Options
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand.
2 results
Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
- PublicationRestrictedAssessment of temperature, trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past(2006)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Eyring, V.; Institut fu¨ r Physik der Atmospha¨re, Deutsches Zentrum fu¨ r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany ;Butchart, N.; Climate Research Division, Met Office, Exeter, UK. ;Waugh, D. W.; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ;Akiyoshi, H.; National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan. ;Austin, J.; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. ;Bekki, S.; Service d’Ae´ronomie du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France. ;Bodeker, G. E.; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand. ;Boville, B.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ;Brühl, C.; Max Planck Institut fu¨ r Chemie, Mainz, Germany. ;Chipperfield, M.; Institute for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. ;Cordero, E.; Department of Meteorology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA. ;Dameris, M.; Institut fu¨ r Physik der Atmospha¨re, Deutsches Zentrum fu¨ r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany ;Frith, S. M.; Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA. ;Garcia, A.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ;Gettelman, A.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ;Giorgetta, M.; Max Planck Institut fu¨ r Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany. ;Grewe, V.; Institut fu¨ r Physik der Atmospha¨re, Deutsches Zentrum fu¨ r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany ;Jourdain, L.; Service d’Ae´ronomie du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France. ;Kinnison, D. E.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ;Manzini, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Simulations of the stratosphere from thirteen coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs) are evaluated to provide guidance for the interpretation of ozone predictions made by the same CCMs. The focus of the evaluation is on how well the fields and processes that are important for determining the ozone distribution are represented in the simulations of the recent past. The core period of the evaluation is from 1980 to 1999 but long-term trends are compared for an extended period (1960–2004). Comparisons of polar high-latitude temperatures show that most CCMs have only small biases in the Northern Hemisphere in winter and spring, but still have cold biases in the Southern Hemisphere spring below 10 hPa. Most CCMs display the correct stratospheric response of polar temperatures to wave forcing in the Northern, but not in the Southern Hemisphere. Global long-term stratospheric temperature trends are in reasonable agreement with satellite and radiosonde observations. Comparisons of simulations of methane, mean age of air, and propagation of the annual cycle in water vapor show a wide spread in the results, indicating differences in transport. However, for around half the models there is reasonable agreement with observations. In these models the mean age of air and the water vapor tape recorder signal are generally better than reported in previous model intercomparisons. Comparisons of the water vapor and inorganic chlorine (Cly) fields also show a large intermodel spread. Differences in tropical water vapor mixing ratios in the lower stratosphere are primarily related to biases in the simulated tropical tropopause temperatures and not transport. The spread in Cly, which is largest in the polar lower stratosphere, appears to be primarily related to transport differences. In general the amplitude and phase of the annual cycle in total ozone is well simulated apart from the southern high latitudes. Most CCMs show reasonable agreement with observed total158 21 - PublicationOpen AccessLong-term evolution of upper stratospheric ozone at selected stations of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC)(2006)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Steinbrecht, W.; German Weather Service, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. ;Claude, H.; German Weather Service, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. ;Schönenborn, F.; German Weather Service, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. ;McDermid, I.; Table Mountain Facility, NASA-JPL, Wrightwood, California, USA. ;Leblanc, T.; Table Mountain Facility, NASA-JPL, Wrightwood, California, USA. ;Godin, S.; CNRS Service d’Aeronomie, Paris, France. ;Song, T.; CNRS Service d’Aeronomie, Paris, France. ;Swart, D.; RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands. ;Meijer, Y.; RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands. ;Bodeker, G.; NIWA, Omakau, Central Otago, New Zealand. ;Connor, B.; NIWA, Omakau, Central Otago, New Zealand. ;Kämpfer, N.; Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. ;Hocke, K.; Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. ;Calisesi, Y.; Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. ;Schneider, N.; OASU/L3AB, Universite´ Bordeaux 1, CNRS-INSU, Floirac, France. ;de la Nöe, J.; OASU/L3AB, Universite´ Bordeaux 1, CNRS-INSU, Floirac, France. ;Parrish, A.; Astronomy Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, ;Boyd, I.; NIWA-ERI, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. ;Brühl, C.; Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany. ;Steil, B.; Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany. ;Giorgetta, M.; Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany. ;Manzini, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia ;Thomason, L.; NASA LARC, Hampton, Virginia, USA. ;Zawodny, J.; NASA LARC, Hampton, Virginia, USA. ;McCormick, M.; Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA. ;Russell, J.; Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA. ;Bharti, P.; NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA. ;Stolarski, R.; NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA. ;Hollandsworth-Frith, S.; NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA.; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The long-term evolution of upper stratospheric ozone has been recorded by lidars and microwave radiometers within the ground-based Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC), and by the space-borne Solar Backscatter Ultra-Violet instruments (SBUV), Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE), and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE). Climatological mean differences between these instruments are typically smaller than 5% between 25 and 50 km. Ozone anomaly time series from all instruments, averaged from 35 to 45 km altitude, track each other very well and typically agree within 3 to 5%. SBUV seems to have a slight positive drift against the other instruments. The corresponding 1979 to 1999 period from a transient simulation by the fully coupled MAECHAM4-CHEM chemistry climate model reproduces many features of the observed anomalies. However, in the upper stratosphere the model shows too low ozone values and too negative ozone trends, probably due to an underestimation of methane and a consequent overestimation of ClO. The combination of all observational data sets provides a very consistent picture, with a long-term stability of 2% or better. Upper stratospheric ozone shows three main features: (1) a decline by 10 to 15% since 1980, due to chemical destruction by chlorine; (2) two to three year fluctuations by 5 to 10%, due to the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO); (3) an 11-year oscillation by about 5%, due to the 11-year solar cycle. The 1979 to 1997 ozone trends are larger at the southern mid-latitude station Lauder (45 S), reaching 8%/decade, compared to only about 6%/decade at Table Mountain (35 N), Haute Provence/Bordeaux ( 45 N), and Hohenpeissenberg/Bern( 47 N). At Lauder, Hawaii (20 N), Table Mountain, and Haute Provence, ozone residuals after subtraction of QBO- and solar cycle effects have levelled off in recent years, or are even increasing. Assuming a turning point in January 1997, the change of trend is largest at southern mid-latitude Lauder, +11%/decade, compared to +7%/decade at northern mid-latitudes. This points to a beginning recovery of upper stratospheric ozone. However, chlorine levels are still very high and ozone will remain vulnerable. At this point the most northerly mid-latitude station, Hohenpeissenberg/Bern differs from the other stations, and shows much less clear evidence for a beginning recovery, with a change of trend in 1997 by only +3%/decade. In fact, record low upper stratospheric ozone values were observed at Hohenpeissenberg/Bern, and to a lesser degree at Table Mountain and Haute Provence, in the winters 2003/2004 and 2004/2005.443 249