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Bishop, J.
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Bishop, J.
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- PublicationRestrictedThe Vesuvian “Pomici di Avellino” eruption and Early Bronze Age settlement in the middle Clanis valley(2009)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Laforgia, E.; Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Caserta ;Boenzi, G.; Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Caserta ;Amato, L.; Tecno In S.p.A. Servizi di Ingegneria, Napoli ;Bishop, J.; CAL s.r.l. ;Di Vito, M. A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Fattore, L.; ARCA S.A.S Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli ;Stanzione, M.; Dipartimento di Studi del Mondo Classico e del Mediterraneo Antico Università degli Studi l’Orientale Napoli ;Viglio, F.; Laboratorio di Scienze e Tecniche applicate all’Archeologia Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa Napoli; ; ; ; ; ; ; Archaeological rescue work conducted prior to the construction of the high-velocity rail line in the Province of Naples (Italy), in particular in the area of Afragola, has yielded new and important information regarding the impact of the Vesuvian Pomici di Avellino eruption on human communities living in this part of the Campanian plain. Of particular significance was the discovery of a village destroyed by the eruption, the excavation of which has allowed an understanding of the mode and timescale of collapse of each building, and thus revealed (in varying degrees of completeness) the structural details of each building type. Thousands of human footprints and animal hoof prints were found both inside and outside the village, providing clear evidence of the initial hurried flight and also of the subsequent exodus due to the disruption of natural drainage the eruption caused.326 69 - PublicationRestrictedHuman colonization and volcanic activity in the eastern Campania Plain (Italy) between the Eneolithic and Late Roman periods(2013)
; ; ; ; ; ;Di Vito, M. A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Castaldo, N.; Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei, Naples, Italy ;de Vita, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Bishop, J.; CAL srl, Contrada delle Bassiche 54, 25122 Brescia, Italy ;Vecchio, G.; Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei, Naples, Italy; ; ; ; Archaeological and volcanological studies conducted in the Naples area have revealed that numerous high-intensity explosive eruptions that occurred in the past 10 ka caused damage and victims in the human communities living in the plain surrounding the Neapolitan volcanoes. These catastrophic events were interspersed by hundred to thousand year long periods of quiescence, usually exceeding a human life-time. During the Early Bronze Age in particular, the Campania Plain was densely inhabited due to favourable climatic conditions and soil fertility. The archaeological and volcanological investigation of the sequences found in archaeological excavations has permitted the detailed reconstruction of the effects of eruptions and deposition mechanisms of their products on settlements. This paper discusses the example of Nola- Palma Campania during a most interesting, though poorly known, period of activity bracketed by the Vesuvian Pomici di Avellino (Early Bronze Age) and Pollena (AD 472) Plinian eruptions. Through this timespan the Plainwas variably inhabited, crossed by long-lived roads and subject to agricultural exploitation. Eruptions caused significant breaks in the occupation of the area, but also maintained the plain’s extraordinary fertility. During this period, at least eight other eruptions occurred: the Pomici di Pompei Plinian event (AD 79), two sub-Plinian to phreato-Plinian events, and five violent Strombolian to Vulcanian events. Thin and poorly developed to thicker and mature palaeosols or erosional unconformities separate the various pyroclastic deposits. Almost all the eruptions and related phenomena interacted with human settlements in the Campania Plain, and in their sequences many traces of the displacement of people during the eruptions may be seen, as well as land reclamation and re-utilization soon afterwards. Despite the various kinds of hazard posed by volcanic and related phenomena, humans nevertheless found good reasons for settlement in the Campania Plain and flourished there. A multidisciplinary approach has yielded detailed information regarding the evolution of the area and the effects of eruptions on settlements. These data are of paramount importance for an improved understanding of past events and in evaluating the hazard of eruptions and related phenomena.295 27 - PublicationRestrictedThe Afragola settlement near Vesuvius, Italy: The destruction and abandonment of a Bronze Age village revealed by archaeology, volcanology and rock-magnetism(2009)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Di Vito, M. A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Zanella, E.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino ;Gurioli, L.; Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Hawaii ;Lanza, L.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino ;Sulpizio, R.; CIRISIVU, c/o Dipartimento Geomineralogico, Universita' di Bari ;Bishop, J.; CAL srl, Brescia ;Tema, E.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino ;Boenzi, G.; Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Caserta, Napoli ;Laforgia, E.; Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Caserta, Napoli; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Public works in progress in the Campanian plain north of Somma-Vesuvius recently encountered the remains of a prehistoric settlement close to the town of Afragola. Rescue excavations brought to light a Bronze Age village partially destroyed and buried by pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) of the Vesuvian Pomici di Avellino eruption (3.8 14C ka BP) and subsequently sealed by alluvial deposits. Volcanological and rockmagnetic investigations supplemented the excavations. Careful comparison between volcanological and archaeological stratigraphies led to an understanding of the timing of the damage the buildings suffered when they were struck by a series of PDCs. The first engulfed the village, located some 14 km to the north of the inferred vent, and penetrated into the dwellings without causing major damage. The buildings were able to withstand the weak dynamic pressure of the currents and deviate their path, as shown by the magnetic fabric analyses. Some later collapsed under the load of the deposits piled up by successive currents. Stepwise demagnetization of the thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) carried by potsherds embedded in the deposits yields deposition temperatures in the order of 260– 320 °C, fully consistent with those derived from pottery and lithic fragments from other distal and proximal sites. The fairly uniform temperature of the deposits is here ascribed to the lack of pervasive air entrainment into the currents. This, in turn, resulted from the lack of major topographical obstacles along the flat plain. The coupling of structural damage and sedimentological analyses indicates that the currents were not destructive in the Afragola area, but TRM data indicate they were still hot enough to cause death or severe injury to humans and animals. The successful escape of the entire population is apparent from the lack of human remains and from thousands of human footprints on the surface of the deposits left by the first PDCs. People were thus able to walk barefoot across the already emplaced deposits and escape the subsequent PDCs. The rapid cooling of the deposits was probably due to both their thinness and heat dissipation due to condensation of water vapour released in the mixture by magma–water interaction.281 32 - PublicationRestrictedThe impact of the Pomici di Avellino Plinian eruption of Vesuvius on Early and Middle Bronze Age human settlement in Campania (Southern Italy)(Landesamt fur Denkmalpflege und Archaologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum fur Vorgeschichte, 2013)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Di Lorenzo, H.; Università di Napoli Federico II Dipartimento di Discipline Storiche »Ettore Lepore« Naples Italy ;Di Vito, M. A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Talamo, P.; Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei Naples Italy ;Bishop, J.; Archaeologist CAL srl, Contrada della Bassiche 54 I-25122 Brescia Italy ;Castaldo, N.; Archaeologist via I Traversa per Nola 8 I-8oo3o San Paolo Belsito (NA) Italy ;de Vita, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Nave, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Pacciarelli, M.; Università di Napoli Federico II Dipartimento di Discipline Storiche »Ettore Lepore« Naples Italy; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Meller, H.; Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt ;Bertemes, F.; Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt ;Bork, H. R.; Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt ;Risch, R.; Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt; ; ; Summary The systematic revision and re-examination of the archaeological data, available for the Palma Campania facies sites (Early Bronze Age) – in the Campania region (southern Italy), allowed an estimation of the territorial impact of the Vesuvius Pomici di Avellino eruption (2oth–19th century B. C.). Before the eruption the Campania region was densely inhabited, as testified by the discovery of numerous villages and cultivated fields, evidence of a considerable level of socio-economic organization. The Pomici di Avellino eruption had a very strong impact on a large area, striking both the Campanian Plain and the surrounding Apennine Mountains. Volcanological and archaeological studies have shed light upon the local effects of this eruption, and allow us to reconstruct the variable phases of reoccupation of the ravaged territories. A careful reappraisal of the reports regarding the Early and Middle Bronze Age sites, evidenced a protracted period of depopulation of the area affected by the by-products of the eruption. This phenomenon interested both the areas mantled only by fallout deposits and those covered by pyroclastic density currents deposits. A complete reoccupation of the area only occurred at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, about five centuries after the eruption. The local effects of the deposition of eruption products and the timing and dynamics of resettlement have been studied in detail for several selected sites, at which the impact of the eruption differed markedly, in corrispondence to their distance from the volcano (Nola- Croce del Papa; Afragola-Badagnano; Pratola Serra-Pioppi; Ariano Irpino-La Starza; Pompeii-St. Abbondio).432 58