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Peiffer, Loic
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Peiffer, Loic
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- PublicationRestrictedPrecipitation of secondary minerals in acid sulphate-chloride waters traced by major, minor and rare earth elements in waters: The case of Puracé volcano (Colombia)(2020-12-01)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Major, minor and rare earth elements were analyzed in the acid sulphate - chloride thermal springs associated to Puracé volcano – hydrothermal system. The waters of Puracé were classified in 2 different groups as a function of the physico-chemical parameters and element distributions. Group 1 is characterized by the highest pH (⁓ 3.5), an outlet temperature of ⁓ 81 °C and a strong depletion of Fe, Al, Si and Ba with respect to the isochemical dissolution of the average volcanic local rock. Group 2 waters have lower pH values ⁓ 1.9 and temperature (⁓ 48 °C) compared with Group 1. Moreover, Group 2 is not characterized by a typical pathway representing the congruent dissolution of the rock and shows a distribution of major and minor elements that is more close to the near-congruent dissolution of the average volcanic local rock with respect to Group 1. These geochemical features of major and minor elements allow to propose that the chemical composition of the waters of Group 1 is strongly affected by the precipitation of secondary minerals such as alunite, jarosite, kaolinite, barite and polymorphs of SiO2. The grouping of waters is also supported by the distribution of dissolved REE normalized to the average volcanic local rock. Group 1 shows REE patterns strongly depleted in light rare earth elements (LREE), typical of water that formed alunitic and/or kaolinitic rocks. On the contrary, Group 2 is characterized by flat patterns, in according to the near-congruent dissolution of the rocks. REE dissolved in waters of Puracé were compared with REE in the acidic waters of Nevado del Ruiz and Azufral Colombian volcanoes and with REE in minerals recognized in advanced argillic alteration (alunite, gypsum and kaolinite). Precipitation of secondary minerals is proposed as a common process depleting LREE in acidic sulphate – chlorine waters in volcano – hydrothermal systems. Furthermore, the chemical fractionation of the major and minor elements was interpreted together with the corresponding distributions of REE in order to trace the water – rock interaction processes. Saturation indexes of most common secondary minerals identified in advanced argillic alterations were calculated using PHREEQC software in a range of temperature from 25 to 250 °C. This geochemical approach allows to identify the possible mineral precipitation or dissolution of secondary minerals as well as the temperature at which the water reached equilibrium with a given set of minerals. In Group 1, the precipitation of secondary minerals LREE enriched (alunite minerals and kaolinite) was traced at temperature of precipitation higher than ⁓ 101 °C.153 2 - PublicationRestrictedFluid Geochemistry of El Chichón Volcano-Hydrothermal System(2015-04)
; ; ; ; ; El Chichón volcano hosts an intense hydrothermal system with surface manifestations consisting of an acid lake, steam vents, steam-heated boiling pools, mud pools and boiling springs in the crater, as well as several hot springs located on the outer slopes. This chapter reviews previous studies of the El Chichón volcano-hydrothermal system and proposes a conceptual model of the aquifer structure based on more than 15 years of fluid geochemical monitoring (major and rare-earth elements, δ18O- δD, 87Sr/86Sr). This model contains two aquifers: (1) Aquifer 1, located beneath the crater in the volcanic deposits, produces a total thermal water discharge of 220 L/s and feeds the flank ‘Agua Caliente-Agua Tibia’ spring group; (2) Aquifer 2, much deeper and with a lower total discharge of 7 L/s, is located in the evaporite-limestone basement and feeds the flank ‘Agua Salada-Agua Salada new’ spring group. The deep waters from Aquifer 2 have a much higher salinity than Aquifer 1 waters (25,000 vs. 2,200 mg/L Cl) and can be associated with oil-field brines. The crater lake chemistry and dynamics are mainly controlled by the steam condensation from Aquifer 1 waters and by the activity of the Soap Pool springs. Their chemical and isotopic composition can be associated with the volcanic Aquifer 1 water by a model of a single step liquid-vapor separation. Finally, El Chichón volcano is located in a non-classic volcanic arc and rather peculiar local and regional tectonic setting, as supported by CO2 flux surveys and He and C isotope systematics of emitted gases.98 3 - PublicationRestrictedGeochemical characteristics of pore waters from sediment cores of the Wagner Basin, Gulf of California(2020)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The Wagner Basin (WB) is a shallow basin (depth < 225 m) belonging to the northernmost section of the Gulf of California rift system. Hydrothermal activity and high heat fluxes prevail in some regions of the WB. For this contribution, we report the first dataset of chemical (major and some trace elements) and isotopic compositions (δ18O, δD, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C) from pore water sampled at the bottom of the WB, in areas affected by hydrothermal activity. The goals of the study are to determine the origin of the fluids emanating from the anomalous heat flow zones and to characterize the physical and chemical processes controlling their composition. The 18 pore water samples are classified into two groups: low temperature (LT) and high temperature (HT) samples, according to the sampling temperature (from 16.4 to 25.6 °C, and 32.5–99.6 °C, respectively). LT samples have chemical and isotopic (δ18O and δD) compositions similar to those of present-day seawater. On the opposite, HT cores are typically more enriched in Cl (26,100–37,074 mg L−1) and other elements (Br, Na, K, Ca, B and Sr) than those of present-day seawater (Cl = 20,284 mg L−1). HT samples are also strongly depleted in deuterium isotopes (up to −30.48‰). This characteristic could be related to the mixing between ancient evaporated seawater and Colorado river waters. Conceptually, the origin of a saline paleo-aquifer/reservoir can be related with the gradual marine flooding of shallow lagoons and depressions at the time Gulf of California was rifting (6–8 Ma) or during the Last Glacial Maximum (20–26 Ky). Additionally, it is not ruled out that some of the deuterium depletion observed in HT samples may be related to secondary processes (e.g., clays exchange, organic matter). Radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr signatures (0.70929–0.70997) of the HT samples likely reflect the leaching of radiogenic continental sediments from the Colorado River (filling the WB) and authigenic minerals (e.g., calcite or barite) precipitated from seawater. Solute geothermometry indicates that HT pore fluids underwent water-rock interactions at temperature of at least 220 °C. Finally high δ13C values (up to +10.5‰) in DIC from HT samples indicates partial equilibration of methane with DIC, or partial reduction of DIC.215 10 - PublicationRestrictedREE fractionation during the gypsum crystallization in hyperacid sulphate-rich brine: The Poás Volcano crater lake (Costa Rica) exploited as laboratory(2018-07)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The critical role of rare earth elements (Lanthanides plus Yttrium; hereafter REE) in high-tech technologies and consequently their increasing demand from the industry, in addition to the capability of REE to trace water–rock interaction processes, boosted the study of REE in unconventional extreme environments. This study is focused on the geochemical behaviour of REE in the hyperacid sulphate-rich brine of the crater lake of Poás volcano (Costa Rica), where the precipitation of gypsum occurs. This system can hence be considered as a natural laboratory to evaluate the fractionation of REE between the lake water (mother brine) and the precipitating gypsum mineral. Total REE concentrations dissolved in waters range from 1.14 to 2.18 mg kg−1. Calculated distribution coefficients (KD) for REE between the gypsum and the mother brine indicate a preferential removal of the light REE (LREE) with respect to the heavy REE (HREE), with KD values mainly decreasing from La to Lu. During the observation period (2007–2009), the distributions of REE concentrations dissolved in lake water normalized to the average local volcanic rock show two different trends: i) LREE depleted patterns, and ii) flat patterns. The identification of the LREE depleted pattern is justified by the KD calculated in this study. We demonstrate that the precipitation of gypsum is able to strongly fractionate the REE in hyperacid sulphate-rich brine, inducing changes in REE concentrations and distributions over time. X-ray computed tomography imaging was performed on gypsum crystal (precipitated from the lake waters) to gain insights on crystal-scale processes possibly controlling the REE geochemistry, i.e. surface processes vs. structural substitution. Accordingly, the heavy metals and possibly the REE seem to be mainly located on the crystal surface rather than inside the crystal, suggesting that a surface process could be the major process controlling REE removal from the water to the crystal.600 9 - PublicationRestrictedTracing thermal aquifers of El Chichón volcano-hydrothermal system (México) with 87Sr/86Sr, Ca/Sr and REE(2011-08-15)
; ; ; ; ; ; ;Peiffer, L.; Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ;Taran, Y.; Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ;Lounejeva, E.; Instituto de Geologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ;Solis-Pichardo, G.; Instituto de Geologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ;Rouwet, D.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Bernard-Romero, R.; Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; ; ; ; ; The volcano–hydrothermal system of El Chichón volcano, Chiapas, Mexico, is characterized by numerous thermal manifestations including an acid lake, steam vents and boiling springs in the crater and acid and neutral hot springs and steaming ground on the flanks. Previous research on major element chemistry reveals that thermal waters of El Chichón can be divided in two groups: (1) neutral waters discharging in the crater and southern slopes of the volcano with chloride content ranging from 1500 to 2200 mg/l and (2) acid-toneutral waters with Cl up to 12,000 mg/l discharging at the western slopes. Our work supports the concept that each group of waters is derived from a separate aquifer (Aq. 1 and Aq. 2). In this study we apply Sr isotopes, Ca/Sr ratios and REE abundances along with the major and trace element water chemistry in order to discriminate and characterize these two aquifers. Waters derived from Aq. 1 are characterized by 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70407 to 0.70419, while Sr concentrations range from 0.1 to 4 mg/l and Ca/Sr weight ratios from 90 to 180, close to average values for the erupted rocks. Waters derived from Aq. 2 have 87Sr/86Sr between 0.70531 and 0.70542, high Sr concentrations up to 80 mg/l, and Ca/Sr ratio of 17–28. Aquifer 1 is most probably shallow, composed of volcanic rocks and situated beneath the crater, within the volcano edifice. Aquifer 2 may be situated at greater depth in sedimentary rocks and by some way connected to the regional oil-gas field brines. The relative water output (l/s) from both aquifers can be estimated as Aq. 1/Aq. 2– 30. Both aquifers are not distinguishable by their REE patterns. The total concentration of REE, however, strongly depends on the acidity. All neutral waters including high-salinity waters from Aq. 2 have very low total REE concentrations (b0.6 μg/l) and are characterized by a depletion in LREE relative to El Chichón volcanic rock, while acid waters from the crater lake (Aq. 1) and acid AS springs (Aq. 2) have parallel profile with total REE concentration from 9 to 98 μg/l. The highest REE concentration (207 μg/l) is observed in slightly acid shallow cold Ca-SO4 ground waters draining fresh and old pyroclastic deposits rich in magmatic anhydrite. It is suggested that the main mechanism controlling the concentration of REE in waters of El Chichón is the acidity. As low pH results from the shallow oxidation of H2S contained in hydrothermal vapors, REE distribution in thermal waters reflects the dissolution of volcanic rocks close to the surface or lake sediments as is the case for the crater lake.258 35 - PublicationRestrictedMobility of REE from a hyperacid brine to secondary minerals precipitated in a volcanic hydrothermal system: Kawah Ijen crater lake (Java, Indonesia)(2020-06-20)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Rare Earth Elements (REE; lanthanides and yttrium) are elements with high economic interest because they are critical elements for modern technologies. This study mainly focuses on the geochemical behavior of REE in hyperacid sulphate brines in volcanic-hydrothermal systems, where the precipitation of sulphate minerals occurs. Kawah Ijen lake, a hyperacid brine hosted in the Ijen caldera (Indonesia), was used as natural laboratory. ∑REE concentration in the lake water is high, ranging from 5.86 to 6.52 mg kg-1. The REE pattern of lake waters normalized to the average local volcanic rock is flat, suggesting isochemical dissolution. Minerals spontaneously precipitated in laboratory at 25 °C from water samples of Kawah Ijen were identified by XRD as gypsum. Microprobe analyses and the chemical composition of major constituents allow to identify possible other minerals precipitated: jarosite, Al-sulphate and Sr, Ba-sulphate. ∑REE concentration in minerals precipitated (mainly gypsum) range from 59.53 to 78.64 mg kg-1. The REE patterns of minerals precipitated normalized to the average local magmatic rock show enrichment in LREE. The REE distribution coefficient (KD), obtained from a ratio of its concentration in the minerals precipitated (mainly gypsum) and the lake water, shows higher values for LREE than HREE. KD-LREE/KD-HREE increases in the studied samples when the concentrations of BaO, MgO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, Na2O and the sum of total oxides (except SO3 and CaO) decrease in the solid phase. The presence of secondary minerals different than gypsum can be the cause of the distribution coefficient variations. High concentrations of REE in Kawah Ijen volcanic lake have to enhance the interest on these environments as possible REE reservoir, stimulating future investigations. The comparison of the KD calculated for REE after mineral precipitation (mainly gypsum) from Kawah Ijen and Poás hyperacid volcanic lakes allow to generalize that the gypsum precipitation removes the LREE from water.316 5 - PublicationOpen AccessRare Earth Elements Variations in a Hyperacid Crater Lake and Their Relations With Changes in Phreatic Activity, Physico-Chemical Parameters, and Chemical Composition: The Case of Poás Volcano (Costa Rica)(2022-01-03)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Decades of geochemical monitoring at active crater lakes worldwide have confirmed that variations in major elements and physico-chemical parameters are useful to detect changes in volcanic activity. However, it is still arduous to identify precursors of single phreatic eruptions. During the unrest phase of 2009–2016, at least 679 phreatic eruptions occurred at the hyperacid and hypersaline crater lake Laguna Caliente of Poás volcano (Costa Rica). In this study, we investigate the temporal variations of Rare Earth Elements (REE) dissolved in Laguna Caliente in order to 1) scrutinize if they can be used as a new geochemical tool to monitor changes of phreatic activity at hyperacid crater lakes and 2) identify the geochemical processes responsible for the variations of REE concentrations in the lake. The total concentration of REE varies from 950 to 2,773 μg kg−1. (La/Pr)N-local rock ratios range from 0.93 to 1.35, and Light REE over Heavy REE (LREE/HREE)N-local rock ratios vary from 0.71 to 0.95. These same parameters vary in relation to significant changes in phreatic activity; in particular, the (La/Pr)N-local rock ratio increases as phreatic activity increases, while that of (LREE/HREE)N-local rock decreases when phreatic activity increases. REE concentrations and their ratios were compared with the variations of major elements and physico-chemical parameters of the lake. Calcium versus (La/Pr)N-local rock and versus (LREE/HREE)N-local rock ratios show different trends compared to the other major elements (Na, K, Mg, Al, Fe, SO4, and Cl). Moreover, a higher loss of Ca (up to 2,835 ppm) in lake water was found with respect to the loss of Al, K, and Na. This loss of Ca is argued to be due to gypsum precipitation, a process corroborated by the mass balance calculation simulating the precipitation of gypsum and the contemporaneous removal of REE from the lake water. The observed relations between REE, changes in phreatic activity, and the parameters commonly used for the monitoring of hyperacid volcanic lakes encourage investigating more on the temporal and cause-effect relationship between REE dynamics and changes in phreatic activity at crater lake-bearing volcanoes.560 44 - PublicationOpen AccessFluid-mineral dynamics at the Rincón de la Vieja volcano—hydrothermal system (Costa Rica) inferred by the study of major, minor and rare earth elements in the hyperacid crater lake(2023-10)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Volcanic lakes are complex natural systems and their chemical composition is related to a myriad of processes. The chemical composition of major, minor, Rare Earth Elements (REE) and physico-chemical parameters at the hyperacid crater lake of Rincón de la Vieja volcano (Costa Rica) are here investigated during February 2013–August 2014. The study of the lake chemical composition allows to identify the main geochemical processes occurring in the lake and to track the changes in the volcanic activity, both important for active volcanoes monitoring. The total REE concentration ( REE) dissolved in the crater lake varies from 2.7 to 3.6 mg kg−1 during the period of observation. REE in the water lake samples normalized to the average volcanic local rock (REEN-local rock) are depleted in light REE (LREE). On the contrary REEN-local rock in the solids precipitated (mainly gypsum/anhydrite), from lake water samples in laboratory at 22°C, are enriched in LREE. The low variability of (La/Pr)N-local rock and (LREE/ HREE)N-local rock ratios (0.92–1.07 and 0.66–0.81, respectively) in crater lake waters is consistent with the low phreatic activity (less than 10 phreatic eruptions in 2 years) observed during the period of observation. This period of low activity precedes the unrest started in 2015, thus, it could be considered as a pre-unrest, characterized by infrequent phreatic eruptions. No clear changes in the REE chemistry are associated with the phreatic eruption occurred at mid- 2013. The results obtained investigating water-rock interaction processes at theRincón de la Vieja crater lake show that rock dissolution and mineral precipitation/ dissolution are the main processes that control the variability of cations composition over time. In particular, precipitation and dissolution of gypsum and alunite are responsible for the variations of REE in the waters. Despite the low variations of (La/Pr)N-local rock and (LREE/HREE)N-local rock ratios, this study allows to suggest that REE can be used, together with major elements, as practical tracers of water-rock interaction processes and mineral precipitation/ dissolution at active hyperacid crater lakes over time, also during periods of quiescence and low phreatic activity.70 10