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A new method for sampling fumarolic gases: analysis of major, minor and metallic trace elements with ammonia solutions
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/ 158 (2006)
Publisher
Agu
Pages (printed)
244-256
Issued date
2006
Alternative Location
Abstract
A new method using ammonia solutions in pre-evacuated quartz bottles has been experimented for volcanic gas sampling and
analysing. Various tests (reproducibility, variability and comparison with known methods such as NaOH pre-evacuated bottles and acid
condensates) have been performed to check for their efficiency. By using ammonia solutions, acid gases (St, HCl, HF), carbon dioxide,
noncondensible gases (N2, Ar, …) and metallic trace elements (MTE) can be measured with standard methods (HPLC, GC, titrimetry,
ICP-MS).
Results showthat acid gases, CO2 and noncondensible gases are sampled and analysedwith similar efficiency inNH4OHbottles than
by using the known and accurate NaOH method.Moreover, a key point is that NH4OH solutions, after undergoing adequate processing
(oxidation and acidification) allow also precise MTE measurements by using standard ICP-MS methods. Such MTE measurements
appear much more reliable than those performed on acid condensates.
Pre-evacuated ammonia bottles appear therefore as an optimum tool to collect volcanic gases and to obtain their complete chemical
composition.
analysing. Various tests (reproducibility, variability and comparison with known methods such as NaOH pre-evacuated bottles and acid
condensates) have been performed to check for their efficiency. By using ammonia solutions, acid gases (St, HCl, HF), carbon dioxide,
noncondensible gases (N2, Ar, …) and metallic trace elements (MTE) can be measured with standard methods (HPLC, GC, titrimetry,
ICP-MS).
Results showthat acid gases, CO2 and noncondensible gases are sampled and analysedwith similar efficiency inNH4OHbottles than
by using the known and accurate NaOH method.Moreover, a key point is that NH4OH solutions, after undergoing adequate processing
(oxidation and acidification) allow also precise MTE measurements by using standard ICP-MS methods. Such MTE measurements
appear much more reliable than those performed on acid condensates.
Pre-evacuated ammonia bottles appear therefore as an optimum tool to collect volcanic gases and to obtain their complete chemical
composition.
References
Africano, F., 2004. Reactive processes during the discharge of high
temperature volcanic gases., PhD. Thesis. Universite Libre de
Bruxelles.
Bichler, M., Sortino, F., 1995a. 7LiOH solution—a suitable reagent to
collect volcanic gas samples for NAA. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.
199, 365–374.
Bichler, M., Sortino, F., 1995b. Determination and speciation of minor
and trace elements in volcanic exhalations by NAA. J. Radioanal.
Nucl. Chem. 192, 183–194.
Bichler, M., Sortino, F., 1996. Application of Tris(hydroxymethyl)
aminomethane and 7LiOH solution for collecting volcanic gas samples
for neutron activation analysis. J. TraceMicroprobe Tech. 14, 275–284.
Bichler,M., Sortino, F., 1997. Freeze dried samples gases—a newmethod
for the determination of trace elements by NAA. Radiochim. Acta 78,
177–180.
Bichler, M., Pelz, C., Sortino, F., 1999.Acomparison of new techniques for
the determination of minor and trace elements in volcanic gases by
NAA. Czechoslov. J. Phys. 49 (suppl. S1).
Bolognesi, L., D'Amore, F., 1993. Isotopic variation of the hydrothermal
system on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57,
2069–2082.
Capasso, G., D'Alessandro, W., Favara, R., Inguaggiato, S., Parello, F.,
2001. Interactions between the deep fluids and the shallow groundwaters
on Vulcano Island (Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 108,
187–198.
Chiodini, G., Cioni, R., Marini, L., 1993. Reactions governing the
chemistry of crater fumaroles fromVulcano Island, and implications for
volcanic surveillance. Appl. Geochem. 8, 357–371.
Chiodini, G., Cioni, R., Marini, L., Panichi, C., 1995. Origin of the
fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy and implications for volcanic
surveillance. Bull. Volocanol. 57, 99–110.
Evans, E.H., Giglio, J.J., 1993. Interferences in Inductively Coupled
Plasma Mass Spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8, 1–18.
Fischer, T.P., Shuttleworth, S., O'Day, P.A., 1998. Determination of trace
and platinum-group elements in high ionic strength volcanic fluids by
sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
J. Anal. Chem. 362, 457–464.
Gemmel, B.J., 1987. Geochemistry of metallic trace elements in fumarolic
condensates from Nicaraguan and Costa-Rican volcanoes. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 33, 161–181.
Giggenbach,W.F., 1975.Asimplemethod for the collection and analysis of
volcanic gas samples. Bull. Volocanol. 39, 132–145.
Giggenbach,W.F.,Matsuo, S., 1991. Evaluation of results from second and
third IAVCEI field workshop on volcanic gases, Mt Usu, Japan, and
White Island, New-Zealand. Appl. Geochem. 6, 125–141.
Giggenbach,W.F., Tedesco, D., Sulistiyo, Y., Caprai, A., Cioni, R., Favara,
R., Fischer, T.P., Hirabayashi, J.I., Korzhinsky, M., Martini, M.,
Menyailov, I., Shinohara, H., 2001. Evaluation of results from the
fourth and fifth IAVCEI field workshop on volcanic gases, Vulcano
Island, Italy, and Java, Indonesia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 108,
157–172.
Goff, F., McMurtry, G.M., 2000. Tritium and stable isotopes of magmatic
waters. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 97, 347–396.
Goff, F., Janik, C.J., Delgado, H., Werner, C., Counce, D., Stimac, J.A.,
Siebe, C., Love, S.P., Williams, S.N., Fischer, T.P., Johnson, L., 1998.
Geochemical surveillance of magmatic volatiles at Popocatepetl
volcano, Mexico. G.S.A. Bull. 110, 695–710.
Greenland, L.P., Aruscavage, P., 1986. Volcanic emission of Se, Te, and As
from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 27,
195–201.
Jarvis, K.E., Gray, A.L., Houk, R.S., 1992. Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry. Blackie, New-York. 380 pp.
Keller, J., 1980. The island of Vulcano, in the Aeolian islands—an active
volcanic arc in the Mediterranean sea. In: Villari, L. (Ed.), Rendiconti
della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, pp. 369–414.
Le Guern, F., Bernard, A., 1982. A new method for sampling and
analysing volcanic sublimates — application to Merapi volcano,
Java. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 12, 133–146.
May, T.W.,Wiedmeyer, R.H., 1998. A table of polyatomic interferences in
ICP-MS. At. Spectr. 19, 150–155.
Piccardi, G., 1982. Fumarole gas collection and analysis. Bull. Volocanol.
45, 257–260.
Quisefit, J.P., Bergametti, G., Tedesco, D., Pinart, J., Colin, J.L., 1988.
Origin of particulate potassium in Mt Etna emissions before and during
the 1983 eruption. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 35, 111–119.
Quisefit, J.P., Toutain, J.P., Bergametti, G., Javoy,M., Cheynet, B., Person,
A., 1989. Evolution versus cooling of gaseous volcanic emissions from Momotombo volcano, Nicaragua: thermochemical model and observations.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 118–124.
Shevenell, L., Goff, F., 2000. Temporal geochemical variations in volatile
emissions from Mount St Helens, USA, 1980–1994. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 99, 123–138.
Sortino, F., Inguaggiato, S., Francofonte, S., 1991. Determination of HF,
HCl, and total sulfur in fumarolic fluids by ion chromatography. Acta
Vulcanol. 1, 89–91.
Symonds, R.B., 1993. Scanning electron microprobe observations of
sublimates fromMerapi volcano, Indonesia.Geochem. J. 26, 337–350.
Symonds, R.B., Rose, W.I., Reed, M.H., Lichte, F.E., Finnegan, D.L.,
1987. Volatilization, transport and sublimation of metallic and nonmetallic
elements in high temperature gases at Merapi volcano,
Indonesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 2083–2101.
Taran, Y.A., Hedenquist, J.W., Korzhinsky, M.A., Tkachenko, S.I.,
Shmulovich, K.I., 1995. Geochemistry of magmatic gases from
Kudryavy volcano, Iturup, Kuril Islands. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
59 (9), 1749–1761.
Toutain, J.P., 1987. Contribution à l'étude des sublimés volcaniques.
Minéralogie, géochimie, thermodynamique. Exemples du Momotombo,
du Piton de la Fournaise et du Poas., Paris.
Toutain, J.P.,Quisefit, J.P., Briole, P.,Aloupogiannis, P., Robaye,G., Blanc,
P., 1995. Mineralogy and chemistry of solid aerosols emitted from
Mount Etna. Geochem. J. 29, 163–173.
Toutain, J.P., Polve, M., Priatna, P., Sulisto, Y., Mourot, P. 2000. A
methodology for gas monitoring at Merapi Volcano., A methodology
for gas monitoring at Merapi Volcano. in Secondary, Bali (Indonésia).
Vanhoe, H., Goossens, J., Moens, L., Dams, R., 1994. Spectral
Interferences Encountered in the Analysis of Biological Materials by
InductivelyCoupled PlasmaMass Spectrometry. J.Anal.At. Spectrom.
9, 177–185.
Voight, B., Constantine, E.K., Siswowidjoyo, S., Torley, R., 2000.
Historical eruptions of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia,
1768–1998. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 100, 69–138.
temperature volcanic gases., PhD. Thesis. Universite Libre de
Bruxelles.
Bichler, M., Sortino, F., 1995a. 7LiOH solution—a suitable reagent to
collect volcanic gas samples for NAA. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.
199, 365–374.
Bichler, M., Sortino, F., 1995b. Determination and speciation of minor
and trace elements in volcanic exhalations by NAA. J. Radioanal.
Nucl. Chem. 192, 183–194.
Bichler, M., Sortino, F., 1996. Application of Tris(hydroxymethyl)
aminomethane and 7LiOH solution for collecting volcanic gas samples
for neutron activation analysis. J. TraceMicroprobe Tech. 14, 275–284.
Bichler,M., Sortino, F., 1997. Freeze dried samples gases—a newmethod
for the determination of trace elements by NAA. Radiochim. Acta 78,
177–180.
Bichler, M., Pelz, C., Sortino, F., 1999.Acomparison of new techniques for
the determination of minor and trace elements in volcanic gases by
NAA. Czechoslov. J. Phys. 49 (suppl. S1).
Bolognesi, L., D'Amore, F., 1993. Isotopic variation of the hydrothermal
system on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57,
2069–2082.
Capasso, G., D'Alessandro, W., Favara, R., Inguaggiato, S., Parello, F.,
2001. Interactions between the deep fluids and the shallow groundwaters
on Vulcano Island (Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 108,
187–198.
Chiodini, G., Cioni, R., Marini, L., 1993. Reactions governing the
chemistry of crater fumaroles fromVulcano Island, and implications for
volcanic surveillance. Appl. Geochem. 8, 357–371.
Chiodini, G., Cioni, R., Marini, L., Panichi, C., 1995. Origin of the
fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy and implications for volcanic
surveillance. Bull. Volocanol. 57, 99–110.
Evans, E.H., Giglio, J.J., 1993. Interferences in Inductively Coupled
Plasma Mass Spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8, 1–18.
Fischer, T.P., Shuttleworth, S., O'Day, P.A., 1998. Determination of trace
and platinum-group elements in high ionic strength volcanic fluids by
sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
J. Anal. Chem. 362, 457–464.
Gemmel, B.J., 1987. Geochemistry of metallic trace elements in fumarolic
condensates from Nicaraguan and Costa-Rican volcanoes. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 33, 161–181.
Giggenbach,W.F., 1975.Asimplemethod for the collection and analysis of
volcanic gas samples. Bull. Volocanol. 39, 132–145.
Giggenbach,W.F.,Matsuo, S., 1991. Evaluation of results from second and
third IAVCEI field workshop on volcanic gases, Mt Usu, Japan, and
White Island, New-Zealand. Appl. Geochem. 6, 125–141.
Giggenbach,W.F., Tedesco, D., Sulistiyo, Y., Caprai, A., Cioni, R., Favara,
R., Fischer, T.P., Hirabayashi, J.I., Korzhinsky, M., Martini, M.,
Menyailov, I., Shinohara, H., 2001. Evaluation of results from the
fourth and fifth IAVCEI field workshop on volcanic gases, Vulcano
Island, Italy, and Java, Indonesia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 108,
157–172.
Goff, F., McMurtry, G.M., 2000. Tritium and stable isotopes of magmatic
waters. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 97, 347–396.
Goff, F., Janik, C.J., Delgado, H., Werner, C., Counce, D., Stimac, J.A.,
Siebe, C., Love, S.P., Williams, S.N., Fischer, T.P., Johnson, L., 1998.
Geochemical surveillance of magmatic volatiles at Popocatepetl
volcano, Mexico. G.S.A. Bull. 110, 695–710.
Greenland, L.P., Aruscavage, P., 1986. Volcanic emission of Se, Te, and As
from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 27,
195–201.
Jarvis, K.E., Gray, A.L., Houk, R.S., 1992. Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry. Blackie, New-York. 380 pp.
Keller, J., 1980. The island of Vulcano, in the Aeolian islands—an active
volcanic arc in the Mediterranean sea. In: Villari, L. (Ed.), Rendiconti
della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, pp. 369–414.
Le Guern, F., Bernard, A., 1982. A new method for sampling and
analysing volcanic sublimates — application to Merapi volcano,
Java. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 12, 133–146.
May, T.W.,Wiedmeyer, R.H., 1998. A table of polyatomic interferences in
ICP-MS. At. Spectr. 19, 150–155.
Piccardi, G., 1982. Fumarole gas collection and analysis. Bull. Volocanol.
45, 257–260.
Quisefit, J.P., Bergametti, G., Tedesco, D., Pinart, J., Colin, J.L., 1988.
Origin of particulate potassium in Mt Etna emissions before and during
the 1983 eruption. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 35, 111–119.
Quisefit, J.P., Toutain, J.P., Bergametti, G., Javoy,M., Cheynet, B., Person,
A., 1989. Evolution versus cooling of gaseous volcanic emissions from Momotombo volcano, Nicaragua: thermochemical model and observations.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 118–124.
Shevenell, L., Goff, F., 2000. Temporal geochemical variations in volatile
emissions from Mount St Helens, USA, 1980–1994. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 99, 123–138.
Sortino, F., Inguaggiato, S., Francofonte, S., 1991. Determination of HF,
HCl, and total sulfur in fumarolic fluids by ion chromatography. Acta
Vulcanol. 1, 89–91.
Symonds, R.B., 1993. Scanning electron microprobe observations of
sublimates fromMerapi volcano, Indonesia.Geochem. J. 26, 337–350.
Symonds, R.B., Rose, W.I., Reed, M.H., Lichte, F.E., Finnegan, D.L.,
1987. Volatilization, transport and sublimation of metallic and nonmetallic
elements in high temperature gases at Merapi volcano,
Indonesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 2083–2101.
Taran, Y.A., Hedenquist, J.W., Korzhinsky, M.A., Tkachenko, S.I.,
Shmulovich, K.I., 1995. Geochemistry of magmatic gases from
Kudryavy volcano, Iturup, Kuril Islands. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
59 (9), 1749–1761.
Toutain, J.P., 1987. Contribution à l'étude des sublimés volcaniques.
Minéralogie, géochimie, thermodynamique. Exemples du Momotombo,
du Piton de la Fournaise et du Poas., Paris.
Toutain, J.P.,Quisefit, J.P., Briole, P.,Aloupogiannis, P., Robaye,G., Blanc,
P., 1995. Mineralogy and chemistry of solid aerosols emitted from
Mount Etna. Geochem. J. 29, 163–173.
Toutain, J.P., Polve, M., Priatna, P., Sulisto, Y., Mourot, P. 2000. A
methodology for gas monitoring at Merapi Volcano., A methodology
for gas monitoring at Merapi Volcano. in Secondary, Bali (Indonésia).
Vanhoe, H., Goossens, J., Moens, L., Dams, R., 1994. Spectral
Interferences Encountered in the Analysis of Biological Materials by
InductivelyCoupled PlasmaMass Spectrometry. J.Anal.At. Spectrom.
9, 177–185.
Voight, B., Constantine, E.K., Siswowidjoyo, S., Torley, R., 2000.
Historical eruptions of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia,
1768–1998. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 100, 69–138.
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