CO2 Reaction-Diffusion Experiments in Shales and Carbonates

The evaluation of caprock integrity and reservoir efficiency is critical for safe CO2 geological
storage management. It is therefore important to investigate geochemical reactions between CO2-
rich fluids and host rocks and their contribution in retaining CO2 at depth. This study deals with
diffusive reaction experiments on shales and carbonate samples cored from an offshore structure
in the Malaysian basin, a potential target for CO2-enhanced gas recovery. The aim is to evaluate
the CO2 reaction front velocity in a typical shaly caprock and the mineral response of the reservoir.
Rock samples were characterized in terms of texture, chemistry, and mineralogy by X-ray diffraction,
electron microscopy (SEM), microanalysis (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), rock geochemistry
(XRF), and mercury injection capillary permeability (MICP). Performed analyses show mineralogical
alteration induced by CO2 as it penetrated into the samples. Carbonate dissolution and weathering
of pyrite to form secondary carbonates belonging to siderite-ankerite series were observed along
two reaction fronts. Estimated diffusion coefficients of CO2 are two orders of magnitude lower
than CO2(aq) molecular diffusion in pure water and from half to an order of magnitude lower than
diffusivity computed on unaltered sample, highlighting the important effect of gas–water–rock
reactions on the CO2(aq) diffusivities in shales and carbonates. Results obtained in this study provide
an insight regarding the effect of geochemical reactions on CO2 transport and represent a further
discussion point on the diffusion coefficients.