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The aquatic geochemistry of arsenic in volcanic groundwaters from southern Italy
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
18(2003)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
1283–1296
Issued date
2003
Alternative Location
Subjects
Abstract
This paper discusses the abundance, speciation and mobility of As in groundwater systems from active volcanic areas in Italy. Using literature data and new additional determinations, the main geochemical processes controlling the fate of As during gas–water–rock interaction in these systems are examined. Arsenic concentrations in the fluids range from 0.1 to 6940 mg/l, with wide differences observed among the different volcanoes and within each area. The dependence of As content on water temperature, pH, redox potential and major ions is investigated. Results demonstrate
that As concentrations are highest where active hydrothermal circulation takes place at shallow levels, i.e. at Vulcano
Island and the Phlegrean Fields. In both areas the dissolution of As-bearing sulphides is likely to be the main source of
As. Mature Cl-rich groundwaters, representative of the discharge from the deep thermal reservoirs, are typically enriched in As with respect to SO4-rich ‘‘steam heated groundwaters’’. In the HCO3 groundwaters recovered at Vesuvius
and Etna, aqueous As cycling is limited by the absence of high-temperature interactions and by high-Fe content of the host rocks, resulting in oxidative As adsorption. Thermodynamic modelling suggests that reducing H2S-rich groundwaters are in equilibrium with realgar, whereas in oxidising environments over-saturation with respect to Fe oxyhydroxides is indicated. Under these oxidising conditions, As solubility decreases controlled by As co-precipitation with, or adsorption on, Fe oxy-hydroxides. Consistent with thermodynamic considerations, As mobility in the studied
areas is enhanced in intermediate redox environments, where both sulphides and Fe hydroxides are unstable.
that As concentrations are highest where active hydrothermal circulation takes place at shallow levels, i.e. at Vulcano
Island and the Phlegrean Fields. In both areas the dissolution of As-bearing sulphides is likely to be the main source of
As. Mature Cl-rich groundwaters, representative of the discharge from the deep thermal reservoirs, are typically enriched in As with respect to SO4-rich ‘‘steam heated groundwaters’’. In the HCO3 groundwaters recovered at Vesuvius
and Etna, aqueous As cycling is limited by the absence of high-temperature interactions and by high-Fe content of the host rocks, resulting in oxidative As adsorption. Thermodynamic modelling suggests that reducing H2S-rich groundwaters are in equilibrium with realgar, whereas in oxidising environments over-saturation with respect to Fe oxyhydroxides is indicated. Under these oxidising conditions, As solubility decreases controlled by As co-precipitation with, or adsorption on, Fe oxy-hydroxides. Consistent with thermodynamic considerations, As mobility in the studied
areas is enhanced in intermediate redox environments, where both sulphides and Fe hydroxides are unstable.
References
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volcano (Sicily). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 1827–1841.
Aiuppa, A., Dongarrà , G., Capasso, G., Allard, P., 2000b.Trace metals in the thermal waters of Vulcano Island. J.Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 98, 189–207.
Aiuppa, A., D’Alessandro, W., Federico, C., Valenza, M.,2001. The abundance and speciation of arsenic in groundwaters from volcanic areas: Data from Etna, Vesuvius and Vulcano Island. In: Proc. 10th International Symposium Water–Rock Interaction, Villasimius, Italy Cidu, R. (Ed.),
10–15 July, pp. 957–960.
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Allard, P., Aiuppa, A., Loyer, H., Carrot, F., Gaudry, A.,Pinte, G., Dongarra` , G., 2000. Emission rate of metals and acid gases during long-lived Basalt degassing at Stromboli
volcano. J. Res. Lett. 27, 1207–1210.
Ayuso, R.A., De Vivo, B., Rolandi, G., Seal II., R.R., Paone,A., 1998. Geochemical and isotopic (Nd–Pb–Sr–O) variations bearing on the genesis of volcanic rocks from Vesuvius, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 82, 53–78.
Ball, W.P., Nordstrom, D.K., 1991. User’s Manual for WATEQ4F, with revised Thermodynamic Database and Test Cases for Calculating Speciation of Major, Trace, and Redox Elements in Natural Waters. (US Geol. Sutv. USGS Open File Report, 91-183).
Ballantyne, J.M., Moore, J.N., 1988. Arsenic geochemistry in geothermal systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 475–483.
Bolognesi, L., D’Amore, F., 1993. Isotopic variation of the hydrothermal system on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta 57, 2069–2082.
Brondi, M., Dall’Aglio, M., Ghiara, E., 1986. Elementi in traccia di interesse geochimico e tossicologico nei fluidi termali e geotermici dei Campi Flegrei e di Larderello. Acqua Aria 10, 1103–1111.
Brookins, D.G., 1988. Eh-pH Diagrams for Geochemistry.Springer, Berlin.
Brusca, L., Aiuppa, A., D’Alessandro, W., Parello, F., Allard, P., Michel, A., 2001. Geochemical mapping of magmatic gas–water–rock interactions in the aquifer of Mount Etna
volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 108, 199–218.
Capasso, G., Favara, R., Francofonte, S., Inguaggiato, S.,1999. Chemical and isotopic variations in fumarolic discharge and thermal waters at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Island, Italy) during 1996: evidence of resumed volcanic
activity. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 88, 167–175.
Carapezza, M., Federico, C., 2000. The contribution of fluid geochemistry to the volcano monitoring of Stromboli. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 95, 227–245.
Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., Jugsujinda, A., Burlo, F.,Delaune, R.D., Patrick Jr., W.H., 1999. Arsenic chemistry in municipal sewadge sludge as affected by redox potential and pH. Water Res. 34, 216–224.
Chen, S.L., Dzeng, S.R., Yang, M., Chiu, K., Shien, G., Wal,C.M., 1994. Arsenic species in groundwaters of the Black-foot disease area, Taiwan. Environ. Sci. Technol 28, 877–881.
Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., Raco, B., 1996. Diffuse emissions of CO2 from the Fossa crater, Vulcano Island (Italy). Bull. Volcanol 58, 41–50.
Cullen, W.R., Reimer, K.J., 1989. Arsenic speciation in the environment. Chem. Rev. 89, 713–764.
De Vivo, B., Belkin, H.E., Barbieri, M., Chelini, W., Lattanzi,P., Lima, A., Tolomeo, L., 1989. The Campi Flegrei (Italy) geothermal system: a fluid inclusion study of the Mofete and San Vito fields. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 36, 303–326.
Dove, P.M., Rimstidt, J.D., 1985. The solubility and stability of scorodite, FeAsO4.2H2O. Am. Mineral. 70, 838–844.
Dzombak, D.A., Morel, F.M.M., 1990. Surface Complexation Modeling: Hydrous Ferric Oxide. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Federico, C., 1999. Interaction between Magmatic Gases and the Hydrological System at Vesuvius (southern Italy) during Current Dormancy: Evidence from Water and Gas Geochemistry.
PhD Thesis, Univ. Palermo.
Federico, C., Aiuppa, A., Allard, P., Bellomo, S., Michel, A.,Parello, F., Valenza, M., 2002. Magmatic gas–water interactions at Vesuvius volcano: major, minor and trace element
composition of the volcanic aquifer. Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta 66, 963–981.
Fulignati, P., Gioncada, A., Sbrana, A., 1998. Geologic model of the magmatic-hydrothermal system of Vulcano (Aeolian islands, Italy). Mineral. Petrol 62, 195–222.
Fulignati, P., Gioncada, A., Sbrana, A., 1999. Rare-earth element (REE) behaviour in the alteration facies of the active magmatic-hydrothermal system of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands,
Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 88, 325–342.
Fuller, C.C., Davis, J.A.,Waychunas, G.A., 1993. Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite 2. Kinetics of arsenate adsorption and coprecipitation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 2271–2282.
Giggenbach, W.F., 1988. Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na–K–Mg–Ca geoindicators. Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta 52, 2749–2765.
Goldberg, S., 1986. Chemical modeling of arsenate adsorption on aluminium and iron oxide minerals. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50, 1154–1157.
Heinrich, C.A., Eadington, P.E., 1986. Thermodynamic predictions of the hydrothermal chemistry of arsenic, and their significance for the paragenic sequence of some cassirite–
arsenopyrite-base metal sulphide deposits. Econ. Geol 81, 511–529.
Kolker, A., Nordstrom, D.K., 2001. Occurrence and Microdistribution of Arsenic in Pyrite. US Geol. Survey Workshop—Arsenic in the Environment, Denver, CO, 21–22 February. Available from: wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/Arsenic/.
Krause, E., Ettel, V.A., 1988. Solubility and stability of scorodite, FeAsO4.2H2O—new data and further discussion. Am.Mineral. 73, 850–854.
Langmuir, D., Mohoney, J., MacDonald, A., Rowson, J.,1999. Predicting arsenic concentrations in the porewaters of buried uranium mill tailing. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63,3379–3394.
Lima, A., Daniele, L., De Vivo, B., Sava, A., 2001. Minor and trace elements investigation on thermal groundwaters of Ischia Island (Southern Italy). In: Cidu, R. (Ed.), Proc. 10th Internat. Symp. Water–Rock Interaction, Villasimius, Italy,
10–15 July.
Manning, B.A., Goldberg, S., 1997. Adsorption and stability of As(III) at the clay–mineral water interface. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2005–2011.
Martini, M., Giannini, L., Buccianti, A., Prati, F., Cellini Legittimo, P., Bozzelli, P., Capaccioni, B., 1991. 1980–1990: ten years of geochemical investigations at Phlegrean Fields
(Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 48, 161–171.
Meng, X., Corfiatis, G.P., Jing, C., Christodoulatos, C., 2001. Redox transformations of arsenic and iron in water treatment sludge during aging and TCLP extraction. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 35, 3476–3481.
National Research Council, 1999. Arsenic in drinking waters. National Academic Press, Washington DC.
Nimick, D.A., Moore, J.N., Dalby, C.E., Savka, M.W., 1998.The fate of geothermal arsenic in the Madison and Missouri rivers, Montana and Wyoming. Water Resour. Res. 34,3051–3067.
Nordstrom, D.K., 2000. Thermodynamic properties of environmental arsenic species: Limitations and needs. In: Young,C. (Ed.), Minor Elements 2000: Processing and Environmental Aspects of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi. SME, Littleton, CO, pp. 325–331.
Pankratz, L.B., Mah, A.D., Watson, S.W., 1987. Thermodynamic properties of sulfides. Bull. 689, US Bureau of Mines.
Paone, A., Ayuso, R.A., De Vivo, B., 2001. A metallogenic survey of alkalic rocks of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius volcano. Min. Petrol 73, 201–233.
Parkhurst, D.L., 1995. PHREEQC—A Computer Program for Speciation, Reaction Path, Advective Transport, and Inverse Geochemical Calculations US Geol. Surv. Water-Resour. Invest. Rep. 95).
Parkhurst, D.L. Appelo, C.A.J., 1999. User’s Guide to PHREEQC-A Computer Program for Speciation, Reactionpath, 1D-transport, and Inverse Geochemical Calculations (US Geol. Surv. Water-Resour. Invest. Rep. 99-4259).
Pierce, M.L., Moore, C.B., 1982. Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate on amorphous iron hydroxide. Water Res. 16, 1247–1253.
Pokrovski, G., Gout, R., Shott, J., Zotov, A., Harrichoury, J.-C., 1996. Thermodynamic properties and stoichiometry of As(III) hydroxide complexes at hydrothermal conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 737–749.
Randall, S.R., Sherman, D.M., Vala Ragnasdottir, K., 2001.Sorption of As(V) on green rust (Fe4(II)-
Fe2(III)(OH)12SO4.3H2O) and lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH):surface complexes from EXAFS spectroscopy. Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta 65, 1015–1023.
Robertson, D.E., Fruchter, J.S., Lundwick, J.D., Wilkenson,C.L., Crecelius, E.A., Evans, J.C., 1978. Chemical characterisation of gases and volatile heavy metals in geothermal effluents. In: A Novelty becomes a Resource: Geothermal
Resources Council Trans, vol. 2, pp. 579–582.
Rothbaum, H.P., Anderton, B.H., 1975. Removal of silica and arsenic from geothermal discharge waters by precipitation of useful calcium silicates. In: Proc. 2nd U.N. Symp. Development
and Use of Geothermal Resources, pp. 1417–1425.
Smedley, P.L., 1996. Arsenic in rural groundwater in Ghana. J. Afric. Earth Sci. 22, 459–470.
Smedley, P.L., Nicolli, H.B., Luo, Z., 2000. Arsenic in Groundwater from Major Aquifers: Sources, Effects and Potential Mitigation (Brit. Geol. Surv. Tech. Rep., WC/99/38).
Smedley, P.L., Kinniburgh, D.G., 2002. A review of the source,behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Appl. Geochem. 17, 517–568.
Spycher, N.F., Reed, M.K., 1989. As(III) and Sb(III) sulfide complexes: an evaluation stoichiometry and stability from existing experimental data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53,
2185–2194.
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