Volcanic evolution of the Somma-Vesuvius Complex (Italy)
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1V. Storia eruttiva
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
No
Journal
Issue/vol(year)
2/16 (2020)
ISSN
1744-5647
Pages (printed)
137-147
Date Issued
2020
Subjects
Subjects
Abstract
A volcanological map of the active Somma-Vesuvius volcano is presented at the 1:20,000 scale.
The map is based on 1:5000 field mapping carried out during the Italian CARG project.
Geological data are represented on a digital terrain model of the volcano. This allows a
better visualisation of the main morphological, volcanic, and geological features. The legend
is organised in four different panels, which depict the activity of the volcano and caldera
development. The geological survey is based on recognition and description of
lithostratigraphic units. The geological map highlights the volcanic evolution of the Somma-
Vesuvius volcano, and it is propaedeutic for further studies aimed at improving the scientific
knowledge and the volcanic hazard assessment of this world-famous volcano.
The map is based on 1:5000 field mapping carried out during the Italian CARG project.
Geological data are represented on a digital terrain model of the volcano. This allows a
better visualisation of the main morphological, volcanic, and geological features. The legend
is organised in four different panels, which depict the activity of the volcano and caldera
development. The geological survey is based on recognition and description of
lithostratigraphic units. The geological map highlights the volcanic evolution of the Somma-
Vesuvius volcano, and it is propaedeutic for further studies aimed at improving the scientific
knowledge and the volcanic hazard assessment of this world-famous volcano.
References
Andronico, D., & Cioni, R. (2002). Contrasting styles of
Mount Vesuvius activity in the period between the
Avellino and Pompeii Plinian eruptions, and some implications
for assessment of future hazards. Bulletin of
Volcanology, 64, 372–391. doi:10.1007/s00445-002-0215-4
Arrighi, S., Principe, C., & Rosi, M. (2001). Violent strombolian
and subplinian eruptions at Vesuvius during post-
1631 activity. Bulletin of Volcanology, 63, 126–150.
doi:10.1007ls004450100130
Bertagnini, A., Cioni, R., Guidoboni, E., Rosi, M., Neri, A., &
Boschi, E. (2006). Eruption early warning at Vesuvius:
The A.D. 1631 lesson. Geophysical Research Letters.
doi:10.1029/2006GL027297
Branca, S., Coltelli, M., Groppelli, G., & Lentini, F. (2011).
Geological map of Etna volcano, 1: 50,000 scale. Italian
Journal of Geosciences, 130(3), 265–291.
Brocchini, D., Principe, C., Castradori, D., Laurenzi, M. A., &
Gorla, L. (2001). Quaternary evolution of the southern
sector of the Campanian Plain and early Somma-
Vesuvius activity: Insights from the Trecase 1 well.
Mineralogy and Petrology, 73, 67–91.
Caliro, S., Chiodini, G., Avino, R., Cardellini, C., & Frondini,
F. (2005). Volcanic degassing at Somma–Vesuvio (Italy)
inferred by chemical and isotopic signatures of groundwater.
Applied Geochemistry, 20, 1060–1076. doi:10.
1016/j.apgeochem.2005.02.002
Cinque, A., & Irollo, G. (2004). Il “volcano di Pompei”:
nuovi dati geomorfologici e stratigrafici. Italian Journal
of Quaternary Sciences, 17, 101–116.
Cioni, R., Bertagnini, A., Santacroce, R., & Andronico, D.
(2008). Explosive activity and eruption scenarios at
Somma-Vesuvius (Italy): Towards a new classification
scheme. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research, 178, 331–346. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.04.
024
Cioni, R., D’Oriano, C., Bertagnini, A., & Andronico, D.
(2013). The 2nd to 4th century explosive activity of
Vesuvius: New data on the timing of the upward
migration of the post-AD 79 magma chamber. Annals of
Geophysics, 56(4), S0438–S0417. doi:10.4401/ag-6444
Cioni, R., Marianelli, P., & Sbrana, A. (1992). Dynamics of
the AD 79 eruption: Stratigraphic, sedimentological and
geochemical data on the successions from the Somma-
Vesuvius southern and eastern sectors. Acta Vulcanol, 2,
109–123.
Cioni, R., Santacroce, R., & Sbrana, A. (1999). Pyroclastic
deposits as a guide for reconstructing the multi-stage evolution
of the Somma-Vesuvius caldera. Bulletin of
Volcanology, 61, 207–222. doi:10.1007/s004450050272
Cioni, R., Sulpizio, R., & Garruccio, N. (2003). Variability of
the eruption dynamics during a subplinian event: The
Greenish Pumice eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (Italy).
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 124,
89–114.
Dallai, L., Cioni, R., Boschi, C., & D’Oriano, C. (2011).
Carbonate-derived CO2 purging magma at depth:
Influence on the eruptive activity of Somma-Vesuvius,
Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 310, 84–95.
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.013
Delibrias, G., Di Paola, G. M., Rosi, M., & Santacroce, R.
(1979). La storia eruttiva del complesso vulcanico
Somma-Vesuvio ricostruita dalle successioni piroclastiche
del Monte Somma. Rend Soc It Mineral Petrol, 35, 411–
438.
de Vita, S., Orsi, G., Civetta, L., Carandente, A., D’Antonio,
M., Di Cesare, T.,…Southon, J. (1999). The Agnano–
Monte Spina eruption in the densely populated, restless
Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.
91, 269–301.
De Vivo, B., Rolandi, G., Gans, P. B., Calvert, A., Bohrson,
W. A., Spera, F. J., & Belkin, H. E. (2001). New constraints
on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic
plain (Italy). Mineralogy and Petrology, 73, 47–65.
doi:10.1007/s007100170010
Funiciello, R., & Giordano, G. (Eds.). (2010). The Colli
Albani Volcano. Geological Society of London, Special
Publication IAVCEI, 3, 400pp. ISBN: 78-1-86239-
307-3.
Guidobaldi, M. P., Camardo, D., & Notomista, M. (2014). I
carotaggi geoarcheologici nell’area della nuova caserma
dei Carabinieri di Ercolano. Rivista di Studi Pompeiani,
25, 166–170. (in Italian).
Guidobaldi, M. P., Camardo, D., & Rossi, M. (2014). Portici,
campagna di carotaggi geoarcheologici in piazza S. Ciro.
Rivista di Studi Pompeiani, 25, 171–173. (in Italian).
Iacono Marziano, G., Gaillard, F., & Pichavant, M. (2008).
Limestone assimilation by basaltic magmas: An experimental
re-assessment and application to Italian volcanoes.
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 155,
719–738. doi:10.1007/s00410-007-0267-8
Johnston-Lavis, H. J. (1891). Geological map of Monte
Somma and Vesuvius (1:10,000) constructed during the
years 1880-1888. London: George Philips & Son.
Marianelli, P., Metrich, N., & Sbrana, A. (1999). Shallow and
deep reservoirs involved in magma supply of the 1944
eruption of Vesuvius. Bulletin of Volcanology, 61, 48–63.
Marianelli, P., Sbrana, A., Métrich, N., & Cecchetti, A.
(2005). The deep feeding system of Vesuvius involved in
recent violent strombolian eruptions. Geophysical
Research Letters, 32, L02306. doi:10.1029/2004GL021667
Marinoni, L. B. (2001). Crustal extension from exposed sheet
intrusions: Review and method proposal. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 107, 27–46.
Mele, D., Sulpizio, R., Dellino, P., & La Volpe, L. (2011).
Stratigraphy and eruptive dynamics of a pulsating
Plinian eruption of Somma-Vesuvius: The Pomici di
Mercato (8900 years B.P.). Bulletin of Volcanology, 73,
257–278.
Paolillo, A., Principe, C., Bisson, M., Gianardi, R., Giordano,
D., & La Felice, S. (2016). Volcanology of the
Southwestern sector of Vesuvius volcano, Italy. Journal
of Maps, 12, 425–440. doi:10.1080/17445647.2016.1234982
Peccerillo, A. (2005). Plio-quaternary volcanism in Italy (Vol.
365). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Perrotta, A., Scarpati, C., Luongo, G., & Aoyagi, M. (2006).
Burial of Emperor Augustus’ villa at Somma Vesuviana
(Italy) by post-79 AD Vesuvius eruptions and reworked
(lahars and stream flow) deposits. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 158, 445–466.
doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.08.00623
Porreca, M., Acocella, V., Massimi, E., Mattei, M., Funiciello,
R., & De Benedetti, A. A. (2006). Geometric and kinematic
features of the dike complex at Mt. Somma, Vesuvio
(Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 389–
407. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.027
Principe, C., Tanguy, J. C., Arrighi, S., Paiotti, A., Le Goff, M.,
& Zoppi, U. (2004). Chronology of Vesuvius_ activity
from A.D. 79 to 1631 based on archeomagnetism of
lavas and historical sources. Bulletin of Volcanology, 66,
703–724. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0348-8
Regione Campania. (2003). Geological map of Vesuvius
1:15,000, Regione Campania, Assessorato Difesa Suolo.
Rittmann, A. (1933). Die geologisch bedingte evolution und
differentiation des Somma-Vesuvmagmas. Berlin: Reimer.
Rosi, M., Principe, C., & Vecci, R. (1993). The 1631 Vesuvius
eruption. A reconstruction based on historical and stratigraphical
data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research, 58(1–4), 151–182. doi:10.1016/0377-0273
(93)90106-2
Rosi, M., Santacroce, R., & Sbrana, A. (1986). Geological map
of Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex (scale 1:25,000). In
R. Santacroce (Ed.), Somma-Vesuvius. Quaderni de ‘La
Ricerca Scientifica’ CNR 114(8) (pp. 1–220). Roma: CNR
Edizioni.
Rosi, M., & Sbrana, A. (Eds.). (1987). Phlegrean fields (Vol.
9). CNR, Quad. Ric. Sci., 114 (9), 175 pp.
Santacroce, R. (1983). A general model for the behavior of
the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 17(1–4), 237–
248. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90070-7
Santacroce, R. (Editore). (1987) Somma Vesuvius. CNR,
Quad. Ric. Sci., 114 (8), 220 pp.
Santacroce, R., Cioni, R., Marianelli, P., Sbrana, A., Sulpizio,
R., Zanchetta, G.,…Joron, J. L. (2008). Age and whole
rock–glass compositions of proximal pyroclastics from
the major explosive eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius: A
review as a tool for distal tephrostratigraphy. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 177, 1–18.
Savelli, C. (1967). The problem of rock assimilation by
Somma-Vesuvius magma. Contributions to Mineralogy
and Petrology, 16(4), 328–353.
Sbrana, A., Marianelli, P., & Pasquini, G. (2018).
Volcanology of Ischia (Italy). Journal of Maps, 14(2),
494–503. doi:10.1080/17445647.2018.1498811
Servizio Geologico d’italia. (in press). Geological map of
Italy, F 448 Ercolano, F 466 Sorrento Isola d’Ischia.
1:50000 – ISPRA Geological Survey of Italy, ISPRA Roma.
Sevink, J., Bergen, M., Plicht, J., Feiken, H., Anastasia, C., &
Huizinga, A. (2011). Robust date for the Bronze Age
Avellino eruption (Somma-Vesuvius): 3945±10 calBP
(1995±10 calBC). Quaternary Science Reviews, 30.
doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.001.
Sigurdsson, H., Carey, S., Cornell, W., & Pescatore, T. (1985).
The eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. National Geographic
Research, 1, 1–55.
Sigurdsson, H., Cashdollar, S., & Sparks, S. R. J. (1982). The
eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79: Reconstruction from historical
and volcanological evidence. American Journal of
Archaeology, 86(1), 39–51.
Stothers, R. B., & Rampino, M. R. (1983). Volcanic eruptions
in the Mediterranean before A.D. 630 from written and
archaeological sources. Journal of Geophysical Research,
88(B8), 6357–6371.
Sulpizio, R., Bonasia, R., Dellino, P., Mele, D., Di Vito, M. A.,
& La Volpe, L. (2010). The Pomici di Avellino eruption of
Somma-Vesuvius (3.9 ka BP). Part II: Sedimentology and
physical volcanology of pyroclastic density current deposits.
Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 559–577. doi:10.1007/
s00445-009-0340-4
Sulpizio, R., Cioni, R., Di Vito, M. A., Mele, D., Bonasia, R., &
Dellino, P. (2010). The Pomici di Avellino eruption of
Somma-Vesuvius (3.9 ka BP). art I: Stratigraphy, compositional
variability and eruptive dynamics. Bulletin of
Volcanology, 72, 539–558. doi:10.1007/s00445-009-0339-x
Sulpizio, R., Mele, D., Dellino, P., & La Volpe, L. (2005). A
complex, subplinian-type eruption from low-viscosity,
phonolitic to tephri-phonolitic magma: The AD 472
(Pollena) eruption of Somma-Vesuvius, Italy. Bulletin of
Volcanology, 67, 743–767. doi:10.1007/s00445-005-0414-x
Vogel, S., Maerker, M. & Seiler, F. (2011). Revised modeling
of the post-AD 79 volcanic deposits of Somma-Vesuvius
to reconstruct the pre-AD 79 topography of the Sarno
River plain (Italy). Geologica Carpathica, 62, 5–16,
doi:10.2478/v10096-011-0001-3
Mount Vesuvius activity in the period between the
Avellino and Pompeii Plinian eruptions, and some implications
for assessment of future hazards. Bulletin of
Volcanology, 64, 372–391. doi:10.1007/s00445-002-0215-4
Arrighi, S., Principe, C., & Rosi, M. (2001). Violent strombolian
and subplinian eruptions at Vesuvius during post-
1631 activity. Bulletin of Volcanology, 63, 126–150.
doi:10.1007ls004450100130
Bertagnini, A., Cioni, R., Guidoboni, E., Rosi, M., Neri, A., &
Boschi, E. (2006). Eruption early warning at Vesuvius:
The A.D. 1631 lesson. Geophysical Research Letters.
doi:10.1029/2006GL027297
Branca, S., Coltelli, M., Groppelli, G., & Lentini, F. (2011).
Geological map of Etna volcano, 1: 50,000 scale. Italian
Journal of Geosciences, 130(3), 265–291.
Brocchini, D., Principe, C., Castradori, D., Laurenzi, M. A., &
Gorla, L. (2001). Quaternary evolution of the southern
sector of the Campanian Plain and early Somma-
Vesuvius activity: Insights from the Trecase 1 well.
Mineralogy and Petrology, 73, 67–91.
Caliro, S., Chiodini, G., Avino, R., Cardellini, C., & Frondini,
F. (2005). Volcanic degassing at Somma–Vesuvio (Italy)
inferred by chemical and isotopic signatures of groundwater.
Applied Geochemistry, 20, 1060–1076. doi:10.
1016/j.apgeochem.2005.02.002
Cinque, A., & Irollo, G. (2004). Il “volcano di Pompei”:
nuovi dati geomorfologici e stratigrafici. Italian Journal
of Quaternary Sciences, 17, 101–116.
Cioni, R., Bertagnini, A., Santacroce, R., & Andronico, D.
(2008). Explosive activity and eruption scenarios at
Somma-Vesuvius (Italy): Towards a new classification
scheme. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research, 178, 331–346. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.04.
024
Cioni, R., D’Oriano, C., Bertagnini, A., & Andronico, D.
(2013). The 2nd to 4th century explosive activity of
Vesuvius: New data on the timing of the upward
migration of the post-AD 79 magma chamber. Annals of
Geophysics, 56(4), S0438–S0417. doi:10.4401/ag-6444
Cioni, R., Marianelli, P., & Sbrana, A. (1992). Dynamics of
the AD 79 eruption: Stratigraphic, sedimentological and
geochemical data on the successions from the Somma-
Vesuvius southern and eastern sectors. Acta Vulcanol, 2,
109–123.
Cioni, R., Santacroce, R., & Sbrana, A. (1999). Pyroclastic
deposits as a guide for reconstructing the multi-stage evolution
of the Somma-Vesuvius caldera. Bulletin of
Volcanology, 61, 207–222. doi:10.1007/s004450050272
Cioni, R., Sulpizio, R., & Garruccio, N. (2003). Variability of
the eruption dynamics during a subplinian event: The
Greenish Pumice eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (Italy).
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 124,
89–114.
Dallai, L., Cioni, R., Boschi, C., & D’Oriano, C. (2011).
Carbonate-derived CO2 purging magma at depth:
Influence on the eruptive activity of Somma-Vesuvius,
Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 310, 84–95.
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.013
Delibrias, G., Di Paola, G. M., Rosi, M., & Santacroce, R.
(1979). La storia eruttiva del complesso vulcanico
Somma-Vesuvio ricostruita dalle successioni piroclastiche
del Monte Somma. Rend Soc It Mineral Petrol, 35, 411–
438.
de Vita, S., Orsi, G., Civetta, L., Carandente, A., D’Antonio,
M., Di Cesare, T.,…Southon, J. (1999). The Agnano–
Monte Spina eruption in the densely populated, restless
Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.
91, 269–301.
De Vivo, B., Rolandi, G., Gans, P. B., Calvert, A., Bohrson,
W. A., Spera, F. J., & Belkin, H. E. (2001). New constraints
on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic
plain (Italy). Mineralogy and Petrology, 73, 47–65.
doi:10.1007/s007100170010
Funiciello, R., & Giordano, G. (Eds.). (2010). The Colli
Albani Volcano. Geological Society of London, Special
Publication IAVCEI, 3, 400pp. ISBN: 78-1-86239-
307-3.
Guidobaldi, M. P., Camardo, D., & Notomista, M. (2014). I
carotaggi geoarcheologici nell’area della nuova caserma
dei Carabinieri di Ercolano. Rivista di Studi Pompeiani,
25, 166–170. (in Italian).
Guidobaldi, M. P., Camardo, D., & Rossi, M. (2014). Portici,
campagna di carotaggi geoarcheologici in piazza S. Ciro.
Rivista di Studi Pompeiani, 25, 171–173. (in Italian).
Iacono Marziano, G., Gaillard, F., & Pichavant, M. (2008).
Limestone assimilation by basaltic magmas: An experimental
re-assessment and application to Italian volcanoes.
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 155,
719–738. doi:10.1007/s00410-007-0267-8
Johnston-Lavis, H. J. (1891). Geological map of Monte
Somma and Vesuvius (1:10,000) constructed during the
years 1880-1888. London: George Philips & Son.
Marianelli, P., Metrich, N., & Sbrana, A. (1999). Shallow and
deep reservoirs involved in magma supply of the 1944
eruption of Vesuvius. Bulletin of Volcanology, 61, 48–63.
Marianelli, P., Sbrana, A., Métrich, N., & Cecchetti, A.
(2005). The deep feeding system of Vesuvius involved in
recent violent strombolian eruptions. Geophysical
Research Letters, 32, L02306. doi:10.1029/2004GL021667
Marinoni, L. B. (2001). Crustal extension from exposed sheet
intrusions: Review and method proposal. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 107, 27–46.
Mele, D., Sulpizio, R., Dellino, P., & La Volpe, L. (2011).
Stratigraphy and eruptive dynamics of a pulsating
Plinian eruption of Somma-Vesuvius: The Pomici di
Mercato (8900 years B.P.). Bulletin of Volcanology, 73,
257–278.
Paolillo, A., Principe, C., Bisson, M., Gianardi, R., Giordano,
D., & La Felice, S. (2016). Volcanology of the
Southwestern sector of Vesuvius volcano, Italy. Journal
of Maps, 12, 425–440. doi:10.1080/17445647.2016.1234982
Peccerillo, A. (2005). Plio-quaternary volcanism in Italy (Vol.
365). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Perrotta, A., Scarpati, C., Luongo, G., & Aoyagi, M. (2006).
Burial of Emperor Augustus’ villa at Somma Vesuviana
(Italy) by post-79 AD Vesuvius eruptions and reworked
(lahars and stream flow) deposits. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 158, 445–466.
doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.08.00623
Porreca, M., Acocella, V., Massimi, E., Mattei, M., Funiciello,
R., & De Benedetti, A. A. (2006). Geometric and kinematic
features of the dike complex at Mt. Somma, Vesuvio
(Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 389–
407. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.027
Principe, C., Tanguy, J. C., Arrighi, S., Paiotti, A., Le Goff, M.,
& Zoppi, U. (2004). Chronology of Vesuvius_ activity
from A.D. 79 to 1631 based on archeomagnetism of
lavas and historical sources. Bulletin of Volcanology, 66,
703–724. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0348-8
Regione Campania. (2003). Geological map of Vesuvius
1:15,000, Regione Campania, Assessorato Difesa Suolo.
Rittmann, A. (1933). Die geologisch bedingte evolution und
differentiation des Somma-Vesuvmagmas. Berlin: Reimer.
Rosi, M., Principe, C., & Vecci, R. (1993). The 1631 Vesuvius
eruption. A reconstruction based on historical and stratigraphical
data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research, 58(1–4), 151–182. doi:10.1016/0377-0273
(93)90106-2
Rosi, M., Santacroce, R., & Sbrana, A. (1986). Geological map
of Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex (scale 1:25,000). In
R. Santacroce (Ed.), Somma-Vesuvius. Quaderni de ‘La
Ricerca Scientifica’ CNR 114(8) (pp. 1–220). Roma: CNR
Edizioni.
Rosi, M., & Sbrana, A. (Eds.). (1987). Phlegrean fields (Vol.
9). CNR, Quad. Ric. Sci., 114 (9), 175 pp.
Santacroce, R. (1983). A general model for the behavior of
the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 17(1–4), 237–
248. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90070-7
Santacroce, R. (Editore). (1987) Somma Vesuvius. CNR,
Quad. Ric. Sci., 114 (8), 220 pp.
Santacroce, R., Cioni, R., Marianelli, P., Sbrana, A., Sulpizio,
R., Zanchetta, G.,…Joron, J. L. (2008). Age and whole
rock–glass compositions of proximal pyroclastics from
the major explosive eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius: A
review as a tool for distal tephrostratigraphy. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 177, 1–18.
Savelli, C. (1967). The problem of rock assimilation by
Somma-Vesuvius magma. Contributions to Mineralogy
and Petrology, 16(4), 328–353.
Sbrana, A., Marianelli, P., & Pasquini, G. (2018).
Volcanology of Ischia (Italy). Journal of Maps, 14(2),
494–503. doi:10.1080/17445647.2018.1498811
Servizio Geologico d’italia. (in press). Geological map of
Italy, F 448 Ercolano, F 466 Sorrento Isola d’Ischia.
1:50000 – ISPRA Geological Survey of Italy, ISPRA Roma.
Sevink, J., Bergen, M., Plicht, J., Feiken, H., Anastasia, C., &
Huizinga, A. (2011). Robust date for the Bronze Age
Avellino eruption (Somma-Vesuvius): 3945±10 calBP
(1995±10 calBC). Quaternary Science Reviews, 30.
doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.001.
Sigurdsson, H., Carey, S., Cornell, W., & Pescatore, T. (1985).
The eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. National Geographic
Research, 1, 1–55.
Sigurdsson, H., Cashdollar, S., & Sparks, S. R. J. (1982). The
eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79: Reconstruction from historical
and volcanological evidence. American Journal of
Archaeology, 86(1), 39–51.
Stothers, R. B., & Rampino, M. R. (1983). Volcanic eruptions
in the Mediterranean before A.D. 630 from written and
archaeological sources. Journal of Geophysical Research,
88(B8), 6357–6371.
Sulpizio, R., Bonasia, R., Dellino, P., Mele, D., Di Vito, M. A.,
& La Volpe, L. (2010). The Pomici di Avellino eruption of
Somma-Vesuvius (3.9 ka BP). Part II: Sedimentology and
physical volcanology of pyroclastic density current deposits.
Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 559–577. doi:10.1007/
s00445-009-0340-4
Sulpizio, R., Cioni, R., Di Vito, M. A., Mele, D., Bonasia, R., &
Dellino, P. (2010). The Pomici di Avellino eruption of
Somma-Vesuvius (3.9 ka BP). art I: Stratigraphy, compositional
variability and eruptive dynamics. Bulletin of
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