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Reconstructing fallout features and dispersal of Cretaio Tephra (Ischia Island, Italy) through field data analysis and numerical modelling: Implications for hazard assessment
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/415(2021)
ISSN
0377-0273
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
107248
Issued date
July 2021
Abstract
The magnitude and intensity of the 60 CE Cretaio Tephra, the largest historical explosive eruption at Ischia caldera (Italy), was studied integrating field data and numerical modelling in order to reconstruct the dispersal of the fall out related to the climax phase of the eruption and characterize its physical parameters.
A field survey of the main fall unit (EUC) of Cretaio Tephra and its sampling was performed on the island, which is the proximal area of dispersal, and for the first time outcrops of this tephra were found southward on the Capri Island. The dataset is completed by a distal tephra sampled in the offshore and described in the literature, allowing the analysis of samples of intermediate and distal deposits. Grain size analysis of the samples collected on the island show bimodal distributions due to the presence of a ballistic component, especially in the most proximal sampling sites around the inferred and buried vent. Tails of fine ash in the distributions can be associ ated with settling enhanced by ash aggregation processes in the moisture-rich plume. Tephra dispersal was re constructed using the HAZMAP tephra dispersal model by minimizing the difference between the simulations obtained exploring plausible ranges of eruption source parameters and the available thickness and grain-size measurements. Results show that the dispersal axis of EUC is to the south-southeast, the best guess for the total erupted volume of tephra is 0.075 km3 , the plume height ranges between 5 and 13 km, for an average mass eruption rate (MER) of 105 kg/s, hence a duration of the eruption of a few days. Considering an eruptive sce nario given by the eruption parameters and diffusion coefficient of the Cretaio Tephra, together with a statistical set of wind profiles, HAZMAP modelling allowed us to generate tephra loading probability maps, needed to assess the impact of such an eruption at Ischia Island and the Neapolitan metropolitan area, pivotal for civil protection purposes.
Another important outcome of the study is that, for volcanic islands, the reconstruction of eruption parameters
may benefit much more from the search of even few medial and distal offshore outcrops than from implementing the on-island proximal dataset only.
A field survey of the main fall unit (EUC) of Cretaio Tephra and its sampling was performed on the island, which is the proximal area of dispersal, and for the first time outcrops of this tephra were found southward on the Capri Island. The dataset is completed by a distal tephra sampled in the offshore and described in the literature, allowing the analysis of samples of intermediate and distal deposits. Grain size analysis of the samples collected on the island show bimodal distributions due to the presence of a ballistic component, especially in the most proximal sampling sites around the inferred and buried vent. Tails of fine ash in the distributions can be associ ated with settling enhanced by ash aggregation processes in the moisture-rich plume. Tephra dispersal was re constructed using the HAZMAP tephra dispersal model by minimizing the difference between the simulations obtained exploring plausible ranges of eruption source parameters and the available thickness and grain-size measurements. Results show that the dispersal axis of EUC is to the south-southeast, the best guess for the total erupted volume of tephra is 0.075 km3 , the plume height ranges between 5 and 13 km, for an average mass eruption rate (MER) of 105 kg/s, hence a duration of the eruption of a few days. Considering an eruptive sce nario given by the eruption parameters and diffusion coefficient of the Cretaio Tephra, together with a statistical set of wind profiles, HAZMAP modelling allowed us to generate tephra loading probability maps, needed to assess the impact of such an eruption at Ischia Island and the Neapolitan metropolitan area, pivotal for civil protection purposes.
Another important outcome of the study is that, for volcanic islands, the reconstruction of eruption parameters
may benefit much more from the search of even few medial and distal offshore outcrops than from implementing the on-island proximal dataset only.
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Bonadonna, C., Costa, A., 2013. Plume height, volume, and classification of explosive vol canic eruptions based on the Weibull function. Bull. Volcanol. 75 (8), 742.
Bonadonna, C., Houghton, B.F., 2005. Total grain-size distribution and volume of tephra fall deposits. Bull. Volcanol. 67 (5), 441–456.
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associated with dome collapses and Vulcanian explosions: application to hazard as sessment on Montserrat. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 21 (1), 517–537.
Bonadonna, C., Mayberry, G.C., Calder, E.S., Sparks, R.S.J., Choux, C., Jackson, P., ... Ryan, G.,
2002b. Tephra fallout in the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Geolog ical Society, London, Memoirs 21 (1), 483–516.
Bonadonna, C., Genco, R., Gouhier, M., Pistolesi, M., Cioni, R., Alfano, F., ... Ripepe, M., 2011.
Tephra sedimentation during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption (Iceland) from de posit, radar, and satellite observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
116 (B12).
Bonadonna, C., Biass, S., Costa, A., 2015. Physical characterization of explosive volcanic
eruptions based on tephra deposits: propagation of uncertainties and sensitivity anal ysis. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 296, 80–100.
Bonasia, R., Macedonio, G., Costa, A., Mele, D., Sulpizio, R., 2010. Numerical inversion and
analysis of tephra fallout deposits from the 472 AD sub-Plinian eruption at Vesuvius
(Italy) through a new best-fit procedure. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 189 (3–4),
238–246.
Brown, R.J., Orsi, G., et al., 2008. New insights into late Pleistocene explosive volcanic ac tivity and caldera formation on Ischia (southern Italy). Bull. Volcanol. 70 (5),
583–603.
Brown, R., Civetta, L., et al., 2014. Geochemical and isotopic insights into the assembly,
evolution and disruption of a magmatic plumbing system before and after a cataclys mic caldera-collapse eruption at Ischia volcano (Italy). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 168
(3), 1035.
Buchner, G., 1986. Eruzioni vulcaniche e fenomeni vulcanotettonici di età preistorica e
storica nell’isola d’Ischia. Tremblements de terre, eruptions volcaniques et vie des
hommes dans la Campanie antique 7, 145–188.
Carey, S.N., Sigurdsson, H., 1982. Influence of particle aggregation on deposition of distal
tephra from the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano. Journal of Geo physical Research: Solid Earth 87 (B8), 7061–7072.
Carey, S., Sparks, R.S.J., 1986. Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra
from volcanic eruption columns. Bull. Volcanol. 48 (2–3), 109–125.
Carlino, S., Cubellis, E., Luongo, G., Obrizzo, F., 2006. On the mechanics of caldera resur gence of Ischia Island (southern Italy). Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ. 269 (1), 181–193.
Chiesa, S., Poli, S., Vezzoli, L., 1986. Studio dell'ultima eruzione storica dell'isola di Ischia.
Bollettino GNV 1, 153–166.
Cioni, R., Longo, A., Macedonio, G., Santacroce, R., Sbrana, A., Sulpizio, R., Andronico, D.,
2003. Assessing pyroclastic fall hazard through field data and numerical simulations:
example from Vesuvius. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 108 (B2).
Civetta, L., Gallo, G., et al., 1991. Sr-and Nd-isotope and trace-element constraints on the
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