Options
Assimilating Along-Track Altimetric Observations through Local Hydrostatic Adjustment in a Global Ocean Variational Assimilation System
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
4.6. Oceanografia operativa per la valutazione dei rischi in aree marine
5.4. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
3/139 (2011)
Publisher
American Meteorological Society
Pages (printed)
738-754
Issued date
March 2011
Alternative Location
Abstract
A global ocean three-dimensional variational data assimilation system was developed with the aim of assimilating along-track sea level anomaly observations, along with in situ observations from bathythermographs and conventional sea stations. All the available altimetric data within the period October 1992–January 2006 were used in this study. The sea level corrections were covariated with vertical profiles of temperature and salinity according to the bivariate definition of the background-error vertical covariances. Sea level anomaly observational error variance was carefully defined as a sum of instrumental, representativeness, observation operator, and mean dynamic topography error variances. The mean dynamic topography was computed from the model long-term mean sea surface height and adjusted through an optimal interpolation scheme to account for observation minus first-guess biases. Results show that the assimilation of sea level anomaly observations improves the model sea surface height skill scores as well as the subsurface temperature and salinity fields. Furthermore, the estimate of the tropical and subtropical surface circulation is clearly improved after assimilating altimetric data. Nonnegligible impacts of the mean dynamic topography used have also been found: compared to a gravimeter-based mean dynamic topography the use of the mean dynamic topography discussed in this paper improves both the consistency with sea level anomaly observations and the verification skill scores of temperature and salinity in the tropical regions. Furthermore, the use of a mean dynamic topography computed from the model long-term sea surface height mean without observation adjustments results in worsened verification skill scores and highlights the benefits of the current approach for deriving the mean dynamic topography.
Sponsors
European Commission WP4
Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Bologna
Cnes
Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Bologna
Cnes
References
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Rev., 135, 3785–3807.
Bonjean, F., and G. S. E. Lagerloef, 2002: Diagnostic model and
analysis of the surface currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2938–2954.
Byrd, R. H., P. Lu, J. Nocedal, and C. Zhu, 1995: A limited memory
algorithm for bound constrained optimization. SIAM J. Sci.
Comput., 16, 1190–1208.
Cardinali, C., S. Pezzulli, and E. Andersson, 2004: Influence-matrix
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Cazenave, A., K. Dominh, S. Guinehut, E. Berthier, W. Llovel,
G. Ramillien, M. Ablain, and G. Larnicol, 2009: Sea level budget
over 2003–2008: A reevaluation from GRACE space gravimetry,
satellite altimetry and Argo. Global Planet. Change, 65, 83–88.
Chapnik, B., G. Desroziers, F. Rabier, and O. Talagrand, 2006: Di-
agnosis and tuning of observational error in a quasi-operational
data assimilation setting. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 543–565.
Cheney, R., L. Miller, R. Agreen, N. Doyle, and J. Lillibridge, 1994:
TOPEX/Poseidon: The 2-cm solution. J. Geophys. Res., 99,
24 555–24 564.
Cooper, M., and K. Haines, 1996: Altimetric assimilation with
water property conservation. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1059–1077.
Courtier, P., 1997: Variational methods. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75,
211–218.
De Mey, P., and M. Benkiran, 2002: A multi-variate reduced-order
optimal interpolation method and its application to the Medi-
terranean basin-scale circulation. Ocean Forecasting: Concep-
tual Basis and Applications, N. Pinardi and J. D. Woods, Eds.,
Springer-Verlag, 281–306.
Di Pietro, P., and S. Masina, 2009: The CMCC-INGV Global Ocean
Data Assimilation System (CIGODAS). CMCC Research Pa-
per 0072, 39 pp. [Available online at http://www.cmcc.it.]
Dobricic, S., 2005: New mean dynamic topography of the Medi-
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Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11606, doi:10.1029/2005GL022518.
——, and N. Pinardi, 2008: An oceanographic three-dimensional
assimilation scheme. Ocean Modell., 22, 89–105.
——, ——, M. Adani, C. Fratianni, A. Bonazzi, and V. Fernandez,
2008: Daily oceanographic analyses by the Mediterranean
basin scale assimilation system. Ocean Sci., 3, 149–157.
Duchon, C. E., 1979: Lanczos filtering in one and two dimensions.
J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1016–1022.
Fischer, M., M. Flu¨ gel, and M. Ji, 1997: The impact of data as-
similation on ENSO simulations and predictions. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 125, 819–829.
Fofonoff, N. P., 1985: Physical properties of seawater: A new sa-
linity scale and equation of state of seawater. J. Geophys. Res.,
90, 3332–3342.
——, and R. C. Millard Jr., 1985: Algorithms for computation of
fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Marine Sci-
ence Tech. Paper 44, 53 pp.
Hayden, C. M., and R. J. Purser, 1995: Recursive filter objective
analysis of meteorological fields: Applications to NESDIS
operational processing. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 3–15.
Ingleby, B., and M. Huddleston, 2007: Quality control of ocean
temperature and salinity profiles—Historical and real-time
data. J. Mar. Syst., 65, 158–175.
Ivchenko, V. O., S. Danilov, D. Sidorenko, J. Schro¨ ter, M. Wenzel,
and D. L. Aleynik, 2008: Steric height variability in the
Northern Atlantic on seasonal and interannual scales. J. Geo-
phys. Res., 113, C11007, doi:10.1029/2008JC004836.
Ji, M. , R. W. Reynolds, and D. W. Behringer, 2000: Use of
TOPEX/Poseidon sea level data for ocean analysis and
ENSO prediction: Some early results. J. Climate, 13, 216–231.
Kalnay, E., 2002: Atmospheric Modeling, Data Assimilation and
Predictability. Cambridge University Press, 341 pp.
Kaplan, A., M. A. Cane, D. Chen, D. L. Witter, and R. E. Cheney,
2004: Small-scale variability and model error in tropical Pacific sea
level. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02001, doi:10.1029/2002JC001743.
Lee, T., and Coauthors, 2010: Consistency and fidelity of Indonesian-
throughflow total volume transport estimated by 14 ocean data
assimilation products. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 50, 201–223.
Le Traon, P. Y., and F. Hernandez, 1992: Mapping the oceanic
mesoscale circulation: Validation of satellite altimetry using
surface drifters. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9, 687–698.
——, and F. Ogor, 1998: ERS ½ orbit improvement using TOPEX/
Poseidon: The 2 cm challange. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8045–
8057.
——, and G. Dibarboure, 1999: Mesoscale mapping capabilities of
multiple-satellite altimeter missions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech-
nol., 16, 1208–1223.
——, P. Gaspar, F. Bouyssel, and H. Makhmara, 1995: Using TOPEX/
Poseidon data to enhance ERS-1 orbit. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech-
nol., 12, 161–170.
——, F. Nadal, and N. Ducet, 1998: An improved mapping method
of multi-satellite altimeter data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,
15, 522–534.
Leuliette, E. W., and L. Miller, 2009: Closing the sea level rise
budget with altimetry, Argo and GRACE. Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L04608, doi:10.1029/2008GL036010.
Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, H. E. Garcia,
and A. V. Mishonov, 2009: Global ocean heat content 1955–
2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07608, doi:10.1029/2008GL037155.
Lorenc, A., 1981: A global three-dimensional multivariate statis-
tical interpolation scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 701–721.
Madec, G., P. Delecluse, M. Imbard, and C. Le´ vy, 1998: OPA 8.1
ocean general circulation model reference manual. Note
du Poˆ le de Mode´ lisation 11, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace,
91 pp.
Masina, S., P. Di Pietro, A. Storto, S. Dobricic, A. Alessandri, and
A. Cherchi, 2010: Re-analysis in the global ocean at CMCC-
INGV: Examples and applications. Mercator Ocean Quarterly
Newsletter, No. 36, GIP Mercator Ocean, Ramonville St. Agne,
France, 28–38. [Available online at http://www.mercator-ocean.
fr/documents/lettre/lettre_36_en.pdf.]
Mitchell, H. L., and R. Daley, 1997: Discretization error and signal/
error correlation in atmospheric data assimilation. II: The
effect of unresolved scales. Tellus, 49A, 701–708.
Montmerle, T., F. Rabier, and C. Fischer, 2007: Relative impact
of polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite radiances in the
ALADIN/France numerical weather prediction system. Quart.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 655–671.
Oke, P. R., and P. Sakov, 2008: Representation error of oceanic
observations for data assimilation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech-
nol., 25, 1004–1017.
Pascual, A., C. Boone, G. Larnicol, and P.-Y. Le Traon, 2009: On
the quality of real-time altimeter gridded fields: Comparison
with in situ data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 556–569.
Pinardi, N., and Coauthors, 2003: The Mediterranean Ocean Fore-
casting System: First phase of implementation (1998–2001).
Ann. Geophys., 21, 3–20.
Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface
temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J. Climate,
7, 929–948.
Rio, M. H., and F. Hernandez, 2004: A mean dynamic topography
computed over the world ocean from altimetry, in-situ mea-
surements and a geoid model. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12032,
doi:10.1029/2003JC002226.
Roullet, G., and G. Madec, 2000: Salt conservation, free surface,
and varying levels: A new formulation for ocean general cir-
culation models. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 23 927–23 942.
Schiller, A., P. R. Oke, G. B. Brassington, M. Entel, R. Fiedler,
D. A. Griffin, and J. V. Mansbridge, 2008: Eddy-resolving
ocean circulation in the Asian–Australian region inferred
from an ocean reanalysis effort. Prog. Oceanogr., 76, 334–365.
Segschneider, J., D. L. T. Anderson, and T. N. Stockdale, 2000:
Towards the use of altimetry for operational seasonal fore-
casting. J. Climate, 13, 3115–3138.
Storto, A., and F. T. Tveter, 2009: Assimilating humidity pseudo-
observations derived from the cloud profiling radar aboard
CloudSat in ALADIN 3D-Var. Meteor. Appl., 16, 461–479.
Tapley, B. D., D. P. Chambers, S. Bettadpur, and J. C. Ries, 2003:
Large scale ocean circulation from the GRACE GGM01 ge-
oid. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2163, doi:10.1029/2003GL018622.
Uppala, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: The ERA-40 Re-Analysis.
Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012.
Vidard, A., M. Balmaseda, and D. Anderson, 2009: Assimilation of
altimeter data in the ECMWF Ocean Analysis System 3. Mon.
Wea. Rev., 137, 1393–1408.
Vossepoel, F. C., and D. W. Behringer, 2000: Impact of sea level
assimilation on salinity variability in the western equatorial
Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1706–1721.
Wijffels, S. E., J. Willis, C. M. Domingues, P. Barker, N. J. White,
A. Gronell, K. Ridgway, and J. A. Church, 2008: Changing ex-
pendable bathythermograph fall rates and their impact on esti-
mates of thermosteric sea level rise. J. Climate, 21, 5657–5672.
Zheng, F., J. Zhu, and R.-H. Zhang, 2007: Impact of altimetry data
on ENSO ensemble initializations and predictions. Geophys.
Res. Lett., 34, L13611, doi:10.1029/2007GL030451.
P. Di Pietro, and A. Carril, 2010: The INGV–CMCC Seasonal
Prediction System: Improved ocean initial conditions. Mon.
Wea. Rev., 138, 2930–2952.
Alves, J. O. S., K. Haines, and D. L. T. Anderson, 2001: Sea level
assimilation experiments in the tropical Pacific. J. Phys. Oce-
anogr., 31, 305–323.
Bellucci, A., S. Masina, P. Di Pietro, and A. Navarra, 2007: Using
temperature salinity relations in a global ocean implemen-
tation of a multivariate data assimilation scheme. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 135, 3785–3807.
Bonjean, F., and G. S. E. Lagerloef, 2002: Diagnostic model and
analysis of the surface currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2938–2954.
Byrd, R. H., P. Lu, J. Nocedal, and C. Zhu, 1995: A limited memory
algorithm for bound constrained optimization. SIAM J. Sci.
Comput., 16, 1190–1208.
Cardinali, C., S. Pezzulli, and E. Andersson, 2004: Influence-matrix
diagnostic of a data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 130, 2767–2786.
Cazenave, A., K. Dominh, S. Guinehut, E. Berthier, W. Llovel,
G. Ramillien, M. Ablain, and G. Larnicol, 2009: Sea level budget
over 2003–2008: A reevaluation from GRACE space gravimetry,
satellite altimetry and Argo. Global Planet. Change, 65, 83–88.
Chapnik, B., G. Desroziers, F. Rabier, and O. Talagrand, 2006: Di-
agnosis and tuning of observational error in a quasi-operational
data assimilation setting. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 543–565.
Cheney, R., L. Miller, R. Agreen, N. Doyle, and J. Lillibridge, 1994:
TOPEX/Poseidon: The 2-cm solution. J. Geophys. Res., 99,
24 555–24 564.
Cooper, M., and K. Haines, 1996: Altimetric assimilation with
water property conservation. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1059–1077.
Courtier, P., 1997: Variational methods. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75,
211–218.
De Mey, P., and M. Benkiran, 2002: A multi-variate reduced-order
optimal interpolation method and its application to the Medi-
terranean basin-scale circulation. Ocean Forecasting: Concep-
tual Basis and Applications, N. Pinardi and J. D. Woods, Eds.,
Springer-Verlag, 281–306.
Di Pietro, P., and S. Masina, 2009: The CMCC-INGV Global Ocean
Data Assimilation System (CIGODAS). CMCC Research Pa-
per 0072, 39 pp. [Available online at http://www.cmcc.it.]
Dobricic, S., 2005: New mean dynamic topography of the Medi-
terranean calculated from assimilation system diagnostics.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11606, doi:10.1029/2005GL022518.
——, and N. Pinardi, 2008: An oceanographic three-dimensional
assimilation scheme. Ocean Modell., 22, 89–105.
——, ——, M. Adani, C. Fratianni, A. Bonazzi, and V. Fernandez,
2008: Daily oceanographic analyses by the Mediterranean
basin scale assimilation system. Ocean Sci., 3, 149–157.
Duchon, C. E., 1979: Lanczos filtering in one and two dimensions.
J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1016–1022.
Fischer, M., M. Flu¨ gel, and M. Ji, 1997: The impact of data as-
similation on ENSO simulations and predictions. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 125, 819–829.
Fofonoff, N. P., 1985: Physical properties of seawater: A new sa-
linity scale and equation of state of seawater. J. Geophys. Res.,
90, 3332–3342.
——, and R. C. Millard Jr., 1985: Algorithms for computation of
fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Marine Sci-
ence Tech. Paper 44, 53 pp.
Hayden, C. M., and R. J. Purser, 1995: Recursive filter objective
analysis of meteorological fields: Applications to NESDIS
operational processing. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 3–15.
Ingleby, B., and M. Huddleston, 2007: Quality control of ocean
temperature and salinity profiles—Historical and real-time
data. J. Mar. Syst., 65, 158–175.
Ivchenko, V. O., S. Danilov, D. Sidorenko, J. Schro¨ ter, M. Wenzel,
and D. L. Aleynik, 2008: Steric height variability in the
Northern Atlantic on seasonal and interannual scales. J. Geo-
phys. Res., 113, C11007, doi:10.1029/2008JC004836.
Ji, M. , R. W. Reynolds, and D. W. Behringer, 2000: Use of
TOPEX/Poseidon sea level data for ocean analysis and
ENSO prediction: Some early results. J. Climate, 13, 216–231.
Kalnay, E., 2002: Atmospheric Modeling, Data Assimilation and
Predictability. Cambridge University Press, 341 pp.
Kaplan, A., M. A. Cane, D. Chen, D. L. Witter, and R. E. Cheney,
2004: Small-scale variability and model error in tropical Pacific sea
level. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02001, doi:10.1029/2002JC001743.
Lee, T., and Coauthors, 2010: Consistency and fidelity of Indonesian-
throughflow total volume transport estimated by 14 ocean data
assimilation products. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 50, 201–223.
Le Traon, P. Y., and F. Hernandez, 1992: Mapping the oceanic
mesoscale circulation: Validation of satellite altimetry using
surface drifters. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9, 687–698.
——, and F. Ogor, 1998: ERS ½ orbit improvement using TOPEX/
Poseidon: The 2 cm challange. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8045–
8057.
——, and G. Dibarboure, 1999: Mesoscale mapping capabilities of
multiple-satellite altimeter missions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech-
nol., 16, 1208–1223.
——, P. Gaspar, F. Bouyssel, and H. Makhmara, 1995: Using TOPEX/
Poseidon data to enhance ERS-1 orbit. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech-
nol., 12, 161–170.
——, F. Nadal, and N. Ducet, 1998: An improved mapping method
of multi-satellite altimeter data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,
15, 522–534.
Leuliette, E. W., and L. Miller, 2009: Closing the sea level rise
budget with altimetry, Argo and GRACE. Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L04608, doi:10.1029/2008GL036010.
Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, H. E. Garcia,
and A. V. Mishonov, 2009: Global ocean heat content 1955–
2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07608, doi:10.1029/2008GL037155.
Lorenc, A., 1981: A global three-dimensional multivariate statis-
tical interpolation scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 701–721.
Madec, G., P. Delecluse, M. Imbard, and C. Le´ vy, 1998: OPA 8.1
ocean general circulation model reference manual. Note
du Poˆ le de Mode´ lisation 11, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace,
91 pp.
Masina, S., P. Di Pietro, A. Storto, S. Dobricic, A. Alessandri, and
A. Cherchi, 2010: Re-analysis in the global ocean at CMCC-
INGV: Examples and applications. Mercator Ocean Quarterly
Newsletter, No. 36, GIP Mercator Ocean, Ramonville St. Agne,
France, 28–38. [Available online at http://www.mercator-ocean.
fr/documents/lettre/lettre_36_en.pdf.]
Mitchell, H. L., and R. Daley, 1997: Discretization error and signal/
error correlation in atmospheric data assimilation. II: The
effect of unresolved scales. Tellus, 49A, 701–708.
Montmerle, T., F. Rabier, and C. Fischer, 2007: Relative impact
of polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite radiances in the
ALADIN/France numerical weather prediction system. Quart.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 655–671.
Oke, P. R., and P. Sakov, 2008: Representation error of oceanic
observations for data assimilation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech-
nol., 25, 1004–1017.
Pascual, A., C. Boone, G. Larnicol, and P.-Y. Le Traon, 2009: On
the quality of real-time altimeter gridded fields: Comparison
with in situ data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 556–569.
Pinardi, N., and Coauthors, 2003: The Mediterranean Ocean Fore-
casting System: First phase of implementation (1998–2001).
Ann. Geophys., 21, 3–20.
Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface
temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J. Climate,
7, 929–948.
Rio, M. H., and F. Hernandez, 2004: A mean dynamic topography
computed over the world ocean from altimetry, in-situ mea-
surements and a geoid model. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12032,
doi:10.1029/2003JC002226.
Roullet, G., and G. Madec, 2000: Salt conservation, free surface,
and varying levels: A new formulation for ocean general cir-
culation models. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 23 927–23 942.
Schiller, A., P. R. Oke, G. B. Brassington, M. Entel, R. Fiedler,
D. A. Griffin, and J. V. Mansbridge, 2008: Eddy-resolving
ocean circulation in the Asian–Australian region inferred
from an ocean reanalysis effort. Prog. Oceanogr., 76, 334–365.
Segschneider, J., D. L. T. Anderson, and T. N. Stockdale, 2000:
Towards the use of altimetry for operational seasonal fore-
casting. J. Climate, 13, 3115–3138.
Storto, A., and F. T. Tveter, 2009: Assimilating humidity pseudo-
observations derived from the cloud profiling radar aboard
CloudSat in ALADIN 3D-Var. Meteor. Appl., 16, 461–479.
Tapley, B. D., D. P. Chambers, S. Bettadpur, and J. C. Ries, 2003:
Large scale ocean circulation from the GRACE GGM01 ge-
oid. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2163, doi:10.1029/2003GL018622.
Uppala, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: The ERA-40 Re-Analysis.
Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012.
Vidard, A., M. Balmaseda, and D. Anderson, 2009: Assimilation of
altimeter data in the ECMWF Ocean Analysis System 3. Mon.
Wea. Rev., 137, 1393–1408.
Vossepoel, F. C., and D. W. Behringer, 2000: Impact of sea level
assimilation on salinity variability in the western equatorial
Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1706–1721.
Wijffels, S. E., J. Willis, C. M. Domingues, P. Barker, N. J. White,
A. Gronell, K. Ridgway, and J. A. Church, 2008: Changing ex-
pendable bathythermograph fall rates and their impact on esti-
mates of thermosteric sea level rise. J. Climate, 21, 5657–5672.
Zheng, F., J. Zhu, and R.-H. Zhang, 2007: Impact of altimetry data
on ENSO ensemble initializations and predictions. Geophys.
Res. Lett., 34, L13611, doi:10.1029/2007GL030451.
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