Searching for patterns in caldera unrest

The ultimate goal of volcanology is forecasting eruptions. This task is particularly challenging at
calderas, where unrest is frequent, affects wider areas and its evidence is often masked by the activity of
hydrothermal systems. A recent study has compiled a database on caldera unrest, derived from seismicity,
geodetic, gravity, and geochemical monitoring data at calderas worldwide, from 1988 to 2014. Here we
exploit this database, searching for the most recurring features of unrest and, in turn, its possible dynamics.
In particular, we focus on (a) the duration of unrest at calderas; (b) recurring patterns in unrest; (c) unrest
episodes culminating in eruptions, including time-predictability or size-predictability and a multivariate
regression analysis. Our analysis indicates that preeruptive unrest is shorter than noneruptive unrest, partic-
ularly with open or semiplugged calderas, calderas with mafic or mixed composition of past eruptive prod-
ucts, or unrest driven by mafic magma; conversely, lack of data on preeruptive unrest driven by felsic
magma and/or at felsic or plugged calderas prevents an analysis of these specific subsets. In addition, 72%
of preeruptive unrest lasts <10 months and shows high seismicity and degassing. The remaining 28% (a) is
essentially aseismic in calderas with open-conduit (17%), or (b) lasts between 10 and 18 months, with seis-
micity and degassing, constituting a longer-duration tail of the preeruptive unrest with seismicity and
degassing (11%). Surface deformation is not always reliable to characterize preeruptive unrest. Our analysis
suggests that magma may withstand only a limited period of ‘‘eruptability,’’ before becoming stored in the
upper crust.