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Castelli, Viviana
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Castelli, Viviana
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viviana.castelli@ingv.it
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- PublicationOpen AccessOne Earthquake, Two Scenarios: The Baffling Case of the 1467 Siena Earthquake.Historical seismology is a work in progress: the overall picture of a given historical earthquake, no matter how long taken for granted, can sometimes change, either thanks to the discovery of “new” (i.e. previously unknown or unheeded) historical sources, or by considering the research output of other disciplines. Historical seismologists tend to give precedence in their studies to written evidence, derived (when a choice is possible) from the sources 1) most likely to provide information useful to fulfill their main objectives (i.e. assessing macroseismic data points, reconstructing macroseismic fields and damage scenarios), and 2) not requiring long-drawn out, possibly unsuccessful searches that would hardly fit with their generally tight deadlines. Unavoidably, this approach mean to discard interesting but elusive evidence, whose records are buried too deep to make a search cost- effective, or were never written down at all but survive as the marks which past earthquakes left on buildings. It is up to the scholar to find ways and means to interpret these unwritten records, even if the readings taken are not always conclusive. The archaeoseismological study of historic towns and buildings allows to gain in-depth knowledge of how a given earthquake interacted with architectures and building components and in some cases, it can also provide evidence of the social, economic, or even political consequences of some earthquakes. The project PROTECT – Knowledge for PReventiON - Technique s for repairing seismic damage from the medieval period to the modern era (financed by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program together with a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship) applies, on an entirely experimental basis, the methods of archaeoseismological analysis to the historic centre of Siena (Tuscany), to improve the knowledge of its context for purposes of seismic risk reduction. By weaving together the information gathered by different humanistic and scientific disciplines, the PROTECT project aims to define an operational protocol for the archaeoseismological reading of the historic centre of Siena (or part of it). This protocol could be exported to other Italian/European towns, with a view to improve our understanding of their historic heritage and the best ways to protect it from seismic risk. Session 1.1 GNGTS 2024 The PROTECT project started in December 2021 with a first step aimed at a general analysis of the historic city centre with reference to a specific earthquake. After an initial look at the seismic history of Siena, the choice fell on the August-September 1467 seismic sequence (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 – The 1467 Siena seismic sequence according to CPTI15 v. 4.0 (Rovida et al., 2022). What led to the choice of this comparatively “minor” earthquake (Mw 4.8 according to Rovida et al., 2022) was dictated by the awareness that the Archivio di Stato of Siena preserved a a so far unexploited source of exceptional documentary value, the “Lira” of the year 1468. This is a huge collection of tax statements compiled less than a year after the earthquake, by all Sienese citizens and including details on the state of repair of their property. A careful sifting of this “Lira” allows to extract a “snapshot” of the state of conservation of Sienese buildings in 1468. The thematic cartography derived from the collected data was transferred into a GIS environment and the data obtained from this analysis have been used as the basis for undertaking some specific archaeological expeditious analyses of architectural complexes in the historic centre of Siena in order to verify whether the historical source data were legible in the stratigraphy of the buildings. This paper presents the preliminary results of the analysis carried out within the PROTECT project on the 1467 Siena earthquake. The picture of the seismic sequence – as handed down by the Italian “seismological tradition” and reconstructed by two separate teams of historical seismologists (Castelli et al., 1996; Guidoboni et al., 2007) on the basis of a set of mainly narrative, contemporary or nearly contemporary sources - is challenged by the output of the consultation of the “Lira” of 1468. Was the 1467 earthquake a stronger and more damaging event than contemporary witnesses made it out to have been? Or, perhaps, did its moderate shaking interact with buildings whose vulnerability was already enhanced by some other factor? As it often happens in historical investigation, looking at a “well-known” situation from an unusual point of view makes way for new interpretative perspectives.
32 4 - PublicationRestrictedA che santo votarsi. L’influsso dei grandi terremoti del 1703 sulla cultura popolare(2007)
; ; ;Castelli, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Camassi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; ; ; ; ; ;Colapietra, R.; Deputazione di Storia Patria negli Abruzzi ;Marinangeli, G.; Deputazione di Storia Patria negli Abruzzi ;Muzi, P.; Deputazione di Storia Patria negli Abruzzi; ; Fear and its corollary, the need for reassurance and protection, are feelings as old as humankind, that every culture had to learn to cope with in its own way. There are positive ways of coping, by developing mechanisms (beliefs, behaviours, rules, rituals, myths, scientific theories, theological explanations to name a few) that help to accept/explain/set in context the fear, thus keeping it in check; and there are negative ways, by which one strives to forget, as soon and as well as possible, whatever it was that made one afraid and needing reassurance. Each way has its pros and cons, the ultimate choice being, most often, dictated by circumstances as well as by the general cultural outlook of the involved parties. This paper studies the “spiritual strategies” adopted by the communities that experienced the great Italian earthquakes of 1703, trying to determine whether they simply followed well-established patterns or whether they presented some elements of novelty.169 27 - PublicationRestrictedRilievo macrosismico del terremoto del Garda del 24 novembre 2004(2005)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Bernardini, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Camassi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Castelli, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Del Mese, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Ercolani, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Giovani, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Massucci, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Milana, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia ;Rossi, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Tertulliani, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia ;Vecchi, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; On November 24, 2004, Northern Italy was struck by a Ml=5.2 earthquake located near the Garda Lake. A few smaller events followed the main shock. The felt area was very large, ranging from Venice to Milan, and from Ljubljana (Slovenia) to Pisa. Significant damage occurred in the epicentral area, which is approximately the same of the October 30, 1901 earthquake. The day after the quake, reconnaissance teams performed a macroseismic survey of the affected area in order to define the damage scenario. Damage was mostly concentrated in the area west of Lake Garda, between the town of Salò and the Valsabbia valley. Damage to old masonry buildings consisted in partial collapses, falling of chimneys and roof tiles and large cracks in walls. Some churches and towers were also damaged. There was almost no damage to reinforced concrete (RC) structures.479 27 - ProductOpen Access
27 14 - PublicationOpen AccessSpeciale Toscana(DPC, INGV, Giunti Progetti Educativi S.r.l., 2014-09)
; ; ; ; ; ; ;Camassi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Castelli, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Meletti, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Pisa, Pisa, Italia ;Nostro, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia ;Pessina, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia ;Pignone, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Camassi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Nostro, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; In questa scheda vengono descritte le caratteristiche della sismicità storica e recente della regione, la pericolosità e il rischio sismico.294 266 - PublicationOpen AccessProblems of reliability in earthquake parameters determination from historicaI records(1996-10)
; ; ;Castelli, V.; GNDT/CNR, Osservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale, Macerata, Italy ;Monachesi, G.; Osservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale, Macerata, Italy; Earthquake parameters determination from macroseismic data is a procedure, the reliability of whose results can be impaired by many problems related to quality, number and distribution of data. Such problems are common with ancient, sketchily documented events, but can affect even comparatively recent earthquakes. This paper presents some cases of Central Italy earthquakes, the determination of whose epicentral parameters involved problems of reliability. Not all problems can ever be completely solved. It is therefore necessary to devise ways for putting on record the uncertainty of the resulting parameters, so that future users can be aware of them.140 194 - PublicationOpen AccessLa percezione dei terremoti del 1703 nelle fonti giornalistiche coeve(2006)
; ; ;Camassi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Castelli, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Nei primi anni del Settecento il giornalismo italiano ed europeo raggiunge il suo pieno sviluppo. La grande diffusione delle gazzette a stampa (consolidatasi da un paio di decenni con particolare vivacità nell'Italia Centrale) il successo commerciale delle relazioni monografiche a stampa, l’ininterrotto flusso sotterraneo di informazioni riservate che alimenta la produzione di avvisi manoscritti sono alcuni degli aspetti di una realtà vivace e competitiva, che influenza profondamente l'intero sistema della circolazione delle informazioni in età moderna, in una costante interazione con la memorialistica e la diaristica privata e con la stessa documentazione amministrativa. L'analisi sistematica dei resoconti giornalistici sui terremoti del 1703, e in particolare la verifica del loro contenuto informativo, ci consente di evidenziarne il contributo originale rispetto a quello di altre tipologie di fonti e di verificarne l'influenza sul processo di costituzione della tradizione storiografica e sismologica relativa a questi eventi.163 1185 - PublicationOpen AccessTHE ADOPTION OF “COMMON” EARTHQUAKE DEVOTIONS ON THE EASTERN ADRIATIC COAST IN THE 18th CENTURYThe custom of invoking specific saints as protectors against earthquakes seems to starts in the early 17th century. Before then, earthquake-affected communities tended to choose which saint(s) to pray individually, for reasons of their own. “Common” earthquake devotions, promoted by influential patrons and publicized by the mass media, appear as an early example of cultural globalization. This paper examines a few traces of their adoption by Eastern Adriatic communities in the 18th century.
32 34 - PublicationOpen AccessLate 17th century earthquakes on the North-African coast(2007)
; ; ; ;Camassi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Castelli, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Caracciolo, C. H.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ;Fréchet, J.; Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg ;Meghraoui, M.; Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg ;Stucchi, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia; ; The recent seismological literature recorded three strong earthquakes in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia between 1656 and 1694 AD. The historical evidence for these derives from European sources only (gazettes, journalistic pamphlets, missionary literature). Considering the kind of sources involved, their likely biases and the geographical distances that divided their places of production from the places that they spoke about, it is possible that some of these accounts could be less than reliable, and therefore have little use as materials from which to assess earthquake parameters. To answer these doubts, we have retrieved, cross-checked and critically analysed the original historical sources quoted in previous compilations and studies.176 681