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Tidal gravity observations at Mt. Etna and Stromboli: results concerning the modeled and observed tidal factors
Issued date
February 2008
Issue/vol(year)
1/51 (2008)
Language
English
Pages
51-65
Abstract
Continuous gravity observations performed in the last few years, both at Mt. Etna and Stromboli, have prompted
the need to improve the tidal analysis in order to acquire the best corrected data for the detection of volcano
related signals. On Mt. Etna, the sites are very close to each other and the expected tidal factor differences are
negligible. It is thus useful to unify the tidal analysis results of the different data sets in a unique tidal model.
This tidal model, which can be independently confirmed by a modeling of the tidal parameters based on the elastic
response of the Earth to tidal forces and the computation of the ocean tides effects on gravity, is very useful
for the precise tidal gravity prediction required by absolute or relative discrete gravity measurements. The
change in time of the gravimeters’ sensitivity is also an important issue to be checked since it affects not only
the results of tidal analysis but also the accuracy of the observed gravity changes. Conversely, if a good tidal
model is available, the sensitivity variations can be accurately reconstructed so as to retune observed tidal
records with the synthetic tide, since the tidal parameters are assumed to be constant at a given location.
the need to improve the tidal analysis in order to acquire the best corrected data for the detection of volcano
related signals. On Mt. Etna, the sites are very close to each other and the expected tidal factor differences are
negligible. It is thus useful to unify the tidal analysis results of the different data sets in a unique tidal model.
This tidal model, which can be independently confirmed by a modeling of the tidal parameters based on the elastic
response of the Earth to tidal forces and the computation of the ocean tides effects on gravity, is very useful
for the precise tidal gravity prediction required by absolute or relative discrete gravity measurements. The
change in time of the gravimeters’ sensitivity is also an important issue to be checked since it affects not only
the results of tidal analysis but also the accuracy of the observed gravity changes. Conversely, if a good tidal
model is available, the sensitivity variations can be accurately reconstructed so as to retune observed tidal
records with the synthetic tide, since the tidal parameters are assumed to be constant at a given location.
References
BAKER, T.F. and M.S. BOS (2003): Validating Earth and
ocean models using tidal gravity measurements, Geophys.
J. Int., 152, 468-485.
BUDETTA, G., D. CARBONE and F. GRECO (2000): Gravity
measurements, in Data Related to Eruptive Activity,
Unrest Phenomena and Other Observations on the
Italian Active Volcanoes – 1996, edited by L. VILLARI,
Acta Vulcanol., 12 (1-2), 86-90.
CAMACHO, A.G., J. FERNÁNDEZ, M. CHARCO, K.F. TIAMPO
and G. Jentzsch (2007): Interpretation of 1992-1994
gravity changes around Mayon volcano, Philippines,
using point sources, Pure Appl. Geophys., 733-749,
doi: 10.1007/s00024-007-0185-8.
CARBONE, D. and F. GRECO (2007): Review of microgravity
observations at Mt. Etna: a powerful tool to monitor
and study active volcanoes, Pure Appl. Geophys., 769-
790, doi:10.1007/s00024-007-0194-7.
CARBONE, D., G. BUDETTA, F. GRECO and H. RYMER (2003).
Combined discrete and continuous gravity observations
at Mt. Etna, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 123,
123-135.
CROSSLEY, D., J. HINDERER, G. CASULA, O. FRANCIS, H.T.
HSU, Y. IMANISHI, G. JENTZSCH, J. KÄÄRIÄINEN, J.
MERRIAM, B. MEURERS, J. NEUMEYER, B. RICHTER, K.
SHIBUYA, T. SATO and T. VAN DAM (1999): Network of
superconducting gravimeters benefits a number of disciplines,
Eos, 80 (11), 121/125-126.
DEHANT, V., P. DEFRAIGNE and J. WAHR (1999): Tides for a
convective Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (B1), 1035-
1058.
DUCARME, B. (1970): Sensitivity smoothing before the
analysis of tidal data, Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 81,
4962-4981.
DUCARME, B. and A. SOMERHAUSEN (1997): Tidal gravity
recording at Brussels with a SCINTREX CG3-M
gravimeter, Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 126, 9611-
9634.
DUCARME, B., A.P. VENEDIKOV, J. ARNOSO and R. VIEIRA
(2004): Determination of the long period tidal waves in
the GGP superconducting gravity data, J. Geodyn., 38,
307-324.
DUCARME, B., H.P. SUN and J.Q. XU (2006): Determination
of the free core nutation period from tidal gravity observations
of the GGP superconducting gravimeter network,
J. Geodesy, 81, 179-187, doi: 10.1007/s00190-
006-0098-9.
EANES, R. and S. BETTADPUR (1996): The CSR3.0 global
ocean tide model: diurnal and demi-diurnal ocean tides
from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry, CRS-TM-96-05,
(University of Texas, Centre for Space Research,
Austin, Texas).
EL WAHABI, A., B. DUCARME, M. VAN RUYMBEKE, N.
D’OREYÈ and A. SOMERHAUSEN (1997): Continuous
gravity observations at Mt. Etna (Sicily) and correlations
between temperature and gravimetric records,
Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de
Séismologie, 14, 105-119.
EL WAHABI, A., B. DUCARME and M. VAN RUYMBEKE
(2001): Humidity and temperature effects on LaCoste
& Romberg gravimeters, Proceedings of the XIV Int.
Symp. On Earth Tides, J. Geodetic Soc. Japan, 47 (1),
10-15.
FARRELL, W.E. (1972): Deformation of the Earth by surface
load, Rev. Geophys., 10, 761-779.
KANGIESER, E. and W. TORGE (1981): Calibration of La-
Coste-Romberg gravity meters, Model G and D, Bull.
Inf. Bur. Grav. Int., 49, 50-63.
LE PROVOST, C., M.L. GENCO, F. LYARD, P. VINCENT and P.
CANCEIL (1994): Spectroscopy of the ocean tides from
a finite element hydrodynamic model, J. Geophys.
Res., 99 (C12), 24777-24797.
MATSUMOTO, K., M. OOE, T. SATO et al. (1995): Ocean tides
model obtained from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter
data, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25319-25330.
MATSUMOTO, K., T. TAKANEZAWA and M. OOE (2000): Ocean
tide models developed by assimilating TOPEX/POSEIDON
altimeter data into hydrodynamical model: a global
model and a regional model around Japan, J.
Oceanogr., 56, 567-581
MELCHIOR, P. (1978): The Tides of the Planet Earth, (Pergamon
Press), pp. 609.
MELCHIOR, P. (1994): A new data bank for tidal gravity
measurements (DB92), Physics Earth Planet. Int., 82,
125-155.
MELCHIOR, P., M. MOENS and B. DUCARME (1980): Computations of tidal gravity loading and attraction effects,
Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 4 (5), 95-133.
PANEPINTO, S., F. GRECO, D. LUZIO and B. DUCARME
(2006): An overview on wavelet multi-resolution decomposition
compared with traditional frequency domain
filtering for continuous gravity data denoising,
Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 141, 11213-11223.
RAY, R.D. (1999): A global ocean tide model from
TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry: GOT99, NASA Tech.
Mem. 209478 (Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt,
MD, U.S.A.).
SCHWIDERSKI, E.W. (1980): Ocean tides I, global ocean
tidal equations, Mar. Geodesy, 3, 161-217.
SHUM, C.K., P.L. WOODWORTH, O.B. ANDERSEN, G. EGBERT,
O. FRANCIS, C. KING, S. KLOSKO, C. LE PROVOST, X. LI,
J.M. MOLINES, M. PARKE, R. RAY, M. SCHLAX, D.
STAMMER, C. TEMEY, P. VINCENT and C. WUNSCH
(1997): Accuracy assessment of recent ocean tide models,
J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C11), 25,173-25,194.
TIMMEN, L. and H.-G. WENZEL (1994): Improved gravimetric
Earth tide parameters for station Hannover, Bull.
Inf. Marées Terrestres, 119, 8834-8846.
VAN CAMP, M. and P. VAUTERIN (2005): Tsoft: graphical
and interactive software for the analysis of time series
and Earth tides, Comput. Geosci., 31, 631-640.
VAN RUYMBEKE, M. (1998): Internal precision of the calibration
for the LaCoste & Romberg gravimeters
equipped with a feedback system, in Proceedings of the
XIII Int. Sympos. Earth Tides, edited by B. DUCARME
and P. PAQUET, July 22-25, 1997, Brussels, Belgium,
59-68.
WARBURTON, R.J. and J.M. GOODKIND (1977): The influence
of barometric-pressure variations on gravity, Geophys.
J. R. Astron. Soc., 48, 281-292.
WENZEL, H.G. (1994): Earth tide analysis package ETERNA
3.0., Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 118, 8719-8721.
Wenzel, H.G. (1998): Earth tide data processing package
ETERNA 3.30: the nanoGal software, in Proceedings
of the XIII Int. Sympos. Earth Tides, edited by B.
DUCARME and P. PAQUET, July 22-25, 1997, Brussels,
Belgium, 487-494.
WENZEL, H.G., W. ZÜRN and T.F. BAKER (1991): In situ calibration
of LaCoste-Romberg Earth Tide Gravity meter
ET19 at BFO Schiltach, Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres,
109, 7849-7883.
ZAHRAN, K.H. (2000): Accuracy assessment of Ocean Tide
loading computations for precise geodetic observations,
Ph.D. Thesis (Universität Hannover).
ocean models using tidal gravity measurements, Geophys.
J. Int., 152, 468-485.
BUDETTA, G., D. CARBONE and F. GRECO (2000): Gravity
measurements, in Data Related to Eruptive Activity,
Unrest Phenomena and Other Observations on the
Italian Active Volcanoes – 1996, edited by L. VILLARI,
Acta Vulcanol., 12 (1-2), 86-90.
CAMACHO, A.G., J. FERNÁNDEZ, M. CHARCO, K.F. TIAMPO
and G. Jentzsch (2007): Interpretation of 1992-1994
gravity changes around Mayon volcano, Philippines,
using point sources, Pure Appl. Geophys., 733-749,
doi: 10.1007/s00024-007-0185-8.
CARBONE, D. and F. GRECO (2007): Review of microgravity
observations at Mt. Etna: a powerful tool to monitor
and study active volcanoes, Pure Appl. Geophys., 769-
790, doi:10.1007/s00024-007-0194-7.
CARBONE, D., G. BUDETTA, F. GRECO and H. RYMER (2003).
Combined discrete and continuous gravity observations
at Mt. Etna, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 123,
123-135.
CROSSLEY, D., J. HINDERER, G. CASULA, O. FRANCIS, H.T.
HSU, Y. IMANISHI, G. JENTZSCH, J. KÄÄRIÄINEN, J.
MERRIAM, B. MEURERS, J. NEUMEYER, B. RICHTER, K.
SHIBUYA, T. SATO and T. VAN DAM (1999): Network of
superconducting gravimeters benefits a number of disciplines,
Eos, 80 (11), 121/125-126.
DEHANT, V., P. DEFRAIGNE and J. WAHR (1999): Tides for a
convective Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (B1), 1035-
1058.
DUCARME, B. (1970): Sensitivity smoothing before the
analysis of tidal data, Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 81,
4962-4981.
DUCARME, B. and A. SOMERHAUSEN (1997): Tidal gravity
recording at Brussels with a SCINTREX CG3-M
gravimeter, Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 126, 9611-
9634.
DUCARME, B., A.P. VENEDIKOV, J. ARNOSO and R. VIEIRA
(2004): Determination of the long period tidal waves in
the GGP superconducting gravity data, J. Geodyn., 38,
307-324.
DUCARME, B., H.P. SUN and J.Q. XU (2006): Determination
of the free core nutation period from tidal gravity observations
of the GGP superconducting gravimeter network,
J. Geodesy, 81, 179-187, doi: 10.1007/s00190-
006-0098-9.
EANES, R. and S. BETTADPUR (1996): The CSR3.0 global
ocean tide model: diurnal and demi-diurnal ocean tides
from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry, CRS-TM-96-05,
(University of Texas, Centre for Space Research,
Austin, Texas).
EL WAHABI, A., B. DUCARME, M. VAN RUYMBEKE, N.
D’OREYÈ and A. SOMERHAUSEN (1997): Continuous
gravity observations at Mt. Etna (Sicily) and correlations
between temperature and gravimetric records,
Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de
Séismologie, 14, 105-119.
EL WAHABI, A., B. DUCARME and M. VAN RUYMBEKE
(2001): Humidity and temperature effects on LaCoste
& Romberg gravimeters, Proceedings of the XIV Int.
Symp. On Earth Tides, J. Geodetic Soc. Japan, 47 (1),
10-15.
FARRELL, W.E. (1972): Deformation of the Earth by surface
load, Rev. Geophys., 10, 761-779.
KANGIESER, E. and W. TORGE (1981): Calibration of La-
Coste-Romberg gravity meters, Model G and D, Bull.
Inf. Bur. Grav. Int., 49, 50-63.
LE PROVOST, C., M.L. GENCO, F. LYARD, P. VINCENT and P.
CANCEIL (1994): Spectroscopy of the ocean tides from
a finite element hydrodynamic model, J. Geophys.
Res., 99 (C12), 24777-24797.
MATSUMOTO, K., M. OOE, T. SATO et al. (1995): Ocean tides
model obtained from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter
data, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25319-25330.
MATSUMOTO, K., T. TAKANEZAWA and M. OOE (2000): Ocean
tide models developed by assimilating TOPEX/POSEIDON
altimeter data into hydrodynamical model: a global
model and a regional model around Japan, J.
Oceanogr., 56, 567-581
MELCHIOR, P. (1978): The Tides of the Planet Earth, (Pergamon
Press), pp. 609.
MELCHIOR, P. (1994): A new data bank for tidal gravity
measurements (DB92), Physics Earth Planet. Int., 82,
125-155.
MELCHIOR, P., M. MOENS and B. DUCARME (1980): Computations of tidal gravity loading and attraction effects,
Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 4 (5), 95-133.
PANEPINTO, S., F. GRECO, D. LUZIO and B. DUCARME
(2006): An overview on wavelet multi-resolution decomposition
compared with traditional frequency domain
filtering for continuous gravity data denoising,
Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 141, 11213-11223.
RAY, R.D. (1999): A global ocean tide model from
TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry: GOT99, NASA Tech.
Mem. 209478 (Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt,
MD, U.S.A.).
SCHWIDERSKI, E.W. (1980): Ocean tides I, global ocean
tidal equations, Mar. Geodesy, 3, 161-217.
SHUM, C.K., P.L. WOODWORTH, O.B. ANDERSEN, G. EGBERT,
O. FRANCIS, C. KING, S. KLOSKO, C. LE PROVOST, X. LI,
J.M. MOLINES, M. PARKE, R. RAY, M. SCHLAX, D.
STAMMER, C. TEMEY, P. VINCENT and C. WUNSCH
(1997): Accuracy assessment of recent ocean tide models,
J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C11), 25,173-25,194.
TIMMEN, L. and H.-G. WENZEL (1994): Improved gravimetric
Earth tide parameters for station Hannover, Bull.
Inf. Marées Terrestres, 119, 8834-8846.
VAN CAMP, M. and P. VAUTERIN (2005): Tsoft: graphical
and interactive software for the analysis of time series
and Earth tides, Comput. Geosci., 31, 631-640.
VAN RUYMBEKE, M. (1998): Internal precision of the calibration
for the LaCoste & Romberg gravimeters
equipped with a feedback system, in Proceedings of the
XIII Int. Sympos. Earth Tides, edited by B. DUCARME
and P. PAQUET, July 22-25, 1997, Brussels, Belgium,
59-68.
WARBURTON, R.J. and J.M. GOODKIND (1977): The influence
of barometric-pressure variations on gravity, Geophys.
J. R. Astron. Soc., 48, 281-292.
WENZEL, H.G. (1994): Earth tide analysis package ETERNA
3.0., Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres, 118, 8719-8721.
Wenzel, H.G. (1998): Earth tide data processing package
ETERNA 3.30: the nanoGal software, in Proceedings
of the XIII Int. Sympos. Earth Tides, edited by B.
DUCARME and P. PAQUET, July 22-25, 1997, Brussels,
Belgium, 487-494.
WENZEL, H.G., W. ZÜRN and T.F. BAKER (1991): In situ calibration
of LaCoste-Romberg Earth Tide Gravity meter
ET19 at BFO Schiltach, Bull. Inf. Marées Terrestres,
109, 7849-7883.
ZAHRAN, K.H. (2000): Accuracy assessment of Ocean Tide
loading computations for precise geodetic observations,
Ph.D. Thesis (Universität Hannover).
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