Fast, furious, and gassy: Etna's explosive eruption from the mantle

The 3930 BP Fall Stratified (FS) eruption at Mt. Etna is a rare example of a highly explosive eruption of primitive
(picritic) magma directly from the mantle. The eruption produced ash plumes up to an estimated 20 km height,
leading to a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 4 (subplinian). Given its volatile-rich and primitive nature, the FS
magma may have ascended rapidly from great depths to avoid fractionation and mixing within the extensive
plumbing system beneath Etna. To determine the pressures from which the FS magma derived, we perform
rehomogenization experiments on melt inclusions hosted in Fo90–91 olivines to resorb shrinkage bubbles and
determine the initial H2O and CO2 in the melt. With measured CO2 concentrations of up to 9600 ppm, volatile
solubility models yield magma storage pressures of 630–800 MPa. These correspond to depths of 24–30 km,
which are comparable to the seismologically estimated Moho. Therefore, the magma’s high CO2 concentration
must come from carbon in the mantle (likely from subducted carbonates), as opposed to assimilation of shallow
(<10 km) crustal carbonates.
Diffusion modeling of H2O and forsterite zonation profiles in clear, euhedral, and crystallographically oriented
olivines indicates rapid ascent of magma directly from its source region to the surface. Forsterite profiles exhibit
a narrow rim of growth zoning but no detectable diffusional zoning, reflecting maximum ascent times of 1–5
days. Eighteen measured H2O profiles result in remarkably uniform decompression rates of 0.47 MPa/s (95%
confidence interval of 0.16–1.28 MPa/s), which is among the fastest measured for basaltic-intermediate magmas.
These decompression rates indicate that the final stage of magma ascent over the region in which H2O degasses
(between the surface and ~ 15 km) occurred extremely fast at ~ 17.5 m/s. This eruption may provide a link
between primary magma composition and eruption intensity: we propose that the unusually explosive nature of
this picritic eruption was driven by high H2O and CO2 concentrations, which led to continuously rapid ascent
without stalling, all the way from the Moho.