Montuori, Caterina

La revisione da parte degli analisti del BSI della sismicità registrata in Italia dal 1 settembre al 31 dicembre 2022 ha riguardato tutti i terremoti di magnitudo M≥1.5, mentre i parametri dei terremoti di magnitudo inferiore a tale soglia sono quelli calcolati in tempo reale, nella SALA DI SORVEGLIANZA SISMICA DI ROMA. I terremoti più forti (M≥3.5) e pochi altri di particolare interesse [vedi Marchetti et al., 2016, DOI: 10.4401/ag-6116], sono stati revisionati dagli analisti del BSI, mediamente nelle 24 ore successive al loro accadimento.

La revisione da parte degli analisti del BSI della sismicità registrata in Italia dal 1 gennaio al 30 aprile 2023 ha riguardato tutti i terremoti di magnitudo M≥1.5, mentre i parametri dei terremoti di magnitudo inferiore a tale soglia sono quelli calcolati in tempo reale, nella SALA DI SORVEGLIANZA SISMICA DI ROMA. I terremoti più forti (M≥3.5) e pochi altri di particolare interesse [vedi Marchetti et al., 2016, DOI: 10.4401/ag- 6116], sono stati revisionati dagli analisti del BSI, mediamente nelle 24 ore successive al loro accadimento.

The Algerian offshore earthquake of 18 March 2021, Mw 6.0, was felt by people in various Italian regions, also at large epicentral distance. This unusual human perception far from the source prompted us to analyze the waveforms recorded by land seismic stations installed along the Iberian, French, and Italian coasts. On some seismograms of the selected network, prominent T phases are detected. T waves can travel in the SOund Fixing And Ranging (SOFAR) channel over great distances (thousands of kilometers) with little loss in signal strength and be recorded by near‐coastal seismometers after the P (primary) and S (secondary) phases (hence T or tertiary phases). To explain the subjective perception of ground shaking with quantities that are measured on the seismogram, we estimated the empirical macroseismic intensities for both body and T phases and we calculated the body‐wave seismic attenuation. The P‐wave anelastic attenuation analysis shows two main wave propagation patterns that reflect lithosphere heterogeneity of the Algerian, Liguro‐Provençal, and Tyrrhenian basins. We find that in some cases, in particular along the Italian and French coasts, the largest ground shaking is caused by the T phase. Our observations confirm that the central‐western Mediterranean Sea is a favorable site for T‐wave propagation and suggest that the T phases should be taken into account in ground‐shaking hazard assessment for the central‐western Mediterranean.

Introduction In November 2022 a seismic sequence occurred in the Marche offshore, about 29 km from the coast and the city of Fano. The sequence started on November 9 (06:07:25 UTC) with a ML=5.7 earthquake (Mw=5.5 from TDMD computation, Scognamiglio et al., 2006), immediately followed by a ML=5.2 earthquake (06:08:29 UTC) located about 8 km to the south. The two mainshocks activated a seismic sequence with about 400 aftershocks lasting the first week, 13 of them with ML>= 3.5 (Fig. 1). Few hours after the occurrence of the mainshock, the BSI (“Bollettino Sismico Italiano”) working group started to manually analyze P and S phase arrival times and seismogram amplitudes of earthquakes with magnitude ML>= 3.5 recorded by the the Italian National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale, hereafter RSN) in order to better constrain hypocenter locations previously provided by the seismic surveillance room of the INGV in Rome for rapid communication to the Italian Civil Protection (Dipartimento Protezione Civile, DPC). Later, the BSI working group analyzed the seismicity of the sequence of the first weeks of seismic activity by revising hypocentral parameters of more than 500 events. The 2022 Marche offshore sequence took place along the Adriatic outer front of the northern Apennines in central Italy. Offshore seismic reflection profiles image a shallow thrust-and-fold system striking WNW–ESE to NNW–SSE. Along the coastal Adriatic area, active blind thrusts deform Plio-Quaternary siliciclastic turbidites that are few hundreds of meters to more than 2 km thick in correspondence of ramp anticlines and synclines, respectively. In a recent work, through the analysis of high-quality background seismicity data, De Nardis et al. (2022) identified two lithospheric-scale active thrusts deepening westward under the Adriatic outer front from upper- to lower-crustal depths. These new data support previous thick-skinned interpretations of seismic commercial profiles and CROP03 deep reflection data (Lavecchia et al., 2003). Focal mechanisms of weak to moderate (ML < 4.8) local earthquakes occurred between 2009-2017 at upper- to deep-crustal depths show prevailing reverse and reverse/oblique solutions (De Nardis et al., 2022) and subordinate strike-slip faulting (Mazzoli et al., 2014). The analysis of the 2022 Marche offshore sequence opens again the discussion on the uncertainties related to the hypocenter locations of earthquakes that occur in the Adriatic offshore domain (e.g., Di Stefano et al., 2022) and the limits of our present capability to provide an accurate seismotectonic interpretation of the instrumental seismicity in this region. Actually, the 2022 sequence area is only covered on land by RSN, with the closest seismic station located at about 28 km from the epicentral location of the mainshock. The particular geometry of the network along the Italian coast makes it difficult to correctly constrain hypocenter locations compared with other regions of Italy. Taking into account this configuration, although the INGV is able to obtain coherent earthquake information for Civil Protection purposes into the limits of the communication threshold, we note that data provided by the seismic surveillance room in terms of both seismic phase readings of arrival times for hypocenter location and waveform amplitudes for magnitude computation need to a more accurate analysis if the main goal is the correct reconstruction of the active structures involved in the sequence. This analysis should include a) a careful revision of the arrival time pickings to reduce the errors due to seismic phase misinterpretations, b) an accurate study to constrain earthquake locations with appropriate velocity models, and c) the hypocenter solution assessment through adequate tests that define which information can be inferred from earthquake location results. Data analysis and phases interpretation Through the interpretation of the seismic records, the BSI analysts have identified refracted first arrivals of P and S phases at epicentral distances of about 60 km, smaller than those expected for Pn/Sn refracted phases at the Moho discontinuity (e.g., Di Stefano and Ciaccio, 2014) whose arrivals should be observed at distances of about 90-100 km in this area. Since possible systematic misinterpretation of P and S arrivals can strongly affect the correct hypocenter locations, we have carefully revised the phase pickings provided by the INGV surveillance room by discriminating direct from refracted phases at stations located at distances greater than 60 km. This is mainly important for interpretation of weak S refracted phases that are often hidden into the arrivals after the P phase. We have taken into account these characteristics in the earthquake location process by only using clear direct/refracted S phases in our inversion procedure. The comparison of the ML>= 3.5 hypocenter locations performed by the BSI and the INGV surveillance room (Figs. 1 and 2) shows how an accurate analysis of the pickings is necessary to obtain robust earthquake locations for seismotectonic interpretation: even using the same hypocenter location code and velocity model, we observe that the mislocation of the hypocenters in this area can range from few to about 10 kilometers (Fig. 1) while the formal errors are strongly reduced after the BSI picking revision (Fig. 2) The velocity model issue Events location in the Adriatic Sea suffers from the lack of a specific velocity model for the seismic sequence area. The use of inadequate velocity parameters during the location process can introduce systematic errors, which may result in incorrect seismotectonic interpretations. We therefore built and tested different velocity models from both available geophysical data and our inversion of the velocity structure using the arrival time readings revised by the BSI working group. In order to define deterministic 1D models suitable for earthquake location (Vp and Vp/Vs), we integrated sonic logs from local deep wells (ViDEPI Project, 2005) with literature data that include: seismic commercial profiles, deep seismic refraction surveys, the CROP03 crustal profile, Receiver Function and regional seismic tomography models, Vp/Vs reference values for mid- and lower-crustal crystalline rocks (Coward et al., 1999; Ponziani et al., 1995; Lavecchia et al., 2003; Spada et al., 2013; Di Stefano et al., 2009, Christiansen and Mooney, 1993). In order to obtain the velocity structure from our revised dataset, we first determined the Vp/Vs ratio by using the arrival time pickings of selected P and S phases. The mean velocity ratio Vp/Vs was computed through the cumulative Wadati diagram. Then, by collecting all the a priori available information regarding the structure of Adriatic Sea (velocities, layer thicknesses and Moho depth), we applied the VELEST software (Kissling, 1995) to compute a new 1D velocity model for earthquake location. Conclusions In this work we present our first analyses of the sequence and the accurate study of the velocity models that we obtained from both a revision of available data and the inversion of arrival time pickings analyzed by the BSI analists. Moreover, we will discuss our preliminary earthquake locations with a particular attention to resolution analysis and hypocenter location assessment.

We use seismic waveform data from the AlpArray Seismic Network and three other temporary seismic networks, to perform receiver function (RF) calculations and time−to−depth migration to update the knowledge of the Moho discontinuity beneath the broader European Alps. In particular, we set up a homogeneous processing scheme to compute RFs using the time-domain iterative deconvolution method and apply consistent quality control to yield 112,205 high-quality RFs. We then perform time−to−depth migration in a newly implemented 3D spherical coordinate system using a European-scale reference P and S wave velocity model. This approach, together with the dense data coverage, provide us with a 3D migrated volume, from which we present migrated profiles that reflect the first-order crustal thickness structure. We create a detailed Moho map by manually picking the discontinuity in a set of orthogonal profiles covering the entire area. We make the RF dataset, the software for the entire processing workflow, as well as the Moho map, openly available; these open-access datasets and results will allow other researchers to build on the current study.

La revisione da parte degli analisti del BSI della sismicità registrata in Italia dal 1 gennaio al 30 aprile 2022 ha riguardato tutti i terremoti di magnitudo ML≥1.5, mentre i parametri dei terremoti di magnitudo inferiore a tale soglia sono quelli calcolati in tempo reale, nella SALA DI SORVEGLIANZA SISMICA DI ROMA. I terremoti più forti (ML≥3.5), e pochi altri di particolare interesse [vedi Marchetti et al., 2016, DOI: 10.4401/ag- 6116], sono stati revisionati dagli analisti del BSI, mediamente nelle 24 ore successive al loro accadimento.

One important aspect of the seismicity is the spatiotemporal clustering; hence, the distinction between independent and triggered events is a critical part of the analysis of seismic catalogs. Stochastic declustering of seismicity allows a probabilistic distinction between these two kinds of events. Such an approach, usually performed with the epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model, avoids the bias in the estimation of the frequency–magnitude distribution parameters if we consider a subset of the catalog, that is, only the independent or the triggered events. In this article, we present a framework to properly include the probabilities of any event to be independent (or triggered) both in the temporal variation of the seismic rates and in the estimation of the b‐value of the Gutenberg–Richter law. This framework is then applied to a high‐definition seismic catalog in the central part of Italy covering the period from April 2010 to December 2015. The results of our analysis show that the seismic activity from the beginning of the catalog to March 2013 is characterized by a low degree of clustering and a relatively high b‐value, whereas the following period exhibits a higher degree of clustering and a smaller b‐value.

La revisione da parte degli analisti del BSI della sismicità registrata in Italia dal 1 settembre al 31 dicembre 2021 ha riguardato tutti i terremoti di magnitudo ML≥1.5, mentre i parametri dei terremoti di magnitudo inferiore a tale soglia sono quelli calcolati in tempo reale, nella SALA DI SORVEGLIANZA SISMICA DI ROMA. I terremoti più forti (ML≥3.5) e pochi altri di particolare interesse [vedi Marchetti et al., 2016, DOI: 10.4401/ag- 6116], sono stati revisionati dagli analisti del BSI, mediamente nelle 24 ore successive al loro accadimento.

La revisione da parte degli analisti del BSI della sismicità registrata in Italia dal 1 maggio al 31 agosto 2021 ha riguardato tutti i terremoti di magnitudo ML≥1.5, mentre i parametri dei terremoti di magnitudo inferiore a tale soglia sono quelli calcolati in tempo reale, nella SALA DI SORVEGLIANZA SISMICA DI ROMA. I terremoti più forti (ML≥3.5) e pochi altri di particolare interesse [vedi Marchetti et al., 2016, DOI: 10.4401/ag-6116], sono stati revisionati dagli analisti del BSI, mediamente nelle 24 ore successive al loro accadimento.

Minimum 1D velocity models and station corrections have been computed for the central Mediterranean area using two main data sets. The first one consists of accurate first arrival‐time readings from 103 seismic events with magnitude (ML)≥3.5 recorded by the Italian National Seismic Network (RSN) and the AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN) in the period 2014–2021. Earthquakes were selected on the basis of their spatial distribution, epicentral distance to the nearest seismic station, and maximum distance traveled by Pn and Sn phases. This fine selection of high‐quality data combined with the spatial density of the AlpArray seismic stations was decisive in obtaining high resolution for upper mantle velocity, especially in the Alpine belt. To obtain a denser coverage of crustal rays, we extended the first data set with P and S arrivals of local earthquakes from Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) bulletin data (2016–2018). A total of 75,807 seismic phases (47,183 P phases and 28,264 S phases) have been inverted to calculate best‐fit 1D velocity models, at regional and local scales. We then test the performance of the optimized velocity models by relocating the last four years of seismicity recorded by INGV (period 2017–2020). The computed velocity models are very effective for routine earthquake location, seismic monitoring, source parameter modeling, and future 3D seismic tomography.