Geology versus myth: the Holocene evolution of the Sybaris Plain
Date Issued
December 2005
Issue/vol(year)
6/48 (2005)
Language
English
Abstract
Historical accounts handed down the legend of the ancient Sybaris, defeated and submerged by the Crotoniates who
diverted the River Crati on the town. This paper deals with the reconstruction of the Holocene evolution of the
Sybaris Plain, through a number of geological and geomorphological observations. In particular, I found i) ∼1 m/yr
horizontal coastal progradation rate since Greek times (2.4 kyr BP), possibly since Neolithic (7.0 kyr BP), mainly
originated by active alluvial deposition and subordinately by regional uplift; ii) evidence of striking modifications
in the surface hydrography of the plain during the last 2.5 kyr, with repeated fluvial captures of the Crati and
Coscile rivers testified by ancient historians and geographers, recent maps and archeological accounts. In addition,
datings and archeological information from 7 sites in the plain provided iii) ∼0.6 mm/yr mean uplift rate during the
past 11.2 kyr, that confirms the substantial continuity of this regional process with upper Pleistocene; iv) local, high
value of subsidence (0.5÷2.0 mm/yr) affecting the Sybaris main archeological area. Subsidence is not recorded before
4000 years BP and is caused by deposition of fine, highly compressible sediments at the transition between
marine and continental environment; v) no evidence of a fault-induced contribution to the subsidence, whilst there
is the grounded possibility that man-induced subsidence prevailed in the last century; vi) widespread active continental
deposition in the area. Local rates of deposition are relatively lower (1.5 mm/yr) at sites where subsidence
is not observed, and range between 2.5 mm/yr and 3.5 mm/yr in the main archeological area. There is also evidence
of a clear decrease of the sedimentation following the Mid-Holocene flex of the fast trend of sea level rise. These
data suggest that the Holocene evolution of the Sybaris Plain is due to the progressive eastward migration of the
land-sea boundary, probably active since the Mid-Holocene (∼7.0 ka). Repeated floodings, regional uplift and relative
sea-level changes produced the eastward expansion of the plain, subsidence locally slowed it down. Therefore,
geology first allowed the creation of Sybaris, then caused its destruction.
diverted the River Crati on the town. This paper deals with the reconstruction of the Holocene evolution of the
Sybaris Plain, through a number of geological and geomorphological observations. In particular, I found i) ∼1 m/yr
horizontal coastal progradation rate since Greek times (2.4 kyr BP), possibly since Neolithic (7.0 kyr BP), mainly
originated by active alluvial deposition and subordinately by regional uplift; ii) evidence of striking modifications
in the surface hydrography of the plain during the last 2.5 kyr, with repeated fluvial captures of the Crati and
Coscile rivers testified by ancient historians and geographers, recent maps and archeological accounts. In addition,
datings and archeological information from 7 sites in the plain provided iii) ∼0.6 mm/yr mean uplift rate during the
past 11.2 kyr, that confirms the substantial continuity of this regional process with upper Pleistocene; iv) local, high
value of subsidence (0.5÷2.0 mm/yr) affecting the Sybaris main archeological area. Subsidence is not recorded before
4000 years BP and is caused by deposition of fine, highly compressible sediments at the transition between
marine and continental environment; v) no evidence of a fault-induced contribution to the subsidence, whilst there
is the grounded possibility that man-induced subsidence prevailed in the last century; vi) widespread active continental
deposition in the area. Local rates of deposition are relatively lower (1.5 mm/yr) at sites where subsidence
is not observed, and range between 2.5 mm/yr and 3.5 mm/yr in the main archeological area. There is also evidence
of a clear decrease of the sedimentation following the Mid-Holocene flex of the fast trend of sea level rise. These
data suggest that the Holocene evolution of the Sybaris Plain is due to the progressive eastward migration of the
land-sea boundary, probably active since the Mid-Holocene (∼7.0 ka). Repeated floodings, regional uplift and relative
sea-level changes produced the eastward expansion of the plain, subsidence locally slowed it down. Therefore,
geology first allowed the creation of Sybaris, then caused its destruction.
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613-637.
ANTONIOLI, F. and G. LEONI (1998): Siti archeologici sommersi
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delle variazioni recenti del livello del mare, Il Quaternario,
11 (1), 53-66.
ANTONIOLI, F., G. DAI PRA, A.G. SEGRE and S. SYLOS LABINI
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the Messina Strait area, Italy, Quaternaria Nova, VIII,
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APAT (AGENZIA PER LA PROTEZIONE DELL’AMBIENTE E PER I
SERVIZI TECNICI) (2004): Geological Map of Italy, edited
by B. COMPAGNONI and F. GALLUZZO (SELCA, Florence).
ARGNANI, A. (2000): The Southern Tyrrhenian subduction
system: recent evolution and neotectonic implication,
Ann. Geofis., 43 (3), 585-607.
BARBERI, F., P. GASPARINI, F. INNOCENTI and L. VILLARI
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its geodynamical implications, J. Geophys. Res., 78,
5221-5232.
BARBERI, G., M.T. COSENTINO, A. GERVASI, I. GUERRA, G.
NERI and B. ORECCHIO (2004): Crustal seismic tomography
in the Calabrian Arc region, South Italy, Phys.
Earth Planet. In., 147, 297-314.
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N.J. SHACKLETON and Y. LANCELOT (1994):
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Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 126, 91-108.
BIGI, G., D. COSENTINO, M. PAROTTO, R. SARTORI and P.
SCANDONE (1983): Structural model of Italy, Quad.
Ric. Sci., 114 (3).
BLEAU, J. (1663): Le Grand Atlas, Italie, qui est le XVI
Livre de l’Europe, vol. IX (Amsterdam).
BORDONI, P. and G. VALENSISE (1998): Deformation of the
125 ka marine terrace in Italy: tectonic implications, in
Coastal Tectonics, edited by I.S. STEWART and C. VITAFINZI,
Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 146, 71-110.
CHERUBINI, C., V. COTECCHIA and R. PAGLIARULO (2000):
Subsidence in the Sybaris Plain (Italy), in Land Subsidence.
Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium
on Land Subsidence (Ravenna, Italy), vol. I, 3-15.
CIMINI, G.B. (1999): P-wave deep velocity structure of the
Southern Tyrrhenian subduction zone from nonlinear
traveltime tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3709-
3712.
CINTI, F.R., L. CUCCI, D. PANTOSTI, G. D’ADDEZIO and M.
MEGHRAOUI (1997): A major seismogenic fault in a
‘silent area’: the Castrovillari Fault (Southern Apennines,
Italy), Geophys. J. Int., 130, 322-332.
CINTI, F.R., M. MORO, D. PANTOSTI, L. CUCCI and G. D’ADDEZIO
(2002): New constraints on the seismic history of
the Castrovillari Fault in the Pollino gap (Calabria,
Southern Italy), J. Seismol., 6, 199-217.
COLELLA, A. (1988): Fault-controlled marine Gilbert-type
fan deltas, Geology, 16, 1031-1034.
COLELLA, A. and W.R. NORMARK (1984): High-resolution
side-scanning sonar survey of delta slope and inner fan
channels of Crati submarine fan (Ionian Sea), Mem.
Soc. Geol. It., 27, 481-486.
COTECCHIA, V. (1993): Incidenze geologiche e geotecniche
su Sibari e la Sibaritide, in Atti del 32mo convegno di
studi sulla Magna Grecia «Sibari e la Sibaritide», 7-12
Ottobre 1992, Taranto-Sibari (Istituto per la Storia e
l’Archeologia della Magna Grecia, Taranto), 21-49.
COTECCHIA, V., G. DAI PRA and G. MAGRI (1969): Oscillazioni
tirreniane e oloceniche del livello del mare nel
golfo di Taranto, corredate da datazioni col metodo del
radiocarbonio, Geol. Appl. Idrogeol., IV, 93-138.
CUCCI, L. (2004): Raised marine terraces in the Northern
Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy): a ∼600000 years-long
geological record of regional tectonic deformation,
Ann. Geophysics, 47 (4), 1391-1406.
CUCCI, L. and F.R. CINTI (1998): Regional uplift and local
tectonic deformation recorded by the Quaternary marine
terraces on the Ionian coast of Northern Calabria
(Southern Italy), Tectonophysics, 292, 67-83.
FAGLIA, V. (1984): Tipologia delle Torri Costiere di Avvistamento
e Segnalazione in Calabria Citra e in Calabria
Ultra dal XII Secolo (Istituto Italiano dei Castelli,
Roma), vol. 1, 3-199.
FERRELI, L., A.M. MICHETTI, L. SERVA, E. VITTORI and E.
ZAMBONELLI (1996): Tettonica recente ed evidenze di fagliazione superficiale nella Catena del Pollino (Calabria
Settentrionale), Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 51, 451-466.
GALADINI, F., C. MELETTI and E. VITTORI (2000): Stato
delle conoscenze sulle faglie attive in Italia: elementi
geologici di superficie, in Le ricerche del GNDT nel
campo della pericolosità sismica (1996-1999), edited
by F. GALADINI, C. MELETTI and A. REBEZ, Int. Rep.
CNR-GNDT, pp. 397.
GASPARINI, P., G. IANNACCONE, P. SCANDONE and R. SCARPA
(1982): Seismotectonics of the Calabrian Arc, Tectonophysics,
84, 267-286.
GIARDINI, D. and M. VELONÀ (1991): The deep seismicity
of the Tyrrhenian Basin, Terra Nova, 3, 57-64.
GLIOZZI, E. (1988): I terrazzi del Pleistocene superiore della
penisola di Crotone (Calabria), Geol. Rom., 26, 17-
79.
GUERRICCHIO, G. and G. MELIDORO (1975): Ricerche di geologia
applicata all’archeologia della città di Sibari sepolta,
Geol. Appl. Idrogeol., 10, 107-128.
GULLIKSEN, S., H.H. BIRKS, G. POSSNERT and J. MANGERUD
(1998): A calendar age estimate of the Younger Dryas-
Holocene boundary at Krakenes, Western Norway,
Holocene, 8 (3), 249-259 .
GVIRTZMANN, Z. and A. NUR (1999): Plate detachment, asthenosphere
upwelling, and topography across subduction
zones, Geology, 27, 563-566.
JOLIVET, L. and C. FACCENNA (2000): Mediterranean extension
and the Africa-Eurasia collision, Tectonics, 19 (6),
1095-1106.
LAJOIE, K.R., D.J. PONTI, C.L. POWELL, S.A. MATHIESON
and A.M. SARNA-WOJCICKI (1991): Emergent marine
strandlines and associated sediments, coastal California;
a record of Quaternary sea-level fluctuations, vertical
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