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Gas flow anomalies in seismogenic zones in the Upper Tiber Valley, Central Italy
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
167 (2006)
Publisher
Blackwell
Pages (printed)
974-806
Issued date
November 2006
Abstract
Cold CO2 gas emission sites in rainwater-filled pools, so called mofettes, are widely distributed
all over Italy. Their gas reservoirs, mostly having a high CO2 content, have a magmatic and/or
metamorphic origin. Temporal variations in fluid expulsions were observed at the mofettes of
Caprese Michelangelo during the period from 2002 to 2005. These observations were made
possible by using a new approach: photographic time-series. A first interpretation of these fluid
expulsionswas based on meteorological/hydrogeological explanations.However, our long-term
observations show that these processes may merely be a side effect. The probable main reason
for the anomalous emissions is the long-term variation in the long-distance fluid transport
process from the reservoir induced by the local tectonic settings. In the northern part of the
Alto Tiberina Fault, a fault intersection was reactivated by a seismic sequence which started on
2001 November 26, and continued for approximately four months. The magnitude of the main
shock was MW = 4.6. As revealed by the drilling of a deep borehole, dug in the direct vicinity,
overpressurized fluids trapped at a depth of 3700 m could be activated as a consequence of
the improved transport conditions, that is, the fracture apertures that materialized as a result
of the rupture process. A migration of the hypocentres towards the surface provides hints of
a possible pore pressure diffusion process. The consequence is an increased fluid transport to
the mofettes. The first indications of anomalous fluid expulsions at the mofettes of Caprese
Michelangelo were detected 18 months after the seismic events.
all over Italy. Their gas reservoirs, mostly having a high CO2 content, have a magmatic and/or
metamorphic origin. Temporal variations in fluid expulsions were observed at the mofettes of
Caprese Michelangelo during the period from 2002 to 2005. These observations were made
possible by using a new approach: photographic time-series. A first interpretation of these fluid
expulsionswas based on meteorological/hydrogeological explanations.However, our long-term
observations show that these processes may merely be a side effect. The probable main reason
for the anomalous emissions is the long-term variation in the long-distance fluid transport
process from the reservoir induced by the local tectonic settings. In the northern part of the
Alto Tiberina Fault, a fault intersection was reactivated by a seismic sequence which started on
2001 November 26, and continued for approximately four months. The magnitude of the main
shock was MW = 4.6. As revealed by the drilling of a deep borehole, dug in the direct vicinity,
overpressurized fluids trapped at a depth of 3700 m could be activated as a consequence of
the improved transport conditions, that is, the fracture apertures that materialized as a result
of the rupture process. A migration of the hypocentres towards the surface provides hints of
a possible pore pressure diffusion process. The consequence is an increased fluid transport to
the mofettes. The first indications of anomalous fluid expulsions at the mofettes of Caprese
Michelangelo were detected 18 months after the seismic events.
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Italy) seismic sequence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10311.
Barchi, M., 2002. Lithological and structural controls on the seismogenesis
of the Umbria Region: observations from seismic reflection profiles. - Atti
del Convegno ‘Evoluzione geologica e geodinamica dell’Appennino’, in
memoria di Giampaolo Pialli, Boll. Soc. Geol. It., Vol. Spec. 1, 855–864.
Barchi, M.R., Magnani, M.B., Minelli, G., Pialli, G. & Sotera, B.M., 1995.
Osservazioni geofisiche sul basamento della regione umbro-marchigiana,
Proc. 14th Conference Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra Solida,
2, 709–720.
Barchi, M.R., De Feyter, A., Magnani, M.B., Minelli, G., Pialli, G.&Sotera,
B.M., 1998. Extensional tectonics in the Northern Apennines (Italy): evidence
from the CROP03 deep seismic reflection line, Mem. Soc. Geol.
It., 52, 527–538.
Boncio, P., Brozzetti, F., Ponziani, F., Barchi, M., Lavecchia, G. & Pialli,
G., 1998. Seismicity and extensional tectonics in the northern Umbria-
Marche Apennines, Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 52, 539–555.
Boncio, P., Brozzetti, F. & Lavecchia, G., 2000. Architecture and seismotectonics
of a low-angle fault in central Italy, Tectonics, 19, 1038–1055.
Bonori, O. et al., 2000. Geochemical and geophysical monitoring in tectonically
active areas of the Po Valley (Northern Italy). Case histories linked
to gas emission structures, Geografica Fisica Dinamica Quaternaria, 23,
3–20.
Boschi, E., Gasperini, P. & Valensise, G., 1999. Catalogo Parametrico dei
Terremoti Italiani. Gruppo di Lavoro CPTI, 1999 - ING, GNDT, SGA,
SSN, Bologna, 92 p.
Braun, T., Chiarabba, C., Ciaccio, M.G., Di Luccio, F. & Piccinini, D., 2002.
Evidenze di attivita’ sismica sulla faglia Altotiberina, Atti 21◦ Convegno
G.N.G.T.S., 19.-21. Nov. 2002, Roma/Italy.
Braun, T., Ciaccio, M.G., Di Luccio, F. & Piccinini, D., 2006. Evidence for
seismic activity on the ‘Alto Tiberina Fault’ system (Central Italy), Ann.
Geophys., submitted.
Br¨auer, K., K¨ampf, H., Strauch, G. &Weise, S.M., 2003. Isotopic evidences
(3He/4He, δ13CCO2) of fluid-triggered intraplate seismicity, J. geophys.
Res., 108, ESE3 1–11.
Caracausi, A., Italiano, F., Martinelli, G., Paonita, A. & Rizzo, A., 2005.
Long-term geochemical monitoring and extensive/compressive phenomena:
case study of the Umbria Region (Central Apennines, Italy), Ann.
Geophys., 48, 43–53.
Castello B., Selvaggi, G., Chiarabba C. & Amato A., 2005. CSI Catalogo
della sismicit`a italiana 1981–2002, versione 1.0. INGV-CNT, Roma
http://www.ingv.it/CSI/ .
Chadha, R.K., Pandey, A.P. & Kuempel, H.J., 2003. Search for earthquake
precursors in well water levels in a localized seismically active area of
reservoir triggered earthquakes in India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1–4.
Chiaraluce, L., Barchi, M., Collettini, C., Mirabella, F. & Pucci, S., 2005.
Connecting seismically active normal faults with Quaternary geological
structures in a complex extensional environment: the Colfiorito 1997 case
history (Northern Apennines, Italy), Tectonics, 24, TC1002.
Chiodini, G., Cardellini, C., Amato, A., Boschi, E., Caliro, S., Frondini, F.
& Ventura G., 2004. Carbon dioxide Earth degassing and seismogenesis
in Central and Southern Italy. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07615.
Collettini, C., 2002. Hypothesis of the mechanical and seismic behavior of
low-angle normal faults: the example of the Altotiberina fault, Northern
Apennines, Ann. Geophys., 45, 683–698.
Collettini, C. & Barchi, M.R., 2002. A low-angle fault in the Umbria region
(Central Italy): a mechanical model for the related microseismicity,
Tectonophysics, 359, 97–115.
Collettini, C. & Sibson, R.H., 2001. Normal faults, normal friction?, Geology,
29, 927–930.
Curewitz, D. & Karson, J.K., 1997. Structural settings of hydrothermal outflow:
fracture permeability maintained by fault propagation and interaction,
J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 79, 149–168.
Delle Rose, M., Guerrera, F., Renzulli, A., Ravasz-Baranyai, L. & Serrano,
F., 1994. Stratigrafia e petrografia delle marne di Vicchio (unit`a tettonica
Cervarola) dell’Alta Val Tiberina (Appennino Tosco-Romagnolo), Mem.
Soc. Geol. It., 113, 675–708.
Favara, R., Italiano, F. & Martinelli, G., 2001. Earthquake induced chemical
changes in the thermal waters of the Umbria region during the 1997–1998
seismic swarm, TerraNova, 13, 227–233.
Gasparini, C., Di Maro, R., Pagliuca, N.M., Pirro, M.&Marchetti, A., 2002.
Recent seismicity of the ‘Acque Albule’ travertine basin, Ann. Geophys.,
45, 537–550.
Gavrilenko, P., 2005. Hydromechanical coupling in response to earthquakes:
on the possible consequences for aftershocks, Geophys. J. Int., 161, 113–
129.
Gudmundsson, A., 2001. Fluid overpressure and flow in fault zones: field
measurements and models, Tectonophysics, 336, 183–197.
Gudmundsson, A., Fjeldskaar, I. & Brenner, S.L., 2002. Propagation pathways
and fluid transport of hydrofractures in jointed and layered rocks in
geothermal fields, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 116, 257–278.
Gudmundsson, A., Gjesdal, O., Brenner, S.L. & Fjeldskaar, I., 2003. Effects
of linking up of discontinuities on fracture growth and groundwater
transport, Hydrogeol. J., 11, 84–99.
Hainzl, S. & Ogata, Y., 2005. Detecting fluid signals data through statistical
earthquake modeling, J. geophys. Res., 110, B05S07.
Heinicke, J. & Koch, U., 2000. Slug flow—a possible explanation for hydrogeochemical
earthquake precursors at Bad Brambach, Germany, Pure
appl. Geophys., 157, 1621–1641.
Hickman, S., Sibson, R. & Bruhn, R., 1995. Introduction to special section:
mechanical involvement of fluids in faulting, J. geophys. Res., 100,
12 831–12 840.
Huenges, E., Erzinger, J.,K¨uck, J., Engeser, B.&Kessels,W., 1997. The permeable
crust: geohydraulic properties down to 9101 m depth. J. geophys.
Res., 102, 18 255–18 265.
Igarashi, G., Fujii, T., Mori, T., Notsu, K. &Watanabe, S., 2000. Continuous
monitoring of fumarolic gas flux at a borehole in an active volcanic island,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1539–1542.
INGV, 2001. http://www.ingv.it/∼roma/reti/rms/terremoti/italia/arezzo/
arezzo.html
Italiano, F., Martinelli, G. & Nuccio, P.M., 2001. Anomalies of mantlederived
helium during the 1997–1998 seismic swarm of Umbria-Marche,
Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 839–842.
Jonsson, S., Segall, P., Pedersen, R. & Bj¨ornsson, G., 2003. Post-earthquake
ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients, Nature, 424,
179–183.
Kessels, W. & K¨uck, J., 1995. Hydraulic communication in crystalline rock
between the two boreholes of the continental drilling project in Germany,
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. &Geomech. Abstr., 32(1), 37–47.
Koch, U., Heinicke, J. & Vossberg, M., 2003. Hydrological effects of the
latest Vogtland-NW-Bohemian swarmquake period (August to December
2000), J. Geodynamic, 35, 107–123.
Koizumi, N., Kitagawa, Y., Matsumoto, N., Takahashi, M., Sato, T., Kamigaichi,
O. & Nakamura, K., 2004. Preseismic groundwater level changes
induced by crustal deformations related to earthquake swarms off the east
coast of Izu Peninsula, Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10606.
Matsumoto, N., Kitagawa, G. & Roeloffs, E.A., 2003. Hydraulic response
to earthquakes in the Haibara well, central Japan. I. Groundwater level
changes revealed using state space decomposition of atmospheric pressure,
rainfall and tidal responses, Geophys. J. Int., 155, 885–898.
Miller, S.A. & Nur, A., 2000. Permeability as a toggle switch in
fluid-controlled crustal processes, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 183, 133–
146.
Miller, S.A., Collettini, C., Chiaraluce, L., Cocco, M., Barchi, M. & Kaus,
B.J., 2004. Aftershocks driven by a high-pressure CO2 source at depth,
Nature, 427, 724–727.
Minissale, A., 2004. Origin, transport and discharge of CO2 in Central Italy,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 66, 89–141.
Minissale, A.,Magro, G., Martinelli, G.,Vaselli,O.&Tassi, G.F., 2000. Fluid
geochemical transect in the Northern Apennines (Central-Northern Italy):
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