Analysis of a Permo-Triassic polarity transition in different absolute reconstructions of Pangaea, considering a model with features of the present Earth magnetic field
Author(s)
Date Issued
April 2007
Issue/vol(year)
2/50 (2007)
Language
English
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to show that the distribution of transitional palaeomagnetic data recorded at
250 Ma are in agreement with simulated data that depend on the sampling site, using a model that considers features
of the Present Earth magnetic field. The analysis was performed comparing simulated reversals with the
Permo-Triassic polarity transition recorded in the Siberian Trap Basalts. The palaeomagnetic data were corrected
according to the Palaeo-latitude and Palaeo-longitude of Siberia (absolute reconstruction) at 250 Ma using
hotspot tracks. To obtain the motion of Siberia relative to hotspots from the Present time back to 250 Ma, three
different Pangaea models were considered (Pangaea A, Pangaea A2, Pangaea B). In spite of the uncertainties associated
with the use of hotspot frameworks and Pangaea configurations, both the modelled and recorded data
show a remarkable fit when absolute reconstructions of Pangaea A and A2 configurations are performed. The
agreement between both simulated and recorded data suggests that similar features to that of the Present Earth
magnetic field could have been involved in reversals since the Permo-Triassic.
250 Ma are in agreement with simulated data that depend on the sampling site, using a model that considers features
of the Present Earth magnetic field. The analysis was performed comparing simulated reversals with the
Permo-Triassic polarity transition recorded in the Siberian Trap Basalts. The palaeomagnetic data were corrected
according to the Palaeo-latitude and Palaeo-longitude of Siberia (absolute reconstruction) at 250 Ma using
hotspot tracks. To obtain the motion of Siberia relative to hotspots from the Present time back to 250 Ma, three
different Pangaea models were considered (Pangaea A, Pangaea A2, Pangaea B). In spite of the uncertainties associated
with the use of hotspot frameworks and Pangaea configurations, both the modelled and recorded data
show a remarkable fit when absolute reconstructions of Pangaea A and A2 configurations are performed. The
agreement between both simulated and recorded data suggests that similar features to that of the Present Earth
magnetic field could have been involved in reversals since the Permo-Triassic.
References
BESSE, J. and V. COURTILLOT (2002): Apparent and true polar
wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic field
over the last 200 Myr, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (B11),
2300, doi: 10.1029/2000, JB 000050.
BRIDEN, J.C., A.G. SMITH and J.T. SALLOMY (1971): The geomagnetic
field in Permo-Triassic time, Geophys. J. R.
Astron. Soc., 23, 101-118.
BULLARD, E.C, J.E. EVERITT and A.G. SMITH (1965): The fit
of continents around the Atlantic, Philos. Trans. R. Soc.
London Ser. A, 258, 41-51.
CLEMENT, B.M. (1991): Geographical distribution of transitional
VGPs-Evidence for non-zonal equatorial symmetry
during the Matuyama Brunhes geomagnetic reversal,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 48-58.
COE, R.S. and J.M.G. GLEN (2004): The complexity of reversals,
in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic Field (Am.
Geophys. Un.), Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 145, 221-232.
COE, R.S., L. HONGRE and G.A. GLATZMAIER (2000): An examination
of simulated geomagnetic reversals from a
palaeomagnetic perspective, Philos. Trans. R. Astron.
Soc. London Ser. A, 358, 1141-1170.
COX, A. V. and B.R. HART (1986): Plate Tectonics: How it
Works (Blackwell Scientific, Palo Alto), pp. 392.
ENGEBRETSON, D.C., A. COX and R.G. GORDON (1985): Relative
motions between oceanic and continental plates in
the Pacific Basin, Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 206, pp. 59.
GLATZMAIER, G.A., R.S. COE, L. HONGRE and P.H. ROBERTS
(1999): The role of the Earth’s mantle in controlling the
frequency of geomagnetic reversals, Nature, 401, 885-
890.
GUBBINS, D. (1987): Mechanism for geomagnetic polarity
reversals, Nature, 326, 167-169.
GUBBINS, D. (1994): Geomagnetic polarity reversals: a connection
with secular variation and core-mantle boundary
interaction?, Rev. Geophys., 32, 61-83.
GUBBINS, D. and R.S. COE (1993): Longitudinally confined
geomagnetic reversal paths from non-dipolar transition
fields, Nature, 362, 51-53.
GUREVITCH, E.L., M. WESTPHAL, J. DARAGAN-SUCHOV, H.
FEINBERG, J.P. POZZI and A.N. KHRAMOV (1995): Paleomagnetism
and magnetostratigraphy of the traps from
Western Taimyr (Northern Siberia) and the Permo-Triassic
crisis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 136 (3-4), 461-473.
GUREVITCH, E.L., C. HEUNEMANN, V. RAD’KO, M. WESTPHAL,
V. BACHTADSE, J.P. POZZI and H. FEINBERG
(2004): Palaeomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of
the Permian-Triassic northwest Central Siberian Trap
Basalts, Tectonophysics, 379, 211-226.
HALLAM, A. (1983): Supposed Permo-Triassic megashear between
Laurasia and Gondwana, Nature, 301, 499-502.
HEUNEMANN, C., D. KRÁSA, H.C. SOFFEL, E. GUREVITCH
and V. BACHTADSE (2004): Directions and intensities of
the Earth’s magnetic field during a reversal: results
from the Permo-Triassic Siberian Trap Basalts, Russia,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 218, 197-213.
HOFFMAN, K.A. (1992): Dipolar reversal states of the geomagnetic
field and core-mantle dynamics, Nature, 359,
789-794.
IRVING, E. (2004): The case for Pangea B, and the intra-
Pangean megashear, in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic
Field (Am. Geophys. Un.), Geophys. Monogr. Ser.,
145, 13-27.
KLITGORD, K.D. and H. SCHOUTEN (1986): Plate kinematics
of the Central Atlantic, in The Geology of North America,
The Western North Atlantic Region, edited by P.R.
VOGT and H. TUCHOLKE (Geol. Soc. Am., New York),
351-378.
LAJ, C., A. MAZAUD, R. WEEKS, M. FULLER and E. HERRERO-
BERVERA (1991): Geomagnetic reversal paths,
Nature, 351, 447.
LANGEREIS, C.G., A.A. VAN HOOF and P. ROCHETTE (1992):
Longitudinal confinement of geomagnetic reversal
paths as a possible sedimentary artefact, Nature, 358,
226-229.
LOVE, J.J. (1998): Paleomagnetic volcanic data and geometric
regularity of reversals and excursions, J. Geophys.
Res., 103, 12,435-12,452.
MCELHINNY, M. (2004): Geocentric axial dipole hypothesis:
a least squares perspective, in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic
Field (Am. Geophys. Un.), Geophys. Monogr.
Ser. , 145, 1-12.
MCFADDEN, P. L. and F.J. LOWES (1981): The discrimination
of mean directions drawn from Fisher distributions,
Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 67, 19-33.
MOREL, P. and E. IRVING (1981): Paleomagnetism and the
evolution of Pangea, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1858-1872.
MORGAN, W.J. (1983): Hotspot tracks and early rifting of
the Atlantic, Tectonophysics, 94, 123-139.
MUTTONI, G., D.V. KENT and J.E.T. CHANNELL (1996): Evolution
of Pangea, paleomagnetic constraints from the
Southern Alps, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 140, 97-112.
MUTTONI, G., D.V.KENT, E. GARZANI, P. BRACK, N. ABRAHAMSEN
and M. GAETANI (2003): The mid-Permian revolution
from Pangea ‘B’ to ‘A’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
215, 379-394.
O’NEILL, C., D. MÜLLER and B. STEINBERGER (2005): On
the uncertainties in hot spot reconstructions and the
significance of moving hot spot frames, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosys., 6, 1-35.
PRÉVOT, M. and P. CAMPS (1993): Absence of preferred longitudinal
sectors for poles from volcanic records of geomagnetic
reversals, Nature, 366, 53-57.
PRÉVOT, M., N. ROBERTS, J. THOMPSON, L. FAYNOT and M.
PERRIN (2003): Revisiting the Jurassic geomagnetic reversal
recorded in the Lesotho Basalt (Southern
Africa), Geophys. J. Inter., 155, 367-378.
RAKOTOSOLOFO, N.A., J.A. TAIT, V. CARLOTTO and J. CÁRDENAS
(2005): Palaeomagnetic results from the Early
Permian Copacabana Group, Southern Peru: implication
for Pangaea palaeogeography, Tectonophysics,
413, 287-299.
ROCHETTE, P. and D. VANDAMME (2001): Pangea B: an artefact
of incorrect paleomagnetic assumptions?, Ann.
Geofis., 44 (3), 649-658.
SCHETTINO, A. and C.R. SCOTESE (2005): Apparent polar
wander paths for the major continents (200 Ma to the
present day): a palaeomagnetic reference frame for
global plate tectonic reconstructions, Geophys. J. Inter.,
163, 727-759.
SMETHURST, M.A., A.N. KHRAMOV and T.H. TORSVIK
(1998): The Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic data for
the Siberina Platform: from Rodinia to Pangea, Earth-
Sci. Rev., 43, 1-24.
SMITH, A.G. and R.A. LIVERMORE (1991): Pangea in Permian
to Jurassic time, Tectonophysics, 187, 135-179.
TORCQ, F., J. BESSE, D. VASLET, J. MARCOUX, L.E. RICOU, M.
HALAWANI and M. BASAHEL (1997): Paleomagntic results
from Saudi Arabia and the Permo-Triassic Pangea
configuration, Earth Planet. Sci Lett., 148, 553-567.
TORSVIK, T.H. and T.B. ANDERSEN (2002): The Taimyr Fold
Belt, Arctic Siberia: timing of pre-fold remagnetisation
and regional tectonics, Tectonophysics, 352, 335-348.
TORSVIK, T.H. and R. VAN DER VOO (2002): Refining Gondwana
and Pangea palaeogeography: estimates of
Phanerozoic non-dipole (octupole) fields, Geophys. J.
Inter., 151, 771-794.
TORSVIK, T.H., R. VAN DER VOO, J.G. MEERT, J. MOSAR and
H. WALDERHAUG (2001): Reconstructions of the continents
around the North Atlantic at about the 60th parallel,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 187, 55-69.
TORSVIK, T.H, R. VAN DER VOO and T.F. REDFIELD (2002):
Relative hotspot motions versus true polar wander,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 202 (2), 185-200.
VAN DER VOO, R. (1990): Phanerozoic paleomagnetic poles
from Europe and North America and comparisons with
continental reconstructions, Rev. Geophys., 28, 167-
206.
VAN DER VOO, R. and R.B. FRENCH (1974): Apparent polar
wandering for the Atlantic bordering continents: Late
Carboniferous to Eocene, Earth Sci. Rev., 10, 99-119.
VAN DER VOO, R. and T.H. TORSVIK (2001): Evidence for
late Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-dipole fields provides
an explanation for the Pangea reconstruction problems,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 187, 71-81.
VAN DER VOO, R. and T.H. TORSVIK (2004): The quality of
the European Permo-Triassic paleopoles and its impact
on Pangea reconstructions, in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic
Field (Am. Geophys. Un.), Geophys. Monogr.
Ser., 145, 29-42.
VAN DER VOO, R., F.J. MAUK and R.B. FRENCH (1976): Permian
Triassic continental configurations and the origin
of the Gulf of Mexico, Geology, 4, 177-180.
VAN ZIJL, J.S.V., K.W.T. GRAHAM and A.L. HALES (1962):
The palaeomagnetism of the Stormberg lavas of South
Africa 1: evidence for a genuine reversal of the Earth’s
field in Triassic-Jurassic times, Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc., 7, 23-39.
VIZÁN, H. and M.A.VAN ZELE (1995): Analysis of a lower
Jurassic geomagnetic reversal based on a model that relates
transitional fields to variations of flux on the core
surface, Studia Geophys. Geod., 39, 177-188.
WEGENER, A. (1922): Origin of Continents and Oceans,
English translation of 3rd edition by J.G.A. SKERL
(Methuen), pp. 1-212.
ZONENSHAIN, L.P., M.I. KUZMIN and M.V. KONONOV (1985):
Absolute reconstructions of the Paleozoic oceans,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 74, 103-116
wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic field
over the last 200 Myr, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (B11),
2300, doi: 10.1029/2000, JB 000050.
BRIDEN, J.C., A.G. SMITH and J.T. SALLOMY (1971): The geomagnetic
field in Permo-Triassic time, Geophys. J. R.
Astron. Soc., 23, 101-118.
BULLARD, E.C, J.E. EVERITT and A.G. SMITH (1965): The fit
of continents around the Atlantic, Philos. Trans. R. Soc.
London Ser. A, 258, 41-51.
CLEMENT, B.M. (1991): Geographical distribution of transitional
VGPs-Evidence for non-zonal equatorial symmetry
during the Matuyama Brunhes geomagnetic reversal,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 48-58.
COE, R.S. and J.M.G. GLEN (2004): The complexity of reversals,
in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic Field (Am.
Geophys. Un.), Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 145, 221-232.
COE, R.S., L. HONGRE and G.A. GLATZMAIER (2000): An examination
of simulated geomagnetic reversals from a
palaeomagnetic perspective, Philos. Trans. R. Astron.
Soc. London Ser. A, 358, 1141-1170.
COX, A. V. and B.R. HART (1986): Plate Tectonics: How it
Works (Blackwell Scientific, Palo Alto), pp. 392.
ENGEBRETSON, D.C., A. COX and R.G. GORDON (1985): Relative
motions between oceanic and continental plates in
the Pacific Basin, Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 206, pp. 59.
GLATZMAIER, G.A., R.S. COE, L. HONGRE and P.H. ROBERTS
(1999): The role of the Earth’s mantle in controlling the
frequency of geomagnetic reversals, Nature, 401, 885-
890.
GUBBINS, D. (1987): Mechanism for geomagnetic polarity
reversals, Nature, 326, 167-169.
GUBBINS, D. (1994): Geomagnetic polarity reversals: a connection
with secular variation and core-mantle boundary
interaction?, Rev. Geophys., 32, 61-83.
GUBBINS, D. and R.S. COE (1993): Longitudinally confined
geomagnetic reversal paths from non-dipolar transition
fields, Nature, 362, 51-53.
GUREVITCH, E.L., M. WESTPHAL, J. DARAGAN-SUCHOV, H.
FEINBERG, J.P. POZZI and A.N. KHRAMOV (1995): Paleomagnetism
and magnetostratigraphy of the traps from
Western Taimyr (Northern Siberia) and the Permo-Triassic
crisis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 136 (3-4), 461-473.
GUREVITCH, E.L., C. HEUNEMANN, V. RAD’KO, M. WESTPHAL,
V. BACHTADSE, J.P. POZZI and H. FEINBERG
(2004): Palaeomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of
the Permian-Triassic northwest Central Siberian Trap
Basalts, Tectonophysics, 379, 211-226.
HALLAM, A. (1983): Supposed Permo-Triassic megashear between
Laurasia and Gondwana, Nature, 301, 499-502.
HEUNEMANN, C., D. KRÁSA, H.C. SOFFEL, E. GUREVITCH
and V. BACHTADSE (2004): Directions and intensities of
the Earth’s magnetic field during a reversal: results
from the Permo-Triassic Siberian Trap Basalts, Russia,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 218, 197-213.
HOFFMAN, K.A. (1992): Dipolar reversal states of the geomagnetic
field and core-mantle dynamics, Nature, 359,
789-794.
IRVING, E. (2004): The case for Pangea B, and the intra-
Pangean megashear, in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic
Field (Am. Geophys. Un.), Geophys. Monogr. Ser.,
145, 13-27.
KLITGORD, K.D. and H. SCHOUTEN (1986): Plate kinematics
of the Central Atlantic, in The Geology of North America,
The Western North Atlantic Region, edited by P.R.
VOGT and H. TUCHOLKE (Geol. Soc. Am., New York),
351-378.
LAJ, C., A. MAZAUD, R. WEEKS, M. FULLER and E. HERRERO-
BERVERA (1991): Geomagnetic reversal paths,
Nature, 351, 447.
LANGEREIS, C.G., A.A. VAN HOOF and P. ROCHETTE (1992):
Longitudinal confinement of geomagnetic reversal
paths as a possible sedimentary artefact, Nature, 358,
226-229.
LOVE, J.J. (1998): Paleomagnetic volcanic data and geometric
regularity of reversals and excursions, J. Geophys.
Res., 103, 12,435-12,452.
MCELHINNY, M. (2004): Geocentric axial dipole hypothesis:
a least squares perspective, in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic
Field (Am. Geophys. Un.), Geophys. Monogr.
Ser. , 145, 1-12.
MCFADDEN, P. L. and F.J. LOWES (1981): The discrimination
of mean directions drawn from Fisher distributions,
Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 67, 19-33.
MOREL, P. and E. IRVING (1981): Paleomagnetism and the
evolution of Pangea, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1858-1872.
MORGAN, W.J. (1983): Hotspot tracks and early rifting of
the Atlantic, Tectonophysics, 94, 123-139.
MUTTONI, G., D.V. KENT and J.E.T. CHANNELL (1996): Evolution
of Pangea, paleomagnetic constraints from the
Southern Alps, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 140, 97-112.
MUTTONI, G., D.V.KENT, E. GARZANI, P. BRACK, N. ABRAHAMSEN
and M. GAETANI (2003): The mid-Permian revolution
from Pangea ‘B’ to ‘A’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
215, 379-394.
O’NEILL, C., D. MÜLLER and B. STEINBERGER (2005): On
the uncertainties in hot spot reconstructions and the
significance of moving hot spot frames, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosys., 6, 1-35.
PRÉVOT, M. and P. CAMPS (1993): Absence of preferred longitudinal
sectors for poles from volcanic records of geomagnetic
reversals, Nature, 366, 53-57.
PRÉVOT, M., N. ROBERTS, J. THOMPSON, L. FAYNOT and M.
PERRIN (2003): Revisiting the Jurassic geomagnetic reversal
recorded in the Lesotho Basalt (Southern
Africa), Geophys. J. Inter., 155, 367-378.
RAKOTOSOLOFO, N.A., J.A. TAIT, V. CARLOTTO and J. CÁRDENAS
(2005): Palaeomagnetic results from the Early
Permian Copacabana Group, Southern Peru: implication
for Pangaea palaeogeography, Tectonophysics,
413, 287-299.
ROCHETTE, P. and D. VANDAMME (2001): Pangea B: an artefact
of incorrect paleomagnetic assumptions?, Ann.
Geofis., 44 (3), 649-658.
SCHETTINO, A. and C.R. SCOTESE (2005): Apparent polar
wander paths for the major continents (200 Ma to the
present day): a palaeomagnetic reference frame for
global plate tectonic reconstructions, Geophys. J. Inter.,
163, 727-759.
SMETHURST, M.A., A.N. KHRAMOV and T.H. TORSVIK
(1998): The Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic data for
the Siberina Platform: from Rodinia to Pangea, Earth-
Sci. Rev., 43, 1-24.
SMITH, A.G. and R.A. LIVERMORE (1991): Pangea in Permian
to Jurassic time, Tectonophysics, 187, 135-179.
TORCQ, F., J. BESSE, D. VASLET, J. MARCOUX, L.E. RICOU, M.
HALAWANI and M. BASAHEL (1997): Paleomagntic results
from Saudi Arabia and the Permo-Triassic Pangea
configuration, Earth Planet. Sci Lett., 148, 553-567.
TORSVIK, T.H. and T.B. ANDERSEN (2002): The Taimyr Fold
Belt, Arctic Siberia: timing of pre-fold remagnetisation
and regional tectonics, Tectonophysics, 352, 335-348.
TORSVIK, T.H. and R. VAN DER VOO (2002): Refining Gondwana
and Pangea palaeogeography: estimates of
Phanerozoic non-dipole (octupole) fields, Geophys. J.
Inter., 151, 771-794.
TORSVIK, T.H., R. VAN DER VOO, J.G. MEERT, J. MOSAR and
H. WALDERHAUG (2001): Reconstructions of the continents
around the North Atlantic at about the 60th parallel,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 187, 55-69.
TORSVIK, T.H, R. VAN DER VOO and T.F. REDFIELD (2002):
Relative hotspot motions versus true polar wander,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 202 (2), 185-200.
VAN DER VOO, R. (1990): Phanerozoic paleomagnetic poles
from Europe and North America and comparisons with
continental reconstructions, Rev. Geophys., 28, 167-
206.
VAN DER VOO, R. and R.B. FRENCH (1974): Apparent polar
wandering for the Atlantic bordering continents: Late
Carboniferous to Eocene, Earth Sci. Rev., 10, 99-119.
VAN DER VOO, R. and T.H. TORSVIK (2001): Evidence for
late Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-dipole fields provides
an explanation for the Pangea reconstruction problems,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 187, 71-81.
VAN DER VOO, R. and T.H. TORSVIK (2004): The quality of
the European Permo-Triassic paleopoles and its impact
on Pangea reconstructions, in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic
Field (Am. Geophys. Un.), Geophys. Monogr.
Ser., 145, 29-42.
VAN DER VOO, R., F.J. MAUK and R.B. FRENCH (1976): Permian
Triassic continental configurations and the origin
of the Gulf of Mexico, Geology, 4, 177-180.
VAN ZIJL, J.S.V., K.W.T. GRAHAM and A.L. HALES (1962):
The palaeomagnetism of the Stormberg lavas of South
Africa 1: evidence for a genuine reversal of the Earth’s
field in Triassic-Jurassic times, Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc., 7, 23-39.
VIZÁN, H. and M.A.VAN ZELE (1995): Analysis of a lower
Jurassic geomagnetic reversal based on a model that relates
transitional fields to variations of flux on the core
surface, Studia Geophys. Geod., 39, 177-188.
WEGENER, A. (1922): Origin of Continents and Oceans,
English translation of 3rd edition by J.G.A. SKERL
(Methuen), pp. 1-212.
ZONENSHAIN, L.P., M.I. KUZMIN and M.V. KONONOV (1985):
Absolute reconstructions of the Paleozoic oceans,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 74, 103-116
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