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Musacchio, Gemma
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Musacchio, Gemma
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gemma.musacchio@ingv.it
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staff
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6603329621
89 results
Now showing 1 - 10 of 89
- PublicationOpen AccessSTOCHASTIC AND FULL-WAVEFIELD FINITE-FAULT GROUND-MOTION SIMULATIONS OF THE M7.1, MESSINA 1908 EARTHQUAKE (Southern Italy)(2008-12)
; ; ; ; ; ;Zonno, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia ;Musacchio, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia ;Basili, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia ;Imperatori, W.; Institute of Geophysics-ETH, Zurich ;Mai, P. M.; Institute of Geophysics-ETH, Zurich; ; ; ; In the framework of an ongoing Italian national research project we are studying the Messina 1908 earthquake, the first to be recorded adequately by seismological and geodetic instrumentation that allowed subsequent quantitative investigations of its source properties. We use a high-frequency stochastic finite-fault modeling (Motazedian and Atkinson, 2005) to simulate the ground-shaking for a number of different source models (Basili et al. 2008), either constrained from past source studies of this event or simulated. Although inherently kinematic, our approach accounts for the physics of the source using a procedure to generate physically consistent earthquake-rupture models (Guatteri et al., 2004). Considering the width of the seismogenic zone and appropriate source-scaling relation, we generate heterogeneous slip models that obey to the source complexity of past earthquakes (Mai and Beroza, 2002). By also constraining the point of rupture initiation based on empirical findings and energy-balance arguments (Mai et al., 2005), we generate a suite of earthquake source models to compute far-field ground-shaking. The Housner parameter from the stochastic high-frequency simulations is than compared with the felt intensity (MCS scale). The developed procedure is a necessary tool to take into account the influence of directivity effects in simulating ground shaking scenarios using realistic slip distribution on the fault. Furthermore, we carry out full-wavefield ground-motion calculations (at frequencies f < 3 Hz) to compare those low-frequency simulations with (a) the stochastic simulations and (b) appropriate ground-motion prediction equations. The combined approach helps to examine the validation range of the two methods (distinguishing the influence of the near-field and far-field motions on the shaking level), and may serve as a basis to develop a hybrid technique which combines the two methods for generating fully broadband synthetic seismograms.188 397 - PublicationOpen AccessEmpowering communities for non-structural seismic risk mitigation: the central role of communication(2021)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; This special issue of “Annals of Geophysics” concerns the dissemination of knowledge on the prevention of damage mainly due to non-structural elements during earthquakes and its practical application at houses, schools and offices by common citizens, companies and institutions. The seismic capacity of buildings and other civil engineering structures and infrastructures are object of regulations for design and construction, and in some cases also the design, fabrication and mounting of electrical and mechanical equipments. Consequently, even in strong earthquakes many collapses of buildings and infrastructures are avoided. However, with few exceptions, design procedures do not aim at avoiding seismic vibrations from being transferred to the structures, but enable the structures to resist to the effects of those vibrations223 26 - ProductOpen AccessBrochure del progetto "Conosciamo la Terra"(2010-01)
; ;Musacchio, Gemma; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia179 2051 - PublicationOpen AccessAugmented Reality in Seismic Risk Management: A Contribution to the Reduction of Non-Structural Damage(2022-09-03)
; ; ; ; ; To increase seismic resilience is one of the challenges the developers of new technologies face to reduce seismic risk. We set up an augmented reality (AR) exhibition with which users’ curiosity was confronted with the opportunity to have a wealth of information on damaging earthquakes that could be a multimedia add-on to the plain “single-layer exhibit”. AR is an emergent technology developed to “augment” reality through various devices; it combines the real world with virtual items, such as images and videos. Our AR exhibition aims to: (i) show the effects of earthquakes even in cases of moderate magnitude; and (ii) promote preventive actions to reduce non-structural damage. It can be customized for different seismic scenarios. In addition, it offers a holistic approach to communicate problems and solutions—with the cost and degree of ease of execution for each solution—to reduce non-structural damage at home, school, and office. Our AR exhibition can do more than just a plain text or a preconceived video: it can trigger fruitful interaction between the presenters, or even the stand-alone poster, and the public. Such interactivity offers an easy engagement to people of all ages and cultural backgrounds. AR is, indeed, extremely flexible in raising recipients’ interest; moreover, it is an appealing tool for the digital native generations. The positive feedback received led us to conclude that this is an effective way to raise awareness and individual preparedness to seismic risk.341 18 - PublicationOpen AccessSeismic disasters and the demographic perspective: 1968, Belice and 1980, Irpinia-Basilicata (southern Italy) case studies(2020-01)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; One of the challenges on disasters’ understanding is the assessment of impact from a more global perspective, adding to their scenario of injuries, deaths, homeless and economic losses, those effects that are mostly widespread and could last for a long period of time, driving to a serious disruption of a community or a society. Seismic disasters are not just the results of the energy released by the earthquake or buildings’ vulnerability: social, demographic, cultural parameters may instead play a crucial, yet underestimated, role. We carried out a pilot study to investigate the demographic perspective of the impact of 1968 Belice and 1980 Irpinia-Basilicata earthquakes on local communities. The macroseismic MCS intensities were used as a primary parameter upon which the demographic scenario was derived. Population annual growth rates, the ageing index, the child-woman ratio, and the Gini index from the demographic data census of the period 1951-2011 were analyzed to assess population dynamics, age structure evolution and its level of spatial concentration within the disasters’ areas. Demographic data were then matched to macroseismic intensities to outline a new, original analysis which describes the impact of the two seismic disasters with a broad multi-parameter perspective. The results highlight also the existence of a general marginality of most affected areas with respect to the processes of population growth, ageing and fertility, as well as for distribution of the regional population, occurring already before the disasters stroke. This marginality might have enhanced the impact of disasters by significantly increasing vulnerability.767 148 - PublicationOpen AccessHigh-Frequency Maximum Observable Shaking Map of Italy from Fault Sources(2010-06-10)
; ; ; ; ; ; ;Zonno, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia ;Basili, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia ;Meroni, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia ;Musacchio, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia ;Mai, P. M.; King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering (Thuwal, Saudi Arabia) ;Valensise, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; ; ; ; ; This study presents the innovative concept of maximum observable shaking (MOS) maps. Our approach makes use of the improved understanding of the Italian regional tectonic setting and uses composite seismic sources (CSS) taken from an Italian database of individual seismic sources. The CSS are merged with high-frequency scenario calculations of expected maximum shaking in a given area. For a given CSS, we consider the associated typical fault, and compute the ground shaking for a rupture model derived from its associated maximum credible earthquake. As the maximum credible earthquake and typical fault ‘float’along the CSS (i.e. the computational fault plane takes on different spatial positions), the high-frequency ground motion is computed at each point surrounding the given fault, and the maximum from the observable shaking according to that scenario is plotted on the MOS map.176 131 - PublicationOpen AccessSeismic risk communication: An opportunity for preventionRisk communication is a major opportunity to turn scientific knowledge into preventative actions. In order to understand to what extent and how such opportunity is caught by the academia and supported by funding programs in Europe, we scanned recent international projects that had risk communication as a major target. We focussed on seismic hazard and retrieved a data sample of nine research projects, funded by major European Programs over the time span 2010-2017. We analysed the following three parameters: the public rated crucial to foster prevention; the approach used to reach the public, and the interaction with recipients. According to our results, the academia rates schools be the most relevant public to implant preventative action that foster a more resilient society. Face-to-face is chosen as the most efficient approach to trigger preventative actions. The acknowledgment of recipients’ needs contributes to better tailor communication campaigns. Our study highlights two major constraints to the implementation of risk communication campaigns: the assessment of campaigns’ efficacy and the still low relevance that communication has within funding agencies. Often communication is limited to a publicity task and, when it is set as a major goal, it can count only on little resources.
468 122 - PublicationOpen AccessTerremoti: Attenti agli Elementi! Dettagli che salvano la vita- Note illustrative(2019)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Realizzata dall’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia per l’edizione del Festival della Scienza di Genova 2019, è stata in seguito resa itinerante con un ricco programma di allestimenti in numerose città d’Italia. Consiste in un percorso interattivo per scoprire come i diversi elementi che compongono un edificio reagiscono alle scosse di terremoto e qual è il ruolo del terreno che si trova sotto le nostre case. Gli elementi strutturali di un edificio sono le parti portanti che, se danneggiate, possono provocarne il crollo; quelli non-strutturali sono gli impianti, le parti architettoniche - come muri divisori, pannelli, balconi - e gli arredi. Anche gli arredi, infatti, se non posizionati e fissati correttamente, possono causare feriti, ostruire le vie di fuga e procurare danni economici. Questa mostra svela dettagli poco noti al pubblico e semplici gesti che possono fare la diferenza in caso di terremoto.120 68 - PublicationOpen AccessEarthquake threat: How secure and prepared are children at school(2014-08)
; ; ; ; ;UPStrat-MAFA Outreach Working Group ;Bernhardsdottir, A.E.; EERC, University of Iceland, Selfoss, Iceland ;Musacchio, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia ;Ferreira, M.; IST, Lisbon, Portugal ;Falsaperla, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;UPStrat-MAFA Outreach Working Group; Various institutions; ; ; ; The result of preventive measures within school buildings not only lies in safer environment for school children, but also raises awareness among them. One of the tasks of the UPStrat-MAFA members was to evaluate the informal education by measuring the information on risk reduction (both preventive measures and preparedness) provided by local responsible authorities, used and elaborated in schools. A questionnaire was developed by task members and then tested in Hveragerdi, an Icelandic town included in the UPStrat-MAFA study area. After finalizing the questions, the survey was run online. School directors were contacted by email; they were asked to participate and to click a link at the end of the message to open up the questionnaire. Each participant country ran the survey in its native language. In total, the questions were ten, four of which were the so called filter questions, i.e. dichotomous questions asked to determine if it is relevant for responders to answer the subsequent question. The analysis of the survey data provides valuable information about the state of informal education on risk reduction and awareness programs in schools and health institutions.In particular, the paper illustrates the results collected in Iceland, Italy and Portugal and discusses them taking into account some of the basic questions. The survey covered both pre- and elementary school. The responders were e.g. asked whether: i) local authorities had provided them information on seismic risk prevention and how such information was processed; ii) loose objects were securely attached to walls in order to prevent them from falling, giving insights into how risk averse the institutions are. Results show that the local authorities in Iceland had disseminated information on preventive measures to 43% of the institutions.The test survey in Hveragerdi displayed that it more often depends on the institutions' management than the local authorities whether or not such information is accessible within the institutions. Printed material is the most common source. 33% of the institutions had received guidelines printed by the Icelandic Civil Defence Department that display how to behave in case of earth.quakes. 200/o had accessed the information on the web. The family emergency plan provided by the department and made accessible on the web could be made better use of as an educational tool. 57% of the Icelandic institutions had made an effort to prevent objects to fall within the buildings in case of earthquakes. In Italy, local authorities on risk prevention had informed 37% of the institutions. Information is disseminated through guidelines, lectures, CDs or training courses from National Civil Protection. Moreover, the information given to schools mostly explains how to behave in case of an earthquake. 41% of the Italian institutions had made an effort to prevent objects to fall within the buildings in case of earthquakes. In Portugal, Lisbon municipality distributed to schools about 30% of information concerning seismic risk prevention measures. This information was disseminated through guidelines, lectures, CDs or training courses from National Civil Protection. 29% of the Portuguese institutions had made efforts to prevent objects to fall within the buildings in case of earthquakes. The comparison of the results obtained shows that the emphasis on having Emergency Plans to rely on in case of disaster is almost equal within the three countries. In Italy 70% of schools have emergency plans compared to 69% in Portugal and 68% in Iceland. Differences between Icelandic and Italian schools become salient with regard to Earthquake Drills offered and whether special actions were taken toward children education on the topic. In Italy, 70% of school had offered drills compared to 24% in Iceland; in addition, 67% of Italian schools had taken actions towards education on the topic compared to 23% in Iceland. Portugal is closer to Italy with regard to drills offered in 66% of the schools, and 49% of them had taken special action towards children education on the topic. It is important to emphasize that in Portugal fire drills are much more common than earthquake drills, reflecting a "low safety culture" due to insufficient level of awareness of seismic risk. Iceland is slightly better prepared (than in previous mentioned measures) with regard to how many schools had received "Information from Local Responsible Authorities" about preventive measure related with seismic risk. 47% oflcelandic schools had received such information compared to 37% in Italy and 31% in Portugal. Schools' earthquake preparedness aiming at reducing ''Non-structural Hazard" differs between the countries, especially between Iceland and Portugal. 57% of Icelandic schools had attached loose objects to prevent them from falling in case of an earthquake, compared to 29% in Portugal and 41% in Italy. The greatest difference becomes salient in the answer to the question whether the schools had "Available Equipment" to use in case of earthquakes. None of the Italian schools reported available equipment; only 10% of the Icelandic schools got it, while 86% of Portuguese schools had such equipment. The dominant type of available equipment reported on in Portugal was frre extinguishers (answers "others"). Supposing that in the other two countries fire extinguishers were not perceived as useful in case of earthquake, we might conclude that awareness of the threat of fire is much stronger in Portugal than in Italy and Iceland.206 82 - PublicationOpen AccessEarthquakes in Central Italy in 2016: Comparison between Norcia and Amatrice(The European Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2018-06-18)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; In this paper lessons are extracted from the comparison between the very different consequences that a set of earthquakes had on the neighbouring towns of Amatrice and Norcia during the 2016 central Italy earthquake sequence. The paper initially describes the prevention programs implemented in Amatrice and Norcia starting from the reconstruction after the 1860 Norcia earthquake. The earthquake intensities in Amatrice and Norcia during the 2016 Central Italy events were considering accelerometric recordings of the Italian Strong Motion Network. In the same municipalities, the damage has been assessed through site visits and analysis of the results of the post-earthquake safety assessment performed after the events. It was found that the differences in damage were essentially due to the strengthening of most houses in Norcia done during the previous decades. This is also likely to lead to a much faster recover of the economy and livelihood in Norcia, as Amatrice needs to be entirely rebuilt.122 18