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Pyroclastic density currents resulting from the interaction of basaltic magma with hydrothermally altered rock: an example from the 2006 summit eruptions of Mount Etna, Italy
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/70 (2008)
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Pages (printed)
1249–1268
Issued date
January 31, 2008
Alternative Location
Subjects
Abstract
Abstract After 16 months of quiescence, Mount Etna began to erupt again in mid-July 2006. The activity was
concentrated at and around the Southeast Crater (SEC), one of the four craters on the summit of Etna, and eruptive
activity continued intermittently for 5 months. During this period, numerous vents displayed a wide range of eruptive
styles at different times. Virtually all explosive activities took place at vents at the summit of the SEC and on its
flanks. Eruptive episodes, which lasted from 1 day to 2 weeks, became shorter and more violent with time.
Volcanic activity at these vents was often accompanied by dramatic mass-wasting processes such as collapse of parts
of the cone, highly unusual flowage processes involving both old rocks and fresh magmatic material, and magma–
water interaction. The most dramatic events took place on 16 November, when numerous rockfalls and pyroclastic
density currents (PDCs) were generated during the opening of a large fracture on the SE flank of the SEC cone. The
largest PDCs were clearly triggered explosively, and there is evidence that much of the energy was generated during
the interaction of intruding magma with wet rocks on the cone’s flanks. The most mobile PDCs traveled up to 1 km
from their source. This previously unknown process on Etna may not be unique on this volcano and is likely
to have taken place on other volcanoes. It represents a newly recognized hazard to those who visit and work in the
vicinity of the summit of Etna.
concentrated at and around the Southeast Crater (SEC), one of the four craters on the summit of Etna, and eruptive
activity continued intermittently for 5 months. During this period, numerous vents displayed a wide range of eruptive
styles at different times. Virtually all explosive activities took place at vents at the summit of the SEC and on its
flanks. Eruptive episodes, which lasted from 1 day to 2 weeks, became shorter and more violent with time.
Volcanic activity at these vents was often accompanied by dramatic mass-wasting processes such as collapse of parts
of the cone, highly unusual flowage processes involving both old rocks and fresh magmatic material, and magma–
water interaction. The most dramatic events took place on 16 November, when numerous rockfalls and pyroclastic
density currents (PDCs) were generated during the opening of a large fracture on the SE flank of the SEC cone. The
largest PDCs were clearly triggered explosively, and there is evidence that much of the energy was generated during
the interaction of intruding magma with wet rocks on the cone’s flanks. The most mobile PDCs traveled up to 1 km
from their source. This previously unknown process on Etna may not be unique on this volcano and is likely
to have taken place on other volcanoes. It represents a newly recognized hazard to those who visit and work in the
vicinity of the summit of Etna.
Sponsors
A part of this research was funded by the
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and by the
Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italy).
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and by the
Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italy).
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j.jvolgeores.2004.05.014
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RA, Del Carlo P, Garfì G, Lodato L, Miraglia L, Muré F, Neri M,
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study of the 2002–03 Etna eruption: insights for into
a complex plumbing system. Bull Volcanol 67:314–330, DOI
10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8
Aubert M (1999) Practical evaluation of steady heat discharge from
dormant active volcanoes: case study of Vulcarolo fissure (Mount
Etna, Italy). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 92:413–429, DOI 10.1016/
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003-0274-1
Behncke B, Neri M, Carniel R (2003) An exceptional case of
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the 1999 Bocca Nuova eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy). J Volcanol
Geotherm Res 24:115–128, DOI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00072-6
Behncke B, Neri M, Nagay (2005) Lava flow hazard at Mount Etna
(Italy): new data from a GIS-based study. In: Manga M, Ventura G
(eds) Kinematics and dynamics of lava flows. Geological Society of
America Special Paper 396:189–209, DOI 10.1130/2005.2396(13)
Behncke B, Neri M, Pecora E, Zanon V (2006) The exceptional
activity and growth of the Southeast Crater, Mount Etna (Italy),
between 1996 and 2001. Bull Volcanol 69:149–173, DOI 10.1007/
s00445-006-0061-x
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