi, F., D. P. Hill, F. Innocenti, G. Luongo, and M. Treuil (1984), On the 1982-1984
bradyseismic crisis at Phlegraean Fields (Italy), Bulletin Volcanologique, 47 (2, special issue),
171-411.
Bianco, F., E. Del Pezzo, G. Saccorotti, and G. Ventura (2004), The role of hydrothermal fluids in
triggering the July-August 2000 seismic swarm at Campi Flegrei, Italy; evidence from
seismological and mesostructural data, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 133(1-4), 229-246.
Bodnar, R.J., C. Cannatelli, B. De Vivo, A. Lima, H.E. Belkin, and A. Milia (2007), Quantitative
model for magma degassing and ground deformation (bradyseism) at Campi Flegrei, Italy:
Implications for future eruptions, Geology, 35, 9, 791–794, doi: 10.1130/G23653A
Burnard, P., D. Graham, and G. Turner (1997), Vesicle-specific noble gas analyses of “popping
rock:” Implications for primordial noble gases in earth., Science, 276, 568,-571.
Caliro, S., G. Chiodini, R. Moretti, R. Avino, D. Granieri, M. Russo, and J. Fiebig (2007), The
origin of the fumaroles of La Solfatara (Campi Flegrei, South Italy), Geochim. Cosmochim.
Acta, 71(12), 3040.
Cardellini, C., G. Chiodini, and F. Frondini (2003), Application of stochastic simulation to CO2
flux from soil: Mapping and quantification of gas release, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B9), 2425-
2437.
Cardellini, C., F. Frondini, B. Gambardella, and N. Morgantini (2007), Flussi di CO2 dalsuolo
nell'area di Muravera, in Geochemical baseline of Italy, edited by G. Ottonello and L. Serva,
pp. 1-16, Pacini Editore, Pisa.
Chiodini, G. (2008), CO2/CH4 ratio in fumaroles a powerful tool to detect magma degassing
episodes at quiescent volcanoes., Geophys. Res. Lett., in press
29
Chiodini, G., F. Frondini, and B. Raco (1996), Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa Crater,
Vulcano Island (Italy), Bull. Volcanol., 58(1), 41-50.
Chiodini, G., R. Cioni, M. Guidi, B. Raco, and L. Marini (1998), Soil CO2 flux measurements in
volcanic and geothermal areas, Applied Geochemistry, 13(5), 543-552.
Chiodini, G., and L. Marini (1998), Hydrothermal gas equilibria; the H2O-H2 -CO2 -CO-CH4
system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62(15), 2673-2687.
Chiodini, G., P. Allard, S. Caliro, and F. Parello (2000), 18O exchange between steam and carbon
dioxide in volcanic and hydrothermal gases: implications for the source of water, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 64(14), 2479.
Chiodini, G., F. Frondini, C. Cardellini, D. Granieri, L. Marini, and G. Ventura (2001), CO2
degassing and energy release at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy, J. Geophys. Res.,
106(8), 16213-16221.
Chiodini, G., M. Todesco, S. Caliro, C. Del Gaudio, G. Macedonio, and M. Russo (2003), Magma
degassing as a trigger of bradyseismic events; the case of Phlegrean Fields (Italy), Geophys.
Res. Lett., 30(8), 1434.
Chiodini, G., G. Vilardo, V. Augusti, D. Granieri, S. Caliro, C. Minopoli, and C. Terranova (2007),
Thermal monitoring of hydrothermal activity by permanent infrared automatic stations:
Results obtained at Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Campi Flegrei (Italy), J. Geophys. Res., 112(B12)
doi:10.1029/2007JB005140, 2007.
Chiodini, G., S. Caliro, C. Cardellini, R. Avino, D. Granieri, and A. Schmidt (2008), Carbon
isotopic composition of soil CO2 efflux, a powerful method to discriminate different sources
feeding soil CO2 degassing in volcanic-hydrothermal areas, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 274 (3-4),
doi:1016/j.epsl.2008.07.051
Cioni, R., E. Corazza, and L. Marini (1984), The gas/steam ratio as indicator of heat transfer at the
Solfatara fumaroles, Phlegraean Fields (Italy), Bull. Volcanol., 47, 295–302.
Cusano, P., S. Petrosino, and G. Saccorotti (2008), Hydrothermal origin for sustained Long-Period
30
(LP) activity at Campi Flegrei Volcanic Complex, Italy, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 177(4),
1035.
David, M. (1977), Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation., 364pp ., Elsevier Scientific Publishing
Company, Amsterdam.
Deutsch, C. V., and A. G. Journel (1998), GSLIB: Geostatistical software library and users guide,
second ed., 369 pp., Oxford University Press, New York.
Di Vito, M. A., R. Isaia, G. Orsi, J. Southon, S. De Vita, M. D'Antonio, L. Pappalardo, and M.
Piochi (1999), Volcanism and deformation since 12,000 years at the Campi Flegrei caldera
(Italy), J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 91(2-4), 221-246.
Dvorak, J. J., and G. Mastrolorenzo (1991), The mechanisms of Recent vertical crustal movements
in Campi Flegrei Caldera, southern Italy, Special Paper - Geological Society of America, 263,
47.
Edwards, A. L. (1972), TRUMP: A Computer Program for Transient and Steady State Temperature
Distributions in Multidimensional Systems, edited, National Technical Information Service,
National Bureau of Standards, Springfield, VA.
Giggenbach, W. F. (1987), Redox processes governing the chemistry of fumarolic gas discharges
from White Island, New Zealand, Applied Geochemistry, 2(2), 143.
Giggenbach, W. F. (1988), Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52(12), 2749.
Hippolyte, J. C., J. Angelier, and F. Roure (1994), A major geodynamic change revealed by
Quaternary stress patterns in the Southern Apennines (Italy), Tectonophysics, 230(3-4), 199-
210.
International, Formulation,Committee (1967), A Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of
Ordinary Water Substance. ICF Secretariat, Dusseldorf.
Issel, A. (1883), Le oscillazioni lente del suolo o bradisismi. Atti Regia Università di Genova, IV,
pp.1-210.
31
Mangiacapra, A., R. Moretti, M. Rutherford, L. Civetta, G. Orsi, and P. Papale (2008), The deep
magmatic system of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21304.
Miller, S. A., Collettini C., Chiaraluce L., Cocco M., Barchi M. R., and K. B. (2004), Aftershocks
driven by a high pressure CO2 source at depth., Nature, 427, 724-772.
Moridis, G., and K. Pruess (1998), Flow and transport simulations using T2CG1, a package of
conjugate Gradient Solvers for the TOUGH2 family of codes., Report LBL 36235, Lawrence
Berkeley Nat. Lab.
Narasimhan, T. N., P. A. Witherspoon, and. (1976), An integrated finite difference method for
analysing fluid flow in porous media., Water Resour. Res., 12, 57-64.
Orsi, G., S. de Vita, and M. di Vito (1996), The restless, resurgent Campi Flegrei nested caldera
(Italy); constraints on its evolution and configuration, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 74(3-4),
179-214.
Orsi, G., L. Civetta, C. Del Gaudio, S. de Vita, M.A. Di Vito, R. Isaia, S.M. Petrazzuoli, G.P.
Ricciardi, and C. Ricco (1999), Short-term ground deformations and seismicity in the
resurgent Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): an example of active block-resurgence in a densely
populated area, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 91, 415–451.
Ozima, M., and F. A. Podosek (1983), Noble gas geochemistry, 367 pp., Cambridge U. P.
Piochi, M., P. P. Bruno, and G. De Astis (2005), Relative roles of rifting tectonics and magma
ascent processes; inferences from geophysical, structural, volcanological, and geochemical
data for the Neapolitan volcanic region, southern Italy, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 6(7), 25.
Pritchett, J. W., M. H. Rice, and T. D. Riney (1981), Equation of state for water-carbon dioxide
mixtures: implication for Baca Reservoir, Report DOE/ET/27163-8, System Science and
Software, La Jolla, CA.
Pruess, K. (1987), TOUGH User’s guide., LBL Report 20700. Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
Pruess, K. (1991), TOUGH2 - A general purpose numerical simulator for multiphase fluid and heat
flow, LBL Report 29400, Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
32
Raich, J. W., and W. H. Schlesinger (1992), The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and
its relationship to vegetation and climate, Tellus, 44B, 81-99.
Raich, J. W., and A. Tufekcioglu (2000), Vegetation and soil respiration: Correlations and controls,
Biogeochemistry, 48(1), 71-90.
Reth, S., M. Gockede, and E. Falge (2005), CO2 efflux from agricultural soils in Eastern Germany -
comparison of a closed chamber system with eddy covariance measurements, Theor. Appl.
Climatol., 80(2-4), 105-120.
Ricco C., A. I., B. S., and D. G. C. (2007), The study of the tiltmetric inversion recorded from July
to October 2006 at the Phlegrean Fields (Naples, Italy). Annals of Geophysics, 50, 661-674.
Rosi, M., R. Santacroce, F. Barberi, D. P. Hill, F. Innocenti, G. Luongo, and M. Treuil (1984),
Volcanic hazard assessment in the Phlegraean Fields; a contribution based on stratigraphic
and historical data, Bulletin Volcanologique, 47(2, special issue), 359-370.
Rosi, M., and A. Sbrana (Eds.) (1987), Phlegraean Fields, 175 pp., CNR, Rome, Italy.
Saccorotti, G., F. Bianco, M. Castellano, and E. Del Pozzo (2001), The July-August 2000 seismic
swarms at Campi Flegrei volcanic complex, Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(13), 2525-2528.
Saccorotti, G., S. Petrosino, F. Bianco, M. Castellano, D. Galluzzo, M. La Rocca, E. Del Pezzo, L.
Zaccarelli, and P. Cusano (2007), Seismicity associated with the 2004-2006 renewed ground
uplift at Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy, Physic. Earth Planet. Int., 165(1-2), 14-24.
Sano, Y., N. Takahata, Y. Nishio, T. P. Fischer, and S. N. Williams (2001), Volcanic flux of
nitrogen from the Earth, Chem. Geol., 171(3-4), 263-271.
Sinclair, A. J. (1974), Selection of threshold values in geochemical data using probability graphs., J.
Geochem. Explor., 3., 129-149.
Sutton, F. M., and A. McNabb (1977), Boiling curves at Broadlands geothermal field, New
Zealand., N.Z. J. Sci., 20, 333-337.
Todesco, M., G. Chiodini, and G. Macedonio (2003), Monitoring and modelling hydrothermal fluid
emission at La Solfatara (Phlegrean Fields, Italy); an interdisciplinary approach to the study of
33
diffuse degassing, J. Volcanol. Geother. Res., 125(1-2), 57-79.
Todesco, M., J. Rutqvist, G. Chiodini, K. Pruess, and C. M. Oldenburg (2004), Modeling of recent
volcanic episodes at Phlegrean Fields (Italy); geochemical variations and ground deformation,
Geothermics, 33(4), 531-547.
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