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Surono, N.
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- PublicationRestrictedStructure and CO2 budget of Merapi volcano during inter-eruptive periods(2009-02-19)
; ; ; ; ; ; ;Toutain, J. P.; Université de Toulouse; UPS (OMP); LMTG, ;Sortino, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Baubron, J. C.; JcbConsulting ;Richon, P.; CEA, DIF, Service Radiochimie Chimie Environnemen ;Surono; DVGHM ;Sumarti, S.; MVO – Merapi Volcanological Observatory; ; ;; ; Abstract Soil temperature and gas (CO2 concentration and flux) have been investigated at Merapi volcano (Indonesia) during two inter-eruptive periods (2002 and 2007). Precise imaging of the summit crater and the spatial pattern of diffuse degassing along a gas traverse on the southern slope are interpreted in terms of summit structure and major caldera organization. The summit area is characterized by decreasing CO2 concentrations with distance from the 1932 crater rim, down to atmospheric levels at the base of the terminal cone. Similar patterns are measured on any transect down the slopes of the cone. The spatial distribution of soil gas anomalies suggests that soil degassing is controlled by structures identified as concentric historical caldera rims (1932, 1872, and 1768), which have undergone severe hydrothermal self-sealing processes that dramatically lower the permeability and porosity of soils. Temperature and CO2 flux measurements in soils near the dome display heterogeneous distributions which are consistent with a fracture network identified by previous geophysical studies. These data support the idea that the summit is made of isolated and mobile blocks, whose boundaries are either sealed by depositional processes or282 34 - PublicationOpen AccessCooperazione Italia-Indonesia:un sistema per il monitoraggio sismologico del vulcano Marapi (Sumatra)(2009)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Orazi, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Peluso, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;D'Auria, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Caputo, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Demartin, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Franceschi, D.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Delladio, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Budianto, A.; CVGHM (Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) ;Gunawan, H.; CVGHM (Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) ;Selva, I.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Garcia, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Giudicepietro, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Marzocchi, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia ;Martini, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Surono; CVGHM (Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) ;Boschi, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; L’Italia e l’Indonesia hanno avviato nel 2005-2006 un progetto di cooperazione sulle tematiche della mitigazione del rischio vulcanico. Nell’ambito di questo progetto è stata individuata la zona ovest di Sumatra come area di intervento. In particolare è stato preso in considerazione il vulcanoMarapi. Questo vulcano ha avuto frequente attività eruttiva nelle ultime decine di anni. L’ultima eruzione si è verificata nel 2004. La sua attività, sebbene di moderata intensità, pone un problema di protezione civile, poiché dal 1980 ad oggi ha causato diversi feriti e alcune vittime tra i turisti che hanno visitato l’area craterica sommitale. Allo scopo di monitorare lo stato di attività del Marapi, nell’ambito del citato progetto è stata realizzata una rete sismica a larga banda composta da 4 stazioni e basata su sensori Guralp GMG-40T da 60s di periodo e su acquisitori di tipo GAIA2, prodotti presso l’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. La strumentazione è stata portata dall’Italia ed è stata installata da un gruppo di lavoro formato da italiani ed indonesiani. Oltre all’installazione della strumentazione in campagna è stato necessario allestire un vero e proprio Centro di Monitoraggio presso l’Osservatorio di Bukittinggi, in prossimità delle pendici nordoccidentali del vulcano, dotato di calcolatori per l’acquisizione, l’analisi dei dati e la loro archiviazione. Il sistema per ilmonitoraggio sismologico realizzato alMarapi costituisce un importante strumento di prevenzione del rischio associato all’attività di questo vulcano e sta permettendo di creare un ricco data set utile a caratterizzare la sismicità della struttura vulcanica e dell’area circostante. Da un’analisi preliminare dei dati registrati nel periodo 19/10/2006 - 24/11/2008 si evidenzia che il vulcanomanifesta una sismicità di tipo VT ed LP. Nell’ agosto 2007 sono stati inoltre registrati segnali probabilmente attribuibili a modesta attività esplosiva nell’area sommitale. Italy and Indonesia started a cooperation project in 2005-2006 to cover issues for the mitigation of volcanic risk. In this project, the west area of Sumatra was identified as the area for intervention. In particular, the Marapi volcano was considered. This volcano has shown frequent eruptive activity over recent decades, with the last eruption occurring in 2004. Although its activity is of moderate intensity, it creates a civil protection problem, because since 1980 it has resulted in several injuries and a number of deaths among the tourists who visit the summit crater area. To monitor the activity of Marapi volcano as part of this project, a broadband seismic network has been implemented that consists of four stations based on Guralp GMG 40T sensors with period of 60 s and on GAIA2 data-loggers, which are produced at the INGV. The instrumentation was brought from Italy and was installed by a working group comprising Italians and Indonesians. In addition to the instrumentation in the field, it was necessary to set up a monitoring centre in the Bukittinggi Observatory, which is near the north-western slopes of the Marapi volcano. This is equipped with computers for data acquisition, analysis and archiving. The system for seismological monitoring that has been realized atMarapi volcano is an important tool in the prevention of the risk associated with this volcano, and it is providing a rich dataset that will be of great use for the characterization of the seismicity of the Marapi volcanic structure and the surrounding area. A preliminary analysis of the data recorded during the period 19/10/2006 - 24/11/2008 evidences that the volcano shows VT and LP seismicity. In August 2007 were also recorded signals probably attributable to small explosive activity in the summit area.759 169 - PublicationRestrictedPyroclastic density current volume estimation after the 2010 Merapi volcano eruption using X-band SAR(2013)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Bignami, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Ruch, J.; Università Roma Tre ;Chini, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Neri, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Buongiorno, M. F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Hidayati, S.; CVGHM ;Sayudi, D. S.; CVGHM ;Surono, N.; CVGHM; ; ;; ; ; ; Pyroclastic density current deposits remobilized by water during periods of heavy rainfall trigger lahars (volcanic mudflows) that affect inhabited areas at considerable distance from volcanoes, even years after an eruption.Here we present an innovative approach to detect and estimate the thickness and volume of pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits as well as erosional versus depositional environments. We use SAR interferometry to compare an airborne digital surface model (DSM) acquired in 2004 to a post eruption 2010 DSM created using COSMO-SkyMed satellite data to estimate the volume of 2010 Merapi eruption PDC deposits along the Gendol river (Kali Gendol, KG). Results show PDC thicknesses of up to 75 m in canyons and a volume of about 40 × 10^6 m3, mainly along KG, and at distances of up to 16 km from the volcano summit. This volume estimate corresponds mainly to the 2010 pyroclastic deposits along the KG — material that is potentially available to produce lahars. Our volume estimate is approximately twice that estimated by field studies, a difference we consider acceptable given the uncertainties involved in both satellite- and field-based methods. Our technique can be used to rapidly evaluate volumes of PDC deposits at active volcanoes, in remote settings and where continuous activity may prevent field observations.192 22 - PublicationRestrictedThe 2010 explosive eruption of Java's Merapi volcano—A ‘100-year’ event(2012)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Surono, N.; CVGHM ;Jousset, P.; BRGM ;Pallister, J.; USGS ;Boichu, M.; University of Cambridge ;Buongiorno, M. F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Budisantoso, A.; BPPTK ;Costa, F.; Earth Observatory of Singapore ;Andreastuti, S.; CVGHM ;Prata, F.; Norwegian Institute for Air Research ;Schneider, D.; USGS ;Clarisse, L.; Université Libre de Bruxelle ;Humaida, H.; BPPTK ;Sumarti, S.; CVGHM ;Bignami, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Griswold, J.; USGS ;Carn, S.; Norwegian Institute for Air Research ;Oppenheimer, C.; University of Cambridge ;Lavigne, F.; Laboratoire de Géographie Physique; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Merapi volcano (Indonesia) is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes in the world. It is known for frequent small to moderate eruptions, pyroclastic flows produced by lava dome collapse, and the large population settled on and around the flanks of the volcano that is at risk. Its usual behavior for the last decades abruptly changed in late October and early November 2010, when the volcano produced its largest and most explosive eruptions in more than a century, displacing at least a third of a million people, and claiming nearly 400 lives. Despite the challenges involved in forecasting this ‘hundred year eruption’, we show that the magnitude of precursory signals (seismicity, ground deformation, gas emissions) was proportional to the large size and intensity of the eruption. In addition and for the first time, near-real-time satellite radar imagery played an equal role with seismic, geodetic, and gas observations in monitoring eruptive activity during a major volcanic crisis. The Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) issued timely forecasts of the magnitude of the eruption phases, saving 10,000–20,000 lives. In addition to reporting on aspects of the crisis management, we report the first synthesis of scientific observations of the eruption. Our monitoring and petrologic data show that the 2010 eruption was fed by rapid ascent of magma from depths ranging from 5 to 30km. Magma reached the surface with variable gas content resulting in alternating explosive and rapid effusive eruptions, and released a total of ~0.44Tg of SO2. The eruptive behavior seems also related to the seismicity along a tectonic fault more than 40km from the volcano, highlighting both the complex stress pattern of the Merapi region of Java and the role of magmatic pressurization in activating regional faults. We suggest a dynamic triggering of the main explosions on 3 and 4 November by the passing seismic waves generated by regional earthquakes on these days.359 71