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Instabilities in the summit region of Mount Etna during the 1999 eruption
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/63(2002)
Pages (printed)
526-535
Issued date
2002
Abstract
During the 1999 eruption of Mount Etna,
Sicily, the summit of the volcano changed dramatically.
Lavas erupted from a fissure on the southern flank of SE
Cone formed a large compound flow field that buried a
substantial part of the northern wall of Valle del Bove
and the ground between there and SE Cone. Hot mass
flow deposits formed on the eastern and western flanks
of the Chasm following a period of intense Strombolian
activity. At the same time, a new vent opened on the
southern flank of SE Cone and there was a major rockfall
from its summit. Seven weeks later, part of the outer
western rim of Bocca Nuova crater collapsed during another
period of intense Strombolian activity, and lava
emerged at a high effusion rate through the breached crater
wall. Following a subsequent collapse of the Bocca
Nuova crater rim, a hot avalanche flowed a few hundred
metres on top of the previous lava flow field. Similar deposits
have been described on other volcanoes, but their
importance in the evolution of the summit of Etna has
not previously been recognised.
Sicily, the summit of the volcano changed dramatically.
Lavas erupted from a fissure on the southern flank of SE
Cone formed a large compound flow field that buried a
substantial part of the northern wall of Valle del Bove
and the ground between there and SE Cone. Hot mass
flow deposits formed on the eastern and western flanks
of the Chasm following a period of intense Strombolian
activity. At the same time, a new vent opened on the
southern flank of SE Cone and there was a major rockfall
from its summit. Seven weeks later, part of the outer
western rim of Bocca Nuova crater collapsed during another
period of intense Strombolian activity, and lava
emerged at a high effusion rate through the breached crater
wall. Following a subsequent collapse of the Bocca
Nuova crater rim, a hot avalanche flowed a few hundred
metres on top of the previous lava flow field. Similar deposits
have been described on other volcanoes, but their
importance in the evolution of the summit of Etna has
not previously been recognised.
Sponsors
grant from the commission of the European Communities underthe Fourth Framework Programme, Environment and Climate, Contract ENV4-CT97-0713
References
Behncke B, Tanguy JC (1999) Summary of June–September activity;
powerful eruption from the Voragine on 4 September. Bull
Global Volcan Network 24:3–7
Bertagnini A, Calvari S, Coltelli M, Landi P, Pompilio M,
Scribano V (1990) The 1989 eruptive sequence. In: Mt Etna:
the 1989 eruption. CNR, Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia,
Pisa, pp 10–22
Booth B, Walker GPL (1973) Ash deposits from the new explosion
crater, Etna 1971. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 274A:
147–151
Calvari S, Coltelli M, Müller W, Pompilio M, Scribano V (1994)
Eruptive history of south-eastern crater of Mount Etna, from
1971 to 1994. Acta Vulcanol 5:11–14
Calvari S, Müller W, Scribano V (1995) Major morphology
changes and eruptive activity of Bocca Nuova crater (Mt Etna)
from 1988 to 1994. Periodico Mineral 64:113–114
Calvari S, Müller W, Scribano V (1998) Eruptive activity and
morphology evolution of Bocca Nuova, one of the four of
Etna’s summit craters, from 1988 to 1995. Acta Vulcanol
10:27–31
Calvari S, Neri M, Pinkerton H (2001) Effusion rate estimations
during the 1999 summit eruption on Mt Etna and growth of
two distinct lava flow fields. (in press)
Chester DK, Duncan AM, Guest JE, Kilburn CRJ (1985) Mount
Etna – the anatomy of a volcano. Chapman and Hall, London
Coltelli M, Del Carlo P, Vezzoli L (1998) Discovery of a Plinian
basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna volcano, Italy. Geology
26:1095–1098
De Fiore O (1911) Il periodo Hawai’iano dell’Etna nel
1910–1911. Riv Geogr It 18:205–213
Falsaperla S, Privitera E, Chouet B, Dawson P (2001) Analysis of
long period events recorded at Mount Etna (Italy) in 1992, and
their relationship to eruptive activity. J Volcanol Geotherm
Res (in press)
Guest JE (1973) The summit of Mt Etna prior to the 1971 eruptions.
Phil Trans R Soc Lond 274A:63–78
Gutmann JT (1979) Structure and eruptive cycle of cinder cones in
the Pinacate volcanic field and the controls of Strombolian activity.
J Geol 87:448–454
Hunter G, Pinkerton H, Airey R, Calvari S (2001) The application
of a long range laser scanner for monitoring volcanic activity
on Mount Etna (Abstr). EUG XI, April 2001
McGetchin TR, Settle M, Chouet BA (1974) Cinder cone growth
modelled after northeast crater, Mount Etna, Sicily. J Geophys
Res 79:3257–3272
McGuire WJ, Jones AP, Neuberg J (eds) (1996) Volcano instability
on the Earth and other planets. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 110
Murray JB (1980a) The Bocca Nuova: its history and possible
causes of the 12 September 1979 explosion. UK Res Mount
Etna, 1977–1979, Philos Trans R Soc Lond 274A:46–49
Murray JB (1980b) Changes in the North-east Crater region
1976–78. UK Res Mount Etna, 1977–1979, Philos Trans R
Soc Lond 274A:37–43
Murray JB (1980c) Map of the summit area of Mt Etna in September
1978. UK Res Mount Etna, 1977–1979, Philos Trans R
Soc Lond 274A:33–37
Murray JB (1988) The influence of loading by lavas on the siting
of volcanic eruption vents on Mt Etna. J Volcanol Geotherm
Res 35:121–139
Pinkerton H (1987) Factors affecting the morphology of lava
flows. Endeavour 11:73–80
Principe C, Rosi M, Santacroce R, Sbrana A (1987) Explanatory
notes to the geological map. In: Somma-Vesuvius. Quaderni
de ‘La Ricerca Scientifica’, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,
Roma, pp 11–51
535
Rittmann A (1931) Der ausbruch des Stromboli am 11 September
1930. Z Vulkanol 14:47–77
Rittmann A, Romano R, Sturiale C (1971) L’eruzione Etnea
dell’aprile-giugno 1971. Atti Acc Gioenia Sc Nat Catania
7:1–32
Roche O, van Wyk de Vries B, Druitt TH (2000) Sub-surface
structures and collapse mechanisms of summit pit craters.
J Volcanol Geotherm Res, (in press)
Rymer H, van Wyk de Vries B, Stix J, William-Jones G (1998) Pit
crater structure and processes governing persistent activity at
Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua. Bull Volcanol 59:345–355
Sumner JM (1998) Formation of clastogenic lava flows during fissure
eruption and scoria cone collapse: the 1986 eruption of
Izu-Oshima Volcano, eastern Japan. Bull Volcanol 60:195–212
van Wyk de Vries B, Kerle N, Petley D (2000) A sector collapse
forming at Casita volcano, Nicaragua. Geology 28:167–170
Voight B, Constantine EK, Siswowidjoyo S, Torley R (2000) Historical
eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia,
1768–1998. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 100:69–138
Wolfe EW, Neal CA, Banks NG, Duggan TJ (1988) Geologic observations
and chronology of eruptive events, the Pu’u ‘O’o
eruption of Kilauea Volcano, episodes 1 through 20, January,
1983 through June 8, 1984. US Geophys Survey Prof Pap
1463:1–97
Yamagishi H (1996) Destructive mass movements associated with
Quaternary volcanoes in Hokkaido, Japan. In: McGuire WJ,
Jones AP, Neuberg J (eds) Volcano instability on the Earth and
other planets. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 110:267–279
powerful eruption from the Voragine on 4 September. Bull
Global Volcan Network 24:3–7
Bertagnini A, Calvari S, Coltelli M, Landi P, Pompilio M,
Scribano V (1990) The 1989 eruptive sequence. In: Mt Etna:
the 1989 eruption. CNR, Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia,
Pisa, pp 10–22
Booth B, Walker GPL (1973) Ash deposits from the new explosion
crater, Etna 1971. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 274A:
147–151
Calvari S, Coltelli M, Müller W, Pompilio M, Scribano V (1994)
Eruptive history of south-eastern crater of Mount Etna, from
1971 to 1994. Acta Vulcanol 5:11–14
Calvari S, Müller W, Scribano V (1995) Major morphology
changes and eruptive activity of Bocca Nuova crater (Mt Etna)
from 1988 to 1994. Periodico Mineral 64:113–114
Calvari S, Müller W, Scribano V (1998) Eruptive activity and
morphology evolution of Bocca Nuova, one of the four of
Etna’s summit craters, from 1988 to 1995. Acta Vulcanol
10:27–31
Calvari S, Neri M, Pinkerton H (2001) Effusion rate estimations
during the 1999 summit eruption on Mt Etna and growth of
two distinct lava flow fields. (in press)
Chester DK, Duncan AM, Guest JE, Kilburn CRJ (1985) Mount
Etna – the anatomy of a volcano. Chapman and Hall, London
Coltelli M, Del Carlo P, Vezzoli L (1998) Discovery of a Plinian
basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna volcano, Italy. Geology
26:1095–1098
De Fiore O (1911) Il periodo Hawai’iano dell’Etna nel
1910–1911. Riv Geogr It 18:205–213
Falsaperla S, Privitera E, Chouet B, Dawson P (2001) Analysis of
long period events recorded at Mount Etna (Italy) in 1992, and
their relationship to eruptive activity. J Volcanol Geotherm
Res (in press)
Guest JE (1973) The summit of Mt Etna prior to the 1971 eruptions.
Phil Trans R Soc Lond 274A:63–78
Gutmann JT (1979) Structure and eruptive cycle of cinder cones in
the Pinacate volcanic field and the controls of Strombolian activity.
J Geol 87:448–454
Hunter G, Pinkerton H, Airey R, Calvari S (2001) The application
of a long range laser scanner for monitoring volcanic activity
on Mount Etna (Abstr). EUG XI, April 2001
McGetchin TR, Settle M, Chouet BA (1974) Cinder cone growth
modelled after northeast crater, Mount Etna, Sicily. J Geophys
Res 79:3257–3272
McGuire WJ, Jones AP, Neuberg J (eds) (1996) Volcano instability
on the Earth and other planets. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 110
Murray JB (1980a) The Bocca Nuova: its history and possible
causes of the 12 September 1979 explosion. UK Res Mount
Etna, 1977–1979, Philos Trans R Soc Lond 274A:46–49
Murray JB (1980b) Changes in the North-east Crater region
1976–78. UK Res Mount Etna, 1977–1979, Philos Trans R
Soc Lond 274A:37–43
Murray JB (1980c) Map of the summit area of Mt Etna in September
1978. UK Res Mount Etna, 1977–1979, Philos Trans R
Soc Lond 274A:33–37
Murray JB (1988) The influence of loading by lavas on the siting
of volcanic eruption vents on Mt Etna. J Volcanol Geotherm
Res 35:121–139
Pinkerton H (1987) Factors affecting the morphology of lava
flows. Endeavour 11:73–80
Principe C, Rosi M, Santacroce R, Sbrana A (1987) Explanatory
notes to the geological map. In: Somma-Vesuvius. Quaderni
de ‘La Ricerca Scientifica’, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,
Roma, pp 11–51
535
Rittmann A (1931) Der ausbruch des Stromboli am 11 September
1930. Z Vulkanol 14:47–77
Rittmann A, Romano R, Sturiale C (1971) L’eruzione Etnea
dell’aprile-giugno 1971. Atti Acc Gioenia Sc Nat Catania
7:1–32
Roche O, van Wyk de Vries B, Druitt TH (2000) Sub-surface
structures and collapse mechanisms of summit pit craters.
J Volcanol Geotherm Res, (in press)
Rymer H, van Wyk de Vries B, Stix J, William-Jones G (1998) Pit
crater structure and processes governing persistent activity at
Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua. Bull Volcanol 59:345–355
Sumner JM (1998) Formation of clastogenic lava flows during fissure
eruption and scoria cone collapse: the 1986 eruption of
Izu-Oshima Volcano, eastern Japan. Bull Volcanol 60:195–212
van Wyk de Vries B, Kerle N, Petley D (2000) A sector collapse
forming at Casita volcano, Nicaragua. Geology 28:167–170
Voight B, Constantine EK, Siswowidjoyo S, Torley R (2000) Historical
eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia,
1768–1998. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 100:69–138
Wolfe EW, Neal CA, Banks NG, Duggan TJ (1988) Geologic observations
and chronology of eruptive events, the Pu’u ‘O’o
eruption of Kilauea Volcano, episodes 1 through 20, January,
1983 through June 8, 1984. US Geophys Survey Prof Pap
1463:1–97
Yamagishi H (1996) Destructive mass movements associated with
Quaternary volcanoes in Hokkaido, Japan. In: McGuire WJ,
Jones AP, Neuberg J (eds) Volcano instability on the Earth and
other planets. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 110:267–279
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