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Biogenic Aerosol in the Artic from Eight Years of MSA Data from Ny Ålesund (Svalbard Islands) and Thule (Greenland)
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/10 (2019)
Pages (printed)
id 349
Issued date
June 26, 2019
Alternative Location
Subjects
Keywords
Abstract
In remote marine areas, biogenic productivity and atmospheric particulate are coupled
through dimethylsulfide (DMS) emission by phytoplankton. Once in the atmosphere, the gaseous
DMS is oxidized to produce H2SO4 and methanesulfonic acid (MSA); both species can a ect the
formation of cloud condensation nuclei. This study analyses eight years of biogenic aerosol evolution
and variability at two Arctic sites: Thule (76.5 N, 68.8 W) and Ny Ålesund (78.9 N, 11.9 E).
Sea ice plays a key role in determining the MSA concentration in polar regions. At the beginning
of the melting season, in April, up to June, the biogenic aerosol concentration appears inversely
correlated with sea ice extent and area, and positively correlated with the extent of the ice-free
area in the marginal ice zone (IF-MIZ). The upper ocean stratification induced by sea ice melting
might have a role in these correlations, since the springtime formation of this surface layer regulates
the accumulation of phytoplankton and nutrients, allowing the DMS to escape from the sea to the
atmosphere. The multiyear analysis reveals a progressive decrease in MSA concentration in May at
Thule and an increase in July August at Ny Ålesund. Therefore, while the MSA seasonal evolution is
mainly related with the sea ice retreat in April, May, and June, the IF-MIZ extent appears as the main
factor a ecting the longer-term behavior of MSA.
through dimethylsulfide (DMS) emission by phytoplankton. Once in the atmosphere, the gaseous
DMS is oxidized to produce H2SO4 and methanesulfonic acid (MSA); both species can a ect the
formation of cloud condensation nuclei. This study analyses eight years of biogenic aerosol evolution
and variability at two Arctic sites: Thule (76.5 N, 68.8 W) and Ny Ålesund (78.9 N, 11.9 E).
Sea ice plays a key role in determining the MSA concentration in polar regions. At the beginning
of the melting season, in April, up to June, the biogenic aerosol concentration appears inversely
correlated with sea ice extent and area, and positively correlated with the extent of the ice-free
area in the marginal ice zone (IF-MIZ). The upper ocean stratification induced by sea ice melting
might have a role in these correlations, since the springtime formation of this surface layer regulates
the accumulation of phytoplankton and nutrients, allowing the DMS to escape from the sea to the
atmosphere. The multiyear analysis reveals a progressive decrease in MSA concentration in May at
Thule and an increase in July August at Ny Ålesund. Therefore, while the MSA seasonal evolution is
mainly related with the sea ice retreat in April, May, and June, the IF-MIZ extent appears as the main
factor a ecting the longer-term behavior of MSA.
Sponsors
MIUR PRIN 2007 and PRIN 2009, PNRA 2010-2012, PNRA 2015-2016, PNRA 2016-2018
References
1. Gondwe, M.; Krol, M.; Klaassen, W.; Gieskes, W.; de Baar, H. Comparison of modeled versus measured
MSA:nssSO4 ratios: a global analysis. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2004, 18, GB2006. [CrossRef]
2. Ho mann, E.H.; Tilgner, A.; Schrödner, R.; Bräuer, P.;Wolke, R.; Herrmann, H. An advanced modeling study
on the impacts and atmospheric implications of multiphase dimethyl sulfide chemistry. PNAS 2016, 112,
11776–11781. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Hodshire, A.L.; Campuzano-Jost, P.; Kodros, J.K.; Croft, B.; Nault, B.A.; Schroder, J.C.; Jimenez, J.L.; Pierce, J.R.
The potential role of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in aerosol formation and growth and the associated
radiative forcings. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2019, 3137–3160. [CrossRef]
4. Isaksson, E.; Kekonen, T.; Moore, J.; Mulvaney, R. The methanesulfonic acid (MSA) record in a Svalbard ice
core. Ann. Glaciol. 2005, 42, 345–351. [CrossRef]
5. Becagli, S.; Castellano, E.; Cerri, O.; Curran, M.; Frezzotti, M.; Marino, F.; Morganti, A.; Proposito, M.;
Severi, M.; Traversi, R.; et al. Methanesulphonic acid (MSA) stratigraphy from a Talos Dome ice core as a
tool in depicting sea ice changes and southern atmospheric circulation over the previous 140 years. Atmos.
Environ. 2009, 43, 1051–1058. [CrossRef]
6. Serreze, M.C.; Barry, R.G. Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Glob. Planet.
Change 2011, 77, 85–96. [CrossRef]
7. Forster, P.; Ramaswamy, V.; Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; Betts, R.; Fahey, D.W.; Haywood, J.; Lean, J.; Lowe, D.C.;
Myhre, G. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In Climate Change 2007: The
Physical Science Basis; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007.
8. Gabric, A.J.; Qu, B.; Matrai, P.; Hirst, A.C. The simulated response of dimethylsulfide production in the
Arctic Ocean to global warming. Tellus B 2005, 57, 391–403. [CrossRef]
9. Boyce, D.G.; Lewis, M.R.;Worm, B. Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Nature 2010, 466,
591–596. [PubMed]
10. Bélanger, S.; Babin, M.; Tremblay, J.-E. Increasing cloudiness in Arctic damps the increase in phytoplankton
primary production due to sea ice receding. Biogeosciences 2013, 10, 4087–4101. [CrossRef]
11. Arrigo, K.R.; Perovich, D.K.; Pickart, R.S.; Brown, Z.W.; van Dijken, G.L.; Lowry, K.E.; Mills, M.M.;
Palmer, M.A.; Balch, W.M.; Bahr, F.; et al. Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice. Science 2012,
336, 1408. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Becagli, S.; Ghedini, C.; Peeters, S.; Rottiers, A.; Traversi, R.; Udisti, R.; Chiari, M.; Jalba, A.; Despiau, S.;
Dayan, U.; et al. MBAS (methylene blue active substances) and LAS (linear Alkylbenzene sulphonates)
in Mediterranean coastal aerosols: sources and transport processes. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 6788–6801.
[CrossRef]
13. Stroeve, J. Sea Ice Trends and Climatologies from SMMR and SSM/I-SSMIS. Sea Ice Extent. NASA DAAC at
the National Snow and Ice Data Center: Boulder, CO, USA. Available online: http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-
0192.html (accessed on 19 April 2019).
14. Becagli, S.; Lazzara, L.; Marchese, C.; Dayan, U.; Ascanius, S.E.; Cacciani, M.; Caiazzo, L.; Di Biagio, C.;
Di Iorio, T.; di Sarra, A.; et al. Relationships linking primary production, sea ice melting, and biogenic aerosol
in the Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 2016, 136, 1–15. [CrossRef]
15. Marchese, C.; Albouy, C.; Tremblay, J.-É.; Dumont, D.; D’Ortenzio, F.; Vissault, S.; Bélanger, S. Changes in
phytoplankton bloom phenology over the north water (now) polynya: Aresponse to changing environmental
conditions. Polar Biol. 2017, 40, 1721–1737. [CrossRef]
16. Stirling, I. The importance of polynya, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. J. Mar. Sys. 1997,
10, 9–21. [CrossRef]
17. Smith, S.D.; Muench, R.D.; Pease, C.H. Polynyaa and leads: An overview of physical processes and
environment. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 9461–9479. [CrossRef]
18. Tremblay, J.E.; Gratton, Y.; Fauchota, J.; Price, N.M. Climatic and oceanic forcing of new, net, and diatom
production in the North Water. Deep Sea Res. Part II 2002, 49, 4927–4946. [CrossRef]
19. Guglielmo, L.; Carrada, G.C.; Catalano, G.; Dell’Anno, A.; Fabiano, M.; Lazzara, L.; Mangoni, O.; Pusceddu, A.;
Saggiomo, V. Structural and functional properties of sea ice communities in the first year sea ice at Terra
Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biol. 2000, 23, 137–146. [CrossRef]
20. Lazzara, L.; Nardello, I.; Ermanni, C.; Mangoni, O.; Saggiomo, V. Light environment and seasonal dynamics
of microalgae in the annual sea ice at Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Antarct. Sci. 2007, 19, 83–92.
[CrossRef]
21. Levasseur, M. Impact of Arctic meltdown on the microbial cycling of sulphur. Nat. Geogr. 2013, 6, 691–700.
[CrossRef]
22. Lee, P.A.; de Mora, S.J.; Gosselin, M.; Levasseur, M.; Bouillon, R.-C.; Nozais, C.; Michel, C. Particulate
dimethylsulfoxide in Arctic sea-ice algal communities: The cryoprotectant hypothesis revisited. J. Phycol.
2001, 37, 488–499. [CrossRef]
23. Udisti, R.; Bazzano, A.; Becagli, S.; Bolzacchini, E.; Caiazzo, L.; Cappelletti, D.; Ferrero, L.; Frosini, D.;
Giardi, F.; Grotti, M.; et al. Sulfate source apportionment in the Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands) Arctic aerosol.
Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei. 2016, 27 (Suppl. S1), 85–94. [CrossRef]
24. Sharma, S.; Chan, E.; Ishizawa, M.; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Gong, S.L.; Li, S.M.D.; Tarasick, W.; Leaitch, W.R.;
Norman, A.; Quinn, P.K.; et al. Influence of transport and ocean ice extent on biogenic aerosol sulfur in the
Arctic atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117, D12209. [CrossRef]
25. Simó, R.; Pedrós-Alió, C. Role of vertical mixing in controlling the oceanic production of dimethyl sulphide.
Nature 1999, 402, 396–399. [CrossRef]
26. Vallina, S.M.; Simó, R.; Gassó, S. What controls CCN seasonality in the Southern Ocean? A statistical
analysis based on satellite-derived chlorophyll and CCN and model-estimated OH radical and rainfall.
Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2006, 20, GB1014. [CrossRef]
27. Sverdrup, H.U. On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. J. Cons. int. Explor. 1953, 18,
287–295. [CrossRef]
28. Henson, S.A.; Dunne, J.P.; Sarmiento, J.L. Decadal variability in North Atlantic phytoplankton blooms.
J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114. [CrossRef]
29. Mahadevan, A.; D’Asaro, E.; Lee, C.; Perry, M.J. Eddy-driven stratification initiates North Atlantic spring
phytoplankton blooms. Science 2012, 337, 54–58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Behrenfeld, M. Abandoning Sverdrup’s Critical Depth Hypothesis on phytoplankton blooms. Ecology 2010,
91, 977–989. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. Boss, E.; Behrenfeld, M. In situ evaluation of the initiation of the North Atlantic phytoplankton bloom.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37, L18603. [CrossRef]
32. Chiswell, S.M. Annual cycles and spring blooms in phytoplankton: Don’t abandon Sverdrup completely.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2011, 443, 39–50. [CrossRef]
33. Taylor, J.R.; Ferrari, R. Shutdown of turbulent convection as a new criterion for the onset of spring
phytoplankton blooms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2011, 56, 2293–2307. [CrossRef]
34. Marchese, C.; Castro de la Guardia, L.; Myers, P.G.; Bélanger, S. Regional di erences and inter-annual
variability in the timing of surface phytoplankton blooms in the Labrador Sea. Ecol. Indic. 2019, 96, 81–90.
[CrossRef]
35. Galí, M.; Simó, R. Occurrence and cycling of dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Arctic during summer
receding of the ice edge. Mar. Chem. 2010, 122, 105–117. [CrossRef]
36. Zhai, L.; Platt, T.; Tang, C.; Sathyendranath, S.;Walne, A. The response of phytoplankton to climate variability
associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Deep Sea Res. Part II 2013, 93, 159–168. [CrossRef]
37. Huebert, B.J.; Blomquist, B.W.; Yang, M.X.; Archer, S.D.; Nightingale, P.D.; Yelland, M.J.; Stephens, J.;
Pascal, R.W.; Moat, B.I. Linearity of DMS transfer coe cient with both friction velocity and wind speed in
the moderate wind speed range. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37, L01605. [CrossRef]
38. Park, K.-T.; Lee, K.; Yoon, Y.-J.; Lee, H.-W.; Kim, H.-C.; Lee, B.-Y.; Hermansen, O.; Kim, T.-W.; Holmén, K.
Linking atmospheric dimethyl sulfide and the Arctic Ocean spring bloom. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40, 155–160.
[CrossRef]
MSA:nssSO4 ratios: a global analysis. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2004, 18, GB2006. [CrossRef]
2. Ho mann, E.H.; Tilgner, A.; Schrödner, R.; Bräuer, P.;Wolke, R.; Herrmann, H. An advanced modeling study
on the impacts and atmospheric implications of multiphase dimethyl sulfide chemistry. PNAS 2016, 112,
11776–11781. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Hodshire, A.L.; Campuzano-Jost, P.; Kodros, J.K.; Croft, B.; Nault, B.A.; Schroder, J.C.; Jimenez, J.L.; Pierce, J.R.
The potential role of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in aerosol formation and growth and the associated
radiative forcings. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2019, 3137–3160. [CrossRef]
4. Isaksson, E.; Kekonen, T.; Moore, J.; Mulvaney, R. The methanesulfonic acid (MSA) record in a Svalbard ice
core. Ann. Glaciol. 2005, 42, 345–351. [CrossRef]
5. Becagli, S.; Castellano, E.; Cerri, O.; Curran, M.; Frezzotti, M.; Marino, F.; Morganti, A.; Proposito, M.;
Severi, M.; Traversi, R.; et al. Methanesulphonic acid (MSA) stratigraphy from a Talos Dome ice core as a
tool in depicting sea ice changes and southern atmospheric circulation over the previous 140 years. Atmos.
Environ. 2009, 43, 1051–1058. [CrossRef]
6. Serreze, M.C.; Barry, R.G. Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Glob. Planet.
Change 2011, 77, 85–96. [CrossRef]
7. Forster, P.; Ramaswamy, V.; Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; Betts, R.; Fahey, D.W.; Haywood, J.; Lean, J.; Lowe, D.C.;
Myhre, G. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In Climate Change 2007: The
Physical Science Basis; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007.
8. Gabric, A.J.; Qu, B.; Matrai, P.; Hirst, A.C. The simulated response of dimethylsulfide production in the
Arctic Ocean to global warming. Tellus B 2005, 57, 391–403. [CrossRef]
9. Boyce, D.G.; Lewis, M.R.;Worm, B. Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Nature 2010, 466,
591–596. [PubMed]
10. Bélanger, S.; Babin, M.; Tremblay, J.-E. Increasing cloudiness in Arctic damps the increase in phytoplankton
primary production due to sea ice receding. Biogeosciences 2013, 10, 4087–4101. [CrossRef]
11. Arrigo, K.R.; Perovich, D.K.; Pickart, R.S.; Brown, Z.W.; van Dijken, G.L.; Lowry, K.E.; Mills, M.M.;
Palmer, M.A.; Balch, W.M.; Bahr, F.; et al. Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice. Science 2012,
336, 1408. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Becagli, S.; Ghedini, C.; Peeters, S.; Rottiers, A.; Traversi, R.; Udisti, R.; Chiari, M.; Jalba, A.; Despiau, S.;
Dayan, U.; et al. MBAS (methylene blue active substances) and LAS (linear Alkylbenzene sulphonates)
in Mediterranean coastal aerosols: sources and transport processes. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 6788–6801.
[CrossRef]
13. Stroeve, J. Sea Ice Trends and Climatologies from SMMR and SSM/I-SSMIS. Sea Ice Extent. NASA DAAC at
the National Snow and Ice Data Center: Boulder, CO, USA. Available online: http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-
0192.html (accessed on 19 April 2019).
14. Becagli, S.; Lazzara, L.; Marchese, C.; Dayan, U.; Ascanius, S.E.; Cacciani, M.; Caiazzo, L.; Di Biagio, C.;
Di Iorio, T.; di Sarra, A.; et al. Relationships linking primary production, sea ice melting, and biogenic aerosol
in the Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 2016, 136, 1–15. [CrossRef]
15. Marchese, C.; Albouy, C.; Tremblay, J.-É.; Dumont, D.; D’Ortenzio, F.; Vissault, S.; Bélanger, S. Changes in
phytoplankton bloom phenology over the north water (now) polynya: Aresponse to changing environmental
conditions. Polar Biol. 2017, 40, 1721–1737. [CrossRef]
16. Stirling, I. The importance of polynya, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. J. Mar. Sys. 1997,
10, 9–21. [CrossRef]
17. Smith, S.D.; Muench, R.D.; Pease, C.H. Polynyaa and leads: An overview of physical processes and
environment. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 9461–9479. [CrossRef]
18. Tremblay, J.E.; Gratton, Y.; Fauchota, J.; Price, N.M. Climatic and oceanic forcing of new, net, and diatom
production in the North Water. Deep Sea Res. Part II 2002, 49, 4927–4946. [CrossRef]
19. Guglielmo, L.; Carrada, G.C.; Catalano, G.; Dell’Anno, A.; Fabiano, M.; Lazzara, L.; Mangoni, O.; Pusceddu, A.;
Saggiomo, V. Structural and functional properties of sea ice communities in the first year sea ice at Terra
Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biol. 2000, 23, 137–146. [CrossRef]
20. Lazzara, L.; Nardello, I.; Ermanni, C.; Mangoni, O.; Saggiomo, V. Light environment and seasonal dynamics
of microalgae in the annual sea ice at Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Antarct. Sci. 2007, 19, 83–92.
[CrossRef]
21. Levasseur, M. Impact of Arctic meltdown on the microbial cycling of sulphur. Nat. Geogr. 2013, 6, 691–700.
[CrossRef]
22. Lee, P.A.; de Mora, S.J.; Gosselin, M.; Levasseur, M.; Bouillon, R.-C.; Nozais, C.; Michel, C. Particulate
dimethylsulfoxide in Arctic sea-ice algal communities: The cryoprotectant hypothesis revisited. J. Phycol.
2001, 37, 488–499. [CrossRef]
23. Udisti, R.; Bazzano, A.; Becagli, S.; Bolzacchini, E.; Caiazzo, L.; Cappelletti, D.; Ferrero, L.; Frosini, D.;
Giardi, F.; Grotti, M.; et al. Sulfate source apportionment in the Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands) Arctic aerosol.
Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei. 2016, 27 (Suppl. S1), 85–94. [CrossRef]
24. Sharma, S.; Chan, E.; Ishizawa, M.; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Gong, S.L.; Li, S.M.D.; Tarasick, W.; Leaitch, W.R.;
Norman, A.; Quinn, P.K.; et al. Influence of transport and ocean ice extent on biogenic aerosol sulfur in the
Arctic atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117, D12209. [CrossRef]
25. Simó, R.; Pedrós-Alió, C. Role of vertical mixing in controlling the oceanic production of dimethyl sulphide.
Nature 1999, 402, 396–399. [CrossRef]
26. Vallina, S.M.; Simó, R.; Gassó, S. What controls CCN seasonality in the Southern Ocean? A statistical
analysis based on satellite-derived chlorophyll and CCN and model-estimated OH radical and rainfall.
Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2006, 20, GB1014. [CrossRef]
27. Sverdrup, H.U. On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. J. Cons. int. Explor. 1953, 18,
287–295. [CrossRef]
28. Henson, S.A.; Dunne, J.P.; Sarmiento, J.L. Decadal variability in North Atlantic phytoplankton blooms.
J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114. [CrossRef]
29. Mahadevan, A.; D’Asaro, E.; Lee, C.; Perry, M.J. Eddy-driven stratification initiates North Atlantic spring
phytoplankton blooms. Science 2012, 337, 54–58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Behrenfeld, M. Abandoning Sverdrup’s Critical Depth Hypothesis on phytoplankton blooms. Ecology 2010,
91, 977–989. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. Boss, E.; Behrenfeld, M. In situ evaluation of the initiation of the North Atlantic phytoplankton bloom.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37, L18603. [CrossRef]
32. Chiswell, S.M. Annual cycles and spring blooms in phytoplankton: Don’t abandon Sverdrup completely.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2011, 443, 39–50. [CrossRef]
33. Taylor, J.R.; Ferrari, R. Shutdown of turbulent convection as a new criterion for the onset of spring
phytoplankton blooms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2011, 56, 2293–2307. [CrossRef]
34. Marchese, C.; Castro de la Guardia, L.; Myers, P.G.; Bélanger, S. Regional di erences and inter-annual
variability in the timing of surface phytoplankton blooms in the Labrador Sea. Ecol. Indic. 2019, 96, 81–90.
[CrossRef]
35. Galí, M.; Simó, R. Occurrence and cycling of dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Arctic during summer
receding of the ice edge. Mar. Chem. 2010, 122, 105–117. [CrossRef]
36. Zhai, L.; Platt, T.; Tang, C.; Sathyendranath, S.;Walne, A. The response of phytoplankton to climate variability
associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Deep Sea Res. Part II 2013, 93, 159–168. [CrossRef]
37. Huebert, B.J.; Blomquist, B.W.; Yang, M.X.; Archer, S.D.; Nightingale, P.D.; Yelland, M.J.; Stephens, J.;
Pascal, R.W.; Moat, B.I. Linearity of DMS transfer coe cient with both friction velocity and wind speed in
the moderate wind speed range. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37, L01605. [CrossRef]
38. Park, K.-T.; Lee, K.; Yoon, Y.-J.; Lee, H.-W.; Kim, H.-C.; Lee, B.-Y.; Hermansen, O.; Kim, T.-W.; Holmén, K.
Linking atmospheric dimethyl sulfide and the Arctic Ocean spring bloom. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40, 155–160.
[CrossRef]
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