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The SO2 camera: A simple, fast and cheap method for ground-based imaging of SO2 in volcanic plumes
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/33 (2006)
Publisher
AGU
Pages (printed)
L24804
Issued date
2006
Keywords
Abstract
SO2
flux is widely monitored on active volcanoes as it
gives a window into the hidden, subsurface magma
dynamics. We present here a new approach to SO2 flux
monitoring using ultraviolet imaging of the volcanic plume
through carefully chosen filters to produce images of SO2
column amount. The SO2 camera heralds a breakthrough in
both our ability to measure SO2 flux at unprecedented
frequencies (2 Hz) and at unprecedented accuracy, thanks to
the application of correlation techniques to determine wind
speed directly from the images and the ability to measure
the whole profile simultaneously. In this paper we detail the
commercially available pieces required to construct the SO2
camera, introduce a retrieval scheme to determine SO2
amounts from the images and present results from a field
campaign in November 2005 on Sakurajima volcano, Japan.
flux is widely monitored on active volcanoes as it
gives a window into the hidden, subsurface magma
dynamics. We present here a new approach to SO2 flux
monitoring using ultraviolet imaging of the volcanic plume
through carefully chosen filters to produce images of SO2
column amount. The SO2 camera heralds a breakthrough in
both our ability to measure SO2 flux at unprecedented
frequencies (2 Hz) and at unprecedented accuracy, thanks to
the application of correlation techniques to determine wind
speed directly from the images and the ability to measure
the whole profile simultaneously. In this paper we detail the
commercially available pieces required to construct the SO2
camera, introduce a retrieval scheme to determine SO2
amounts from the images and present results from a field
campaign in November 2005 on Sakurajima volcano, Japan.
References
Bluth, G. J. S., J. M. Shannon, I. M. Watson, A. J. Prata, and V. J. Realmuto
(2006), Development of an ultra-violet digital camera for volcanic SO2
imaging, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res, in press.
Bobrowski, N., G. Honninger, F. Lohberger, and U. Platt (2006), IDOAS: A
new monitoring technique to study the 2D distribution of volcanic gas
emissions, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 150, 329– 338.
Burton, M., T. Caltabiano, G. Salerno, F. Mure, and D. Condarelli (2004),
Automatic measurements of SO2 flux on Stromboli and Mt. Etna using a
network of scanning UV spectrometers, paper presented at 1st EGU
Meeting, Eur. Geosci. Union, Nice, France.
Caltabiano, T., R. Romano, and G. Budetta (1994), SO2 flux measurements
at Mount Etna (Sicily), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,809–12,819.
Edmonds, M., C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, R. A. Herd, and G. Thompson
(2003a), SO2 emissions from Soufrie`re Hills Volcano and their relationship
to conduit permeability, hydrothermal interaction and degassing
regime, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 124, 23– 43.
Edmonds, M., R. A. Herd, B. Galle, and C. M. Oppenheimer (2003b),
Automated, high time-resolution measurements of SO2 flux at Soufrie`re
Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Bull. Volcanol., 65, 578– 586.
Galle, B., C. Oppenheimer, A. Geyer, A. J. S. McGonigle, M. Edmonds,
and L. Horrocks (2003), A miniaturized ultraviolet spectrometer for remote
sensing of SO2 fluxes: A new tool for volcano surveillance,
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 119, 241– 254.
Hirabayashi, J., T. Ohba, K. Nogami, and M. Yoshida (1995), Discharge
rate of SO2 from Unzen volcano, Kyushu, Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22,
1709– 1712.
McGonigle, A. J. S., D. R. Hilton, T. P. Fischer, and C. Oppenheimer (2005),
Plume velocity determination for volcanic SO2 flux measurements, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 32, L11302, doi:10.1029/2005GL022470.
Stoiber, R. E., L. L. Malinconico Jr., and S. N. Williams (1983), Use of the
correlation spectrometer at volcanoes, in Forecasting Volcanic Events,
edited by H. Tazieff, and J. C. Sabroux, pp. 425 – 444, Elsevier,
New York.
Vandaele, A. C., P. C. Simon, J. M. Guilmot, M. Carleer, and R. Colin
(1994), SO2 absorption cross-section measurement in the UV using a
Fourier transform spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,599– 25,605.
Williams-Jones, G., K. A. Horton, T. Elias, H. Garbeil, P. J. Mouginis-
Mark, A. J. Sutton, and A. J. L. Harris (2006), Accurately measuring
volcanic plume velocity with multiple UV spectrometers, Bull. Volcanol.,
68, 328– 332.
(2006), Development of an ultra-violet digital camera for volcanic SO2
imaging, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res, in press.
Bobrowski, N., G. Honninger, F. Lohberger, and U. Platt (2006), IDOAS: A
new monitoring technique to study the 2D distribution of volcanic gas
emissions, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 150, 329– 338.
Burton, M., T. Caltabiano, G. Salerno, F. Mure, and D. Condarelli (2004),
Automatic measurements of SO2 flux on Stromboli and Mt. Etna using a
network of scanning UV spectrometers, paper presented at 1st EGU
Meeting, Eur. Geosci. Union, Nice, France.
Caltabiano, T., R. Romano, and G. Budetta (1994), SO2 flux measurements
at Mount Etna (Sicily), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,809–12,819.
Edmonds, M., C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, R. A. Herd, and G. Thompson
(2003a), SO2 emissions from Soufrie`re Hills Volcano and their relationship
to conduit permeability, hydrothermal interaction and degassing
regime, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 124, 23– 43.
Edmonds, M., R. A. Herd, B. Galle, and C. M. Oppenheimer (2003b),
Automated, high time-resolution measurements of SO2 flux at Soufrie`re
Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Bull. Volcanol., 65, 578– 586.
Galle, B., C. Oppenheimer, A. Geyer, A. J. S. McGonigle, M. Edmonds,
and L. Horrocks (2003), A miniaturized ultraviolet spectrometer for remote
sensing of SO2 fluxes: A new tool for volcano surveillance,
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 119, 241– 254.
Hirabayashi, J., T. Ohba, K. Nogami, and M. Yoshida (1995), Discharge
rate of SO2 from Unzen volcano, Kyushu, Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22,
1709– 1712.
McGonigle, A. J. S., D. R. Hilton, T. P. Fischer, and C. Oppenheimer (2005),
Plume velocity determination for volcanic SO2 flux measurements, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 32, L11302, doi:10.1029/2005GL022470.
Stoiber, R. E., L. L. Malinconico Jr., and S. N. Williams (1983), Use of the
correlation spectrometer at volcanoes, in Forecasting Volcanic Events,
edited by H. Tazieff, and J. C. Sabroux, pp. 425 – 444, Elsevier,
New York.
Vandaele, A. C., P. C. Simon, J. M. Guilmot, M. Carleer, and R. Colin
(1994), SO2 absorption cross-section measurement in the UV using a
Fourier transform spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,599– 25,605.
Williams-Jones, G., K. A. Horton, T. Elias, H. Garbeil, P. J. Mouginis-
Mark, A. J. Sutton, and A. J. L. Harris (2006), Accurately measuring
volcanic plume velocity with multiple UV spectrometers, Bull. Volcanol.,
68, 328– 332.
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