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Kinnison, D. E.
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Kinnison, D. E.
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- PublicationRestrictedAssessment of temperature, trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past(2006)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Eyring, V.; Institut fu¨ r Physik der Atmospha¨re, Deutsches Zentrum fu¨ r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany ;Butchart, N.; Climate Research Division, Met Office, Exeter, UK. ;Waugh, D. W.; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ;Akiyoshi, H.; National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan. ;Austin, J.; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. ;Bekki, S.; Service d’Ae´ronomie du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France. ;Bodeker, G. E.; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand. ;Boville, B.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ;Brühl, C.; Max Planck Institut fu¨ r Chemie, Mainz, Germany. ;Chipperfield, M.; Institute for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. ;Cordero, E.; Department of Meteorology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA. ;Dameris, M.; Institut fu¨ r Physik der Atmospha¨re, Deutsches Zentrum fu¨ r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany ;Frith, S. M.; Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA. ;Garcia, A.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ;Gettelman, A.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ;Giorgetta, M.; Max Planck Institut fu¨ r Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany. ;Grewe, V.; Institut fu¨ r Physik der Atmospha¨re, Deutsches Zentrum fu¨ r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany ;Jourdain, L.; Service d’Ae´ronomie du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France. ;Kinnison, D. E.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ;Manzini, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Simulations of the stratosphere from thirteen coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs) are evaluated to provide guidance for the interpretation of ozone predictions made by the same CCMs. The focus of the evaluation is on how well the fields and processes that are important for determining the ozone distribution are represented in the simulations of the recent past. The core period of the evaluation is from 1980 to 1999 but long-term trends are compared for an extended period (1960–2004). Comparisons of polar high-latitude temperatures show that most CCMs have only small biases in the Northern Hemisphere in winter and spring, but still have cold biases in the Southern Hemisphere spring below 10 hPa. Most CCMs display the correct stratospheric response of polar temperatures to wave forcing in the Northern, but not in the Southern Hemisphere. Global long-term stratospheric temperature trends are in reasonable agreement with satellite and radiosonde observations. Comparisons of simulations of methane, mean age of air, and propagation of the annual cycle in water vapor show a wide spread in the results, indicating differences in transport. However, for around half the models there is reasonable agreement with observations. In these models the mean age of air and the water vapor tape recorder signal are generally better than reported in previous model intercomparisons. Comparisons of the water vapor and inorganic chlorine (Cly) fields also show a large intermodel spread. Differences in tropical water vapor mixing ratios in the lower stratosphere are primarily related to biases in the simulated tropical tropopause temperatures and not transport. The spread in Cly, which is largest in the polar lower stratosphere, appears to be primarily related to transport differences. In general the amplitude and phase of the annual cycle in total ozone is well simulated apart from the southern high latitudes. Most CCMs show reasonable agreement with observed total158 21 - PublicationRestrictedThe HAMMONIA chemistry climate model: Sensitivity of the mesopause region to the 11-year solar cycle and CO2 doubling,(2006)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Schmidt, H.; Current affiliation: Meteorological Service of Canada, ;Brasseur, G.; Current affiliation: Meteorological Service of Canada, ;Charron, M.; Current affiliation: Meteorological Service of Canada, ;Manzini, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Giorgetta, M.; Current affiliation: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, ;Diehl, T.; Current affiliation: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, ;Fomichev, V.; York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ;Kinnison, D.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado ;Marsh, D.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado ;Walters, S.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; This paper introduces the three-dimensional Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), which treats atmospheric dynamics, radiation, and chemistry interactively for the height range from the earth’s surface to the thermosphere (approximately 250 km). It is based on the latest version of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, which is extended to include important radiative and dynamical processes of the upper atmosphere and is coupled to a chemistry module containing 48 compounds. The model is applied to study the effects of natural and anthropogenic climate forcing on the atmosphere, represented, on the one hand, by the 11-yr solar cycle and, on the other hand, by a doubling of the present-day concentration of carbon dioxide. The numerical experiments are analyzed with the focus on the effects on temperature and chemical composition in the mesopause region. Results include a temperature response to the solar cycle by 2 to 10 K in the mesopause region with the largest values occurring slightly above the summer mesopause. Ozone in the secondary maximum increases by up to 20% for solar maximum conditions. Changes in winds are in general small. In the case of a doubling of carbon dioxide the simulation indicates a cooling of the atmosphere everywhere above the tropopause but by the smallest values around the mesopause. It is shown that the temperature response up to the mesopause is strongly influenced by changes in dynamics. During Northern Hemisphere summer, dynamical processes alone would lead to an almost global warming of up to 3 K in the uppermost mesosphere.172 32