Geochemical monitoring of volcanic lakes. A generalized box model for active crater lakes
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Journal
Issue/vol(year)
2/54(2011)
Publisher
INGV
Pages (printed)
161-173
Date Issued
2011
Alternative Location
Subjects
Abstract
In the past, variations in the chemical contents (SO4
2−, Cl−, cations) of
crater lake water have not systematically demonstrated any relationships
with eruptive activity. Intensive parameters (i.e., concentrations,
temperature, pH, salinity) should be converted into extensive parameters
(i.e., fluxes, changes with time of mass and solutes), taking into account
all the internal and external chemical–physical factors that affect the
crater lake system. This study presents a generalized box model approach
that can be useful for geochemical monitoring of active crater lakes, as
highly dynamic natural systems. The mass budget of a lake is based on
observations of physical variations over a certain period of time: lake
volume (level, surface area), lake water temperature, meteorological
precipitation, air humidity, wind velocity, input of spring water, and
overflow of the lake. This first approach leads to quantification of the
input and output fluxes that contribute to the actual crater lake volume.
Estimating the input flux of the "volcanic" fluid (Qf - kg/s) –– an
unmeasurable subsurface parameter –– and tracing its variations with
time is the major focus during crater lake monitoring. Through expanding
the mass budget into an isotope and chemical budget of the lake, the box
model helps to qualitatively characterize the fluids involved. The
(calculated) Cl− content and dD ratio of the rising "volcanic" fluid defines
its origin. With reference to continuous monitoring of crater lakes, the
present study provides tips that allow better calculation of Qf in the future.
At present, this study offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date
literature review on active crater lakes.
2−, Cl−, cations) of
crater lake water have not systematically demonstrated any relationships
with eruptive activity. Intensive parameters (i.e., concentrations,
temperature, pH, salinity) should be converted into extensive parameters
(i.e., fluxes, changes with time of mass and solutes), taking into account
all the internal and external chemical–physical factors that affect the
crater lake system. This study presents a generalized box model approach
that can be useful for geochemical monitoring of active crater lakes, as
highly dynamic natural systems. The mass budget of a lake is based on
observations of physical variations over a certain period of time: lake
volume (level, surface area), lake water temperature, meteorological
precipitation, air humidity, wind velocity, input of spring water, and
overflow of the lake. This first approach leads to quantification of the
input and output fluxes that contribute to the actual crater lake volume.
Estimating the input flux of the "volcanic" fluid (Qf - kg/s) –– an
unmeasurable subsurface parameter –– and tracing its variations with
time is the major focus during crater lake monitoring. Through expanding
the mass budget into an isotope and chemical budget of the lake, the box
model helps to qualitatively characterize the fluids involved. The
(calculated) Cl− content and dD ratio of the rising "volcanic" fluid defines
its origin. With reference to continuous monitoring of crater lakes, the
present study provides tips that allow better calculation of Qf in the future.
At present, this study offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date
literature review on active crater lakes.
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