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Emplacement mechanism of gravity flows inferred fromhigh resolution Lidar data: The 1944 Somma–Vesuvius lava flow (Italy)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
5.4. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/95 (2008)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
223–235
Issued date
2008
Last version
http://hdl.handle.net/2122/2538
Abstract
A Digital Terrain Model derived from high resolution Lidar data allows the determination of the morphometric and physical
parameters of a lava flow erupted from the Somma–Vesuvius volcano in 1944. The downstream variation of morphometric
parameters including slope, aspect, relative relief, thickness, width, and cross sectional area is analyzed, and the changes in
viscosity, velocity and flow rate are estimated. The aims of the analyses are to recognize different flow surfaces, to reconstruct the
flow kinematics, and to obtain information on the mechanism of emplacement. The results indicate that the 1944 lava flow can be
divided in three sectors: a near vent sector (NVS) characterized by a toe-like surface, an intermediate sector (IS) with an ‘a’ātype
brittle surface, and a distal sector (DS) with a sheet-like ductile surface. Lateral leveés and channels do not occur in NVS, whereas
they are well developed in IS. In DS, leveés increase with an increasing distance from the vent. Fold-like surfaces occur in NVS
and DS, reflecting local shortening processes due to a decrease in the slope of the substratum and overflows from the main channel.
IS and DS emplaced between March 18 and 21, 1944, whereas NVS emplaced on March 19 and partly covered IS. The
morphometric and physical parameters indicate that IS moved in a ‘tube’-like regime, whereas DS emplaced in a 'mobile crust'
regime. The IS to DS transition is marked by an increase in velocity and the flow rate, and by a decrease in thickness, width, cross
sectional area, and viscosity. This transition is due to an abrupt increase in the slope of the substratum. The estimated velocity
values are in good agreement with the measurements during the 1944 eruption. The analysis used here may be extended to other
lava flows. Some gravity flows (debris/mud flows, floods, and avalanches) have rheological properties and shapes similar to those
of lavas, and the same process-form relationships may apply to these flows. The approach used here may be therefore useful for
evaluating hazards from various gravity currents.
parameters of a lava flow erupted from the Somma–Vesuvius volcano in 1944. The downstream variation of morphometric
parameters including slope, aspect, relative relief, thickness, width, and cross sectional area is analyzed, and the changes in
viscosity, velocity and flow rate are estimated. The aims of the analyses are to recognize different flow surfaces, to reconstruct the
flow kinematics, and to obtain information on the mechanism of emplacement. The results indicate that the 1944 lava flow can be
divided in three sectors: a near vent sector (NVS) characterized by a toe-like surface, an intermediate sector (IS) with an ‘a’ātype
brittle surface, and a distal sector (DS) with a sheet-like ductile surface. Lateral leveés and channels do not occur in NVS, whereas
they are well developed in IS. In DS, leveés increase with an increasing distance from the vent. Fold-like surfaces occur in NVS
and DS, reflecting local shortening processes due to a decrease in the slope of the substratum and overflows from the main channel.
IS and DS emplaced between March 18 and 21, 1944, whereas NVS emplaced on March 19 and partly covered IS. The
morphometric and physical parameters indicate that IS moved in a ‘tube’-like regime, whereas DS emplaced in a 'mobile crust'
regime. The IS to DS transition is marked by an increase in velocity and the flow rate, and by a decrease in thickness, width, cross
sectional area, and viscosity. This transition is due to an abrupt increase in the slope of the substratum. The estimated velocity
values are in good agreement with the measurements during the 1944 eruption. The analysis used here may be extended to other
lava flows. Some gravity flows (debris/mud flows, floods, and avalanches) have rheological properties and shapes similar to those
of lavas, and the same process-form relationships may apply to these flows. The approach used here may be therefore useful for
evaluating hazards from various gravity currents.
References
Andronico, D., Cioni, R., Sulpizio, R., 1996. General stratigraphy of
the past 19,000 yrs at Somma–Vesuvius. In: Santacroce, R., Orsi,
G. (Eds.), Vesuvius Decade Volcano Workshop Handbook.
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, pp. 1–22.
Arnò, V., Principe, C., Rosi, M., Santacroce, R., Sbrana, A., Sheridan,
M.F., 1987. Eruptive history. In: Santacroce, R. (Ed.), Somma–
Vesuvius. Quaderni Ricerca Scientifica, Roma, pp. 53–103.
Bagdassarov, N., Pinkerton, H., 2004. Transient phenomena in
vesicular lava fows based on laboratory experiments with analogue
materials. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 132,
115–136.
Baloga, S.M., Glaze, L.S., Crisp, J.A., Stockman, S.A., 1998. New
statistics for estimating the bulk rheology of active lava flows: Puu
Oo examples. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 5133–5142.
Carabajal, C.C., Harding, D., Haugerud, R., 2005. Monitoring Mount
St. Helens activity by airborne and space-based laser altimetry
elevation measurements. American Geophysical Union EOS
Transactions 86 Fall Meet. Suppl., G53B-0888.
Carter, W.E., Shrestha, R., Tuell, G., Bloomquist, D., Sartori, M., 2001.
Airborne Laser Swath Mapping shines new light on Earth's
topography.American Geophysical Union EOS Transactions 82, 549.
Cashman, K.V., Kerr, R., Griffiths, R., 2005. A laboratory model of
surface crust formation and disruption on lava flows through nonuniform
channels. Bulletin of Volcanology 68, 753–770.
Dal Cin, C., Moens, L., Dierickx, Ph., Bastin, G., Zech, Y., 2005. An
integrated approach for realtime floodmap forecasting on the
Belgian Meuse River. Natural Hazards 36, 237–256.
Gamba, P., Houshmand, B., 2002. Joint analysis of SAR, LIDAR and
aerial imagery for simultaneous extraction of land cover, DTM and
3D shape of buildings. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23,
4439–4450.
Glenn, N.F., Streutker, D.R., Chadwick, J., Thackray, G.D., Dorsch, S.,
2006. Analysis of Lidar-derived topographic information for
characterizing and differentiating landslide morphology and activity.
Geomorphology 73, 131–148.
Gregg, T.K.P., Fink, J.H., 2000. A laboratory investigation into the
effects of slope on lava flow morphology. Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research 96, 145–159.
Gregg, T.K.P., Fink, J.H., Griffiths, R.W., 1998. Formation of multiple
fold generations on lava flow surfaces: Influence of strain cooling rate, and lava composition. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 80, 281–292.
Griffiths, R.W.,Kerr, R.C., Cashman,K.V., 2003. Patterns of solidification
in channel flows with surface cooling. Journal of Fluid Mechanics
496, 33–62.
Harris, A.J.L., Flynn, L.P.,Matías, O., Rose,W.I., Cornejo, J., 2004. The
evolution of an active silicic lava flow field: an ETM+perspective.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 135, 147–168.
Harris, A., Bailey, J., Calvari, S., Dehn, J., 2005. Heat Loss Measured
at a Lava Channel and its Implications for Down-Channel Cooling
and Rheology. In: Manga, M., Ventura, G. (Eds.), Kinematics and
Dynamics of Lava Flows. Geological Society of America Special
Paper, vol. 396, pp. 125–146.
Hofton, M.A., Blair, J.B., 2002. Laser altimeter return pulse
correlation: a method for detecting surface topographic change.
Journal of Geodynamics 34, 477–489.
Hofton, M.A., Malavassi, E., Blair, J.B., 2006. Quantifying recent
pyroclastic and lava flows at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, using
medium-footprint Lidar. Geophysical Research Letters 33,
L21306. doi:10.1029/2006GL027822.
Imbò, G., 1945. Il parossismo vesuviano delMarzo 1944. Rendiconti
Accademia Scienze. Fisiche e Matematiche di Napoli, vol. 13,
pp. 309–325.
Imbò, G., 1949. L'attività eruttiva vesuviana e relative osservazioni nel
corso dell'intervallo 1906–1944 ed in particolare del parossismo
del Marzo 1944. Annali Osservatorio Vesuviano 5, 185–380.
Irish, J.L., Lillycrop,W.J., 1999. Scanning laser mapping of the coastal
zone: the SHOALS system. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing 54, 123–129.
Kilburn, C.R.J., 2004. Fracturing as a quantitative indicator of lava
flow dynamics. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
132, 209–224.
Kilburn, C.R.J., Guest, J.E., 1993. ‘a’ā lavas of Mount Etna, Sicily. In:
Kilburn, C.R.J., Luongo, G. (Eds.), Active Lavas: Monitoring and
Modeling.UniversityCollege of London Press, London, pp. 73–106.
Lipman, P.W., Banks,N.G., 1987. Aa flow dynamics,Mauna Loa 1984. U.
S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, vol. 1350, pp. 1527–1567.
MacKay, M.E., Rowland, S.K., Mouginis-Mark, P.J., Garbeil, H.,
1998. Thick lava flows of Karisimbi Volcano, Rwanda: insights
from SIR-C interferometric topography. Bulletin of Volcanology
60, 239–251.
Marianelli, P.,Metrich,N., Sbrana,A., 1999. Shallowand deep reservoirs
involved in magma supply of the 1944 eruption ofVesuvius. Bulletin
of Volcanology 61, 48–63.
Mastin, L., Ghiorso, M.S, 2000. A numerical program for steady-state
flow of magma–gas mixtures through vertical eruptive conduits.
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000. 209 pp.
Mazzarini, F., Pareschi, M., Favalli, T., Isola, M., Tarquini, I.,
Boschi, S., 2005. Morphology of basaltic lava channels during
the Mt. Etna September 2004 eruption from airborne laser
altimeter data. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L04305.
doi:10.1029/2004GL021815.
Moore, I.D., Lewis,A.,Gallant, J.C., 1993. Terrain properties: estimation
methods and scale effects. In: Jakeman, A.J., Beck, M.B., McAleer,
M.J. (Eds.), Modeling Change in Environmental Systems. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 189–214.
Morgan, D.J., Blake, S., Rogers, N.W., DeVivo, B., Rolandi, G.,
Macdonald, R., Hawkesworthd, C.J., 2004. Time scales of crystal
residence and magma chamber volume from modelling of
diffusion profiles in phenocrysts: Vesuvius 1944. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 222, 933–946.
Mouginis-Mark, P., Garbeil, H., 2005. Quality of TOPSAR topographic
data for volcanology studies at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii:
an assessment using airborne Lidar data. Remote Sensing of
Environment 96, 149–164.
Oguchi, T., 1997. Drainage density and relative relief in humid steep
mountains with frequent slope failure. Earth Surface Processes and
Landforms 22, 107–120.
Oliver, M.A.,Webster, R., 1990. Kriging: a method of interpolation for
geographical information system. International Journal of Geographical
Information Systems 4, 313332.
Peitersen, M.N., Foote, M., Humphries, R., MacInnis, C., Mazie, I.,
Trump, D., Zimbelman, J.R., 2001. Geomorphometry of Ascraeus
Mons Flow: implications for MGS image interpretation. Lunar and
Planetary Science 32, 1472.
Pinkerton, H., Stevenson, R.J., 1992. Methods of determining the
rheological properties of magmas at sub-liquidus temperatures.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 53, 47–66.
Roering, J.J., Kirchner, J.W., Dietrich, W.E., 1999. Evidence for
nonlinear, diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications
for landscape morphology.Water Resources Research 35, 580–853.
Sakimoto, S.E.H., Gregg, T.K.P., 2001. Channeled flow: analytic
solutions, laboratory experiments, and applications to lava flows.
Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 8629–8648.
Sakimoto, S.E.H., Zuber, M.T., 1998. Flow and convective cooling in
lava tubes. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 27465–27487.
Santacroce, R. (Ed.), 1987. Somma–Vesuvius. Quaderni Ricerca
Scientifica, Roma. 243 pp.
Shrestha, R.L., Carter, W.E., Sartori, M., Luzum, B.J., Slatton, K.C.,
2005. Airborne laser swath mapping: Quantifying changes in
sandy beaches over time scales of weeks to years. ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 59, 222–232.
Streutker, D.R.,Glenn, N.F., 2006. Lidarmeasurement of sagebrush steppe
vegetation heights. Remote Sensing of Environment 102, 135–145.
Ventura, G., Vilardo, G., 2006. Tomomorphometry of the Somma–
Vesuvius volcano (Italy). Geophysical Research Letters 33,
L17305. doi:10.1029/2006GL027116.
Wilson, J.P., Gallant, J.C., 2000. Digital terrain analysis. In:Wilson, J.P.,
Gallant, J.C. (Eds.), Terrain Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New
York, pp. 1–27.
Woolard, J.W., Colby, D., 2002. Spatial characterization, resolution,
and volumetric change of coastal dunes using airborne Lidar.
Geomorphology 48, 269–287.
the past 19,000 yrs at Somma–Vesuvius. In: Santacroce, R., Orsi,
G. (Eds.), Vesuvius Decade Volcano Workshop Handbook.
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, pp. 1–22.
Arnò, V., Principe, C., Rosi, M., Santacroce, R., Sbrana, A., Sheridan,
M.F., 1987. Eruptive history. In: Santacroce, R. (Ed.), Somma–
Vesuvius. Quaderni Ricerca Scientifica, Roma, pp. 53–103.
Bagdassarov, N., Pinkerton, H., 2004. Transient phenomena in
vesicular lava fows based on laboratory experiments with analogue
materials. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 132,
115–136.
Baloga, S.M., Glaze, L.S., Crisp, J.A., Stockman, S.A., 1998. New
statistics for estimating the bulk rheology of active lava flows: Puu
Oo examples. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 5133–5142.
Carabajal, C.C., Harding, D., Haugerud, R., 2005. Monitoring Mount
St. Helens activity by airborne and space-based laser altimetry
elevation measurements. American Geophysical Union EOS
Transactions 86 Fall Meet. Suppl., G53B-0888.
Carter, W.E., Shrestha, R., Tuell, G., Bloomquist, D., Sartori, M., 2001.
Airborne Laser Swath Mapping shines new light on Earth's
topography.American Geophysical Union EOS Transactions 82, 549.
Cashman, K.V., Kerr, R., Griffiths, R., 2005. A laboratory model of
surface crust formation and disruption on lava flows through nonuniform
channels. Bulletin of Volcanology 68, 753–770.
Dal Cin, C., Moens, L., Dierickx, Ph., Bastin, G., Zech, Y., 2005. An
integrated approach for realtime floodmap forecasting on the
Belgian Meuse River. Natural Hazards 36, 237–256.
Gamba, P., Houshmand, B., 2002. Joint analysis of SAR, LIDAR and
aerial imagery for simultaneous extraction of land cover, DTM and
3D shape of buildings. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23,
4439–4450.
Glenn, N.F., Streutker, D.R., Chadwick, J., Thackray, G.D., Dorsch, S.,
2006. Analysis of Lidar-derived topographic information for
characterizing and differentiating landslide morphology and activity.
Geomorphology 73, 131–148.
Gregg, T.K.P., Fink, J.H., 2000. A laboratory investigation into the
effects of slope on lava flow morphology. Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research 96, 145–159.
Gregg, T.K.P., Fink, J.H., Griffiths, R.W., 1998. Formation of multiple
fold generations on lava flow surfaces: Influence of strain cooling rate, and lava composition. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 80, 281–292.
Griffiths, R.W.,Kerr, R.C., Cashman,K.V., 2003. Patterns of solidification
in channel flows with surface cooling. Journal of Fluid Mechanics
496, 33–62.
Harris, A.J.L., Flynn, L.P.,Matías, O., Rose,W.I., Cornejo, J., 2004. The
evolution of an active silicic lava flow field: an ETM+perspective.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 135, 147–168.
Harris, A., Bailey, J., Calvari, S., Dehn, J., 2005. Heat Loss Measured
at a Lava Channel and its Implications for Down-Channel Cooling
and Rheology. In: Manga, M., Ventura, G. (Eds.), Kinematics and
Dynamics of Lava Flows. Geological Society of America Special
Paper, vol. 396, pp. 125–146.
Hofton, M.A., Blair, J.B., 2002. Laser altimeter return pulse
correlation: a method for detecting surface topographic change.
Journal of Geodynamics 34, 477–489.
Hofton, M.A., Malavassi, E., Blair, J.B., 2006. Quantifying recent
pyroclastic and lava flows at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, using
medium-footprint Lidar. Geophysical Research Letters 33,
L21306. doi:10.1029/2006GL027822.
Imbò, G., 1945. Il parossismo vesuviano delMarzo 1944. Rendiconti
Accademia Scienze. Fisiche e Matematiche di Napoli, vol. 13,
pp. 309–325.
Imbò, G., 1949. L'attività eruttiva vesuviana e relative osservazioni nel
corso dell'intervallo 1906–1944 ed in particolare del parossismo
del Marzo 1944. Annali Osservatorio Vesuviano 5, 185–380.
Irish, J.L., Lillycrop,W.J., 1999. Scanning laser mapping of the coastal
zone: the SHOALS system. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing 54, 123–129.
Kilburn, C.R.J., 2004. Fracturing as a quantitative indicator of lava
flow dynamics. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
132, 209–224.
Kilburn, C.R.J., Guest, J.E., 1993. ‘a’ā lavas of Mount Etna, Sicily. In:
Kilburn, C.R.J., Luongo, G. (Eds.), Active Lavas: Monitoring and
Modeling.UniversityCollege of London Press, London, pp. 73–106.
Lipman, P.W., Banks,N.G., 1987. Aa flow dynamics,Mauna Loa 1984. U.
S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, vol. 1350, pp. 1527–1567.
MacKay, M.E., Rowland, S.K., Mouginis-Mark, P.J., Garbeil, H.,
1998. Thick lava flows of Karisimbi Volcano, Rwanda: insights
from SIR-C interferometric topography. Bulletin of Volcanology
60, 239–251.
Marianelli, P.,Metrich,N., Sbrana,A., 1999. Shallowand deep reservoirs
involved in magma supply of the 1944 eruption ofVesuvius. Bulletin
of Volcanology 61, 48–63.
Mastin, L., Ghiorso, M.S, 2000. A numerical program for steady-state
flow of magma–gas mixtures through vertical eruptive conduits.
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000. 209 pp.
Mazzarini, F., Pareschi, M., Favalli, T., Isola, M., Tarquini, I.,
Boschi, S., 2005. Morphology of basaltic lava channels during
the Mt. Etna September 2004 eruption from airborne laser
altimeter data. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L04305.
doi:10.1029/2004GL021815.
Moore, I.D., Lewis,A.,Gallant, J.C., 1993. Terrain properties: estimation
methods and scale effects. In: Jakeman, A.J., Beck, M.B., McAleer,
M.J. (Eds.), Modeling Change in Environmental Systems. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 189–214.
Morgan, D.J., Blake, S., Rogers, N.W., DeVivo, B., Rolandi, G.,
Macdonald, R., Hawkesworthd, C.J., 2004. Time scales of crystal
residence and magma chamber volume from modelling of
diffusion profiles in phenocrysts: Vesuvius 1944. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 222, 933–946.
Mouginis-Mark, P., Garbeil, H., 2005. Quality of TOPSAR topographic
data for volcanology studies at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii:
an assessment using airborne Lidar data. Remote Sensing of
Environment 96, 149–164.
Oguchi, T., 1997. Drainage density and relative relief in humid steep
mountains with frequent slope failure. Earth Surface Processes and
Landforms 22, 107–120.
Oliver, M.A.,Webster, R., 1990. Kriging: a method of interpolation for
geographical information system. International Journal of Geographical
Information Systems 4, 313332.
Peitersen, M.N., Foote, M., Humphries, R., MacInnis, C., Mazie, I.,
Trump, D., Zimbelman, J.R., 2001. Geomorphometry of Ascraeus
Mons Flow: implications for MGS image interpretation. Lunar and
Planetary Science 32, 1472.
Pinkerton, H., Stevenson, R.J., 1992. Methods of determining the
rheological properties of magmas at sub-liquidus temperatures.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 53, 47–66.
Roering, J.J., Kirchner, J.W., Dietrich, W.E., 1999. Evidence for
nonlinear, diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications
for landscape morphology.Water Resources Research 35, 580–853.
Sakimoto, S.E.H., Gregg, T.K.P., 2001. Channeled flow: analytic
solutions, laboratory experiments, and applications to lava flows.
Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 8629–8648.
Sakimoto, S.E.H., Zuber, M.T., 1998. Flow and convective cooling in
lava tubes. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 27465–27487.
Santacroce, R. (Ed.), 1987. Somma–Vesuvius. Quaderni Ricerca
Scientifica, Roma. 243 pp.
Shrestha, R.L., Carter, W.E., Sartori, M., Luzum, B.J., Slatton, K.C.,
2005. Airborne laser swath mapping: Quantifying changes in
sandy beaches over time scales of weeks to years. ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 59, 222–232.
Streutker, D.R.,Glenn, N.F., 2006. Lidarmeasurement of sagebrush steppe
vegetation heights. Remote Sensing of Environment 102, 135–145.
Ventura, G., Vilardo, G., 2006. Tomomorphometry of the Somma–
Vesuvius volcano (Italy). Geophysical Research Letters 33,
L17305. doi:10.1029/2006GL027116.
Wilson, J.P., Gallant, J.C., 2000. Digital terrain analysis. In:Wilson, J.P.,
Gallant, J.C. (Eds.), Terrain Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New
York, pp. 1–27.
Woolard, J.W., Colby, D., 2002. Spatial characterization, resolution,
and volumetric change of coastal dunes using airborne Lidar.
Geomorphology 48, 269–287.
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