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Analysis of Earthquake Damage to Ancient Buildings on the San Raineri Peninsula, Messina, Sicily
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.10. Storia ed archeologia applicate alle Scienze della Terra
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
5A / 100 (2010)
Publisher
Seismological Society of America
Pages (printed)
2067-2079
Issued date
October 2010
Abstract
A study aimed to shed some light on building collapse caused by the
strongest earthquakes in the San Raineri Peninsula (Messina) is here reported.
Although a compilation of structurally damaged buildings is widely reported in historical
sources, the interpretation of seismic collapse has often been doubtful or ambiguous.
We therefore performed an exhaustive and detailed review of seismic effects
caused by the 1783 and 1908 earthquakes on the peninsula buildings. Geological and
geotechnical data were also collected on the peninsula. The results of boring data
reveal high seismic vulnerability for the peninsula in some areas. The study shows
that the ancient buildings were damaged by settlement due to soil liquefaction rather
than by seismic shaking of the large walls. The obtained results show that further
investigations must be carried out in this area for a correct town planning of the
peninsula.
strongest earthquakes in the San Raineri Peninsula (Messina) is here reported.
Although a compilation of structurally damaged buildings is widely reported in historical
sources, the interpretation of seismic collapse has often been doubtful or ambiguous.
We therefore performed an exhaustive and detailed review of seismic effects
caused by the 1783 and 1908 earthquakes on the peninsula buildings. Geological and
geotechnical data were also collected on the peninsula. The results of boring data
reveal high seismic vulnerability for the peninsula in some areas. The study shows
that the ancient buildings were damaged by settlement due to soil liquefaction rather
than by seismic shaking of the large walls. The obtained results show that further
investigations must be carried out in this area for a correct town planning of the
peninsula.
References
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Dynam. 25, 371–400.
Aureli, A., P. Carveni, and D. Marino (1994). La frana subacquea verificatasi
il 17 giugno 1987 nel tratto di mare antistante alla spiaggia di Catona
frazione di Reggio Calabria, Boll. Acc. Gioenia Sc. Nat. 27, no. 346,
63–78 (in Italian).
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Baratta, M. (1910). La castrofe sismica calabro-messinese 28 dicembre
1908, Rel. Soc. Geogr. Ital., Roma (in Italian).
Barbano, M. S., A. Bottari, P. Carveni, M. Cosentino, B. Federico, G. Fonte,
E. lo Giudice, G. Lombardo, and G. Patané (1979). Macroseismic
study of the Gulf of Patti earthquake in the geostructural frame of
the north-eastern Sicily, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. 98, 155–174.
Barrier, P., I. Di Geronimo, and C. Montenat (1987). The Messina Strait
(Italy): Pliocene and Pleistocene Tectono-sedimentary evolution and
present environment, Doc. Trav. IGAL, Paris, 11, 272.
Bonfiglio, L., M. G. Bacci, D. Barra, G. Bonaduce, I. Di Geronimo,
L. Mandra, A. Proposito, and D. Violanti (1994). Paleoecological,
radiometric and archaeological core analysis of Holocene deposits
in the Messina harbour area north-eastern Sicily, in Studies on Ecology
and Paleoecology of Benthic Communities, Matteucci et al. (Editors),
Boll. Soc. Paleont. It., Spec. vol., 2, 47–60.
Boschi, E., D. Pantosti, and G. Valensise (1989). Modello di sorgente per il
terremoto di Messina del 1908 ed evoluzione recente dell’area dello
Stretto, Proc. 8° Meeting Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra
Solida, Rome, 245–258 (in Italian).
Bottari, A., E. Carapezza, M. Carapezza, P. Carveni, F. Cefali, E. Lo Giudice,
and C. Pandolfo (1986). The 1908 Messina Strait earthquake in the
regional geostructural framework, J. of Geodyn. 5, 275–302.
Bottari, A., E. Lo Giudice, P. G. Nicoletti, and M. Sorriso-Valvo (1982). The
Ferruzzano earthquake of 1978: Macroseismic effects and slopestability
conditions in southern Calabria (Italy), Rév. Gèol. Dynam.
Gèogr. Phys. 23, no. 1, 73–84.
Bottari, A., M. Pietrafesa, and E. Stillitani (1990). Sull’attenuazione
dell’intensità macrosismica nella regione dell’Arco Calabro-
Peloritano, Atti del Convegno del GNDT, CNR, Roma, vol. 1,
pp. 1–13 (in Italian).
Bottari, C., D. Termini, and A. Teramo (2005). Macroseismic parameters
of seismogenetic zones of Calabria and Sicily for seismic hazard
evaluation, Pure Appl. Geophys. 162, 739–746.
Boulanger, R. W. (2003). High overburden stress effects in liquefaction
analyses, J Geotech Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 129, no. 12, 1071–82.
Boulanger, R.W., and I. M. Idriss (2004). State normalization of penetration
resistance and the effect of overburden stress on liquefaction
resistance, Proc., 11th International Conf. on Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering and 3rd International Conference on
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, California.
Bousquet, J. C., P. Carveni, G. Lanzafame, H. Philip, and L. Tortorici
(1980). La distension Plistocène sur le bord oriental du détroit
de Messina: Analogies entre les résultats microtectoniques et le
mécanisme au foyer du séisme de (1908), Bull. Soc. Géol. France
22, 327–336 (in French).
Capuano, P., G. De Natale, P. Gasparini, F. Pingue, and R. Scarpa (1988).
A model for the 1908 Messina Straits Italy earthquake by inversion of
levelling data, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 78, 1930–1947.
Catalano, S., and G. De Guidi (2003). Late Quaternary uplift of northeastern
Sicily: Relation with the active normal faulting deformation,
J. Geodyn. 36, 445–467.
Copat, B. (2005–2006). Agenzia Industria e Difesa, Arsenale Militare di
Messina, Progetto di verifica strutturale del bacino di carenaggio,
Messina (in Italian).
Copat, B. (2004–2007). Progetto di bonifica della zona falcata—Comune di
Messina (in Italian).
CPTI04 (2004). Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, Istituto
Nazionale di Geofisica Vulcanologia, Bologna, Italy (in Italian).
Del Ben, A., C. Gargano, and F. Lentini (1996). Ricostruzione strutturale e
stratigrafica dell’area dello Stretto di Messina mediante analisi
comparata dei dati geologici e sismici, Mem. Soc. Geol. It. 51,
703–717 (in Italian).
De Natale, G., and F. Pingue (1991). A variable slip fault model for the
1908 Messina Straits (Italy) earthquake by inversion of levelling data,
Geophys. J. Int. 104, 73–84.
Di Mauro, M. (1999). Bastioni a mare delle vecchie fortificazioni su cui
sorge la madonnina del Porto di Messina, Relazione Geologica e
studio geotecnica. Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici Artistici
e Storici, Catania (in Italian).
Dolomieu, D. (1784). Mémoire sur le Tremblement de Terre de la Calabre
Pendant l’Année 1783, Fulgoni, Rome (in French).
Finetti, I., and A. Del Ben (1985). Technical report n°850016, Stretto di
Messina S.p.A., Roma, pp. 22 (in Italian).
Franchi, S. (1909). Il terremoto del 28 dicembre 1908 a Messina, in rapporto
alla natura del terreno e alla riedificazione della città, Boll. R. Comit.
Geol. It. s. IV, no. 92, 111–157 (in Italian).
Frepoli, A., and A. Amato (2000). Fault plane solutions of crustal earthquakes
in southern Italy 1988–1995: Seismotectonic implications,
Ann. Geophys. 43, 437–467.
Gargano, C. (1994). Carta geologica di Messina e del settore nord-orientale
dei Monti Peloritani, Se.L.Ca., Firenze, Italy (in Italian).
GeoLogismiki, (2006). LiqIT v. 4.7.6.1.
Ghisetti, F. (1984). Recent deformations and the seismogenic source in the
Messina Straits southern Italy, Tectonophysics 109, 191–208.
Ghisetti, F. (1992). Fault parameters in the Messina Strait southern Italy and
relations with the seismogenic structure, Tectonophysics 210, 117–133.
Ghisetti, F., R. Scarpa, and L. Vezzani (1982). Seismic activity, deep
structures and deformation processes in the Calabrian Arc, southern
Italy, Earth Evol. Sci. 3, 248–260.
Hamilton, W. (1783). Relazione dell’ultimo terremoto delle Calabrie e delle
Sicilia, inviata da Hamilton, S. E. G. e tradotta dal dottor Sella,
G., Firenze (in Italian).
Idriss, I. M. (1999). An update to the Seed-Idriss simplified procedure
for evaluating liquefaction potential, Proc., TRB Workshop on New
Approaches to Liquefaction, January, Publication No. FHWA-RD-
99-165, Federal Highway Administration.
Idriss, I. M., and R. W. Boulanger (2006). Semi-empirical procedures for
evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes, Soil Dynam.
Earthquake Eng. 26, 115–130.
Jacques, E., C. Monaco, P. Tapponier, L. Tortrici, and T. Winter (2001).
Faulting and earthquake triggering during the 1783 Calabria seismic
sequence, Geophys. J. Int. 147, 499–516.
Lentini, F., S. Catalano, M. S. Carbone, A. Caliri, P. Carveni, A. Di Stefano,
C. Gargano, M. Grasso, F. La Manna, R. Lentini, A. Messina,M. Romeo, S. Strazzulla, G. Vinci, and G. Vinciguerra (2000).
Carta geologica della provincia di Messina, scala 1:50.000.
Se.L.Ca., Firenze (in Italian).
Lo Perfido, A. (1909). Livellazione geometrica di precisione eseguita
dall’Istituto Geografico Militare sulla costa orientale della Sicilia,
da Messina a Catania, a Gesso ed a Faro Peloro e sulla costa occidentale
della Calabria da Gioia Tauro a Melito di Porto Salvo, incarico,
pp. 131–169, Minist. dell’Agric., Ind. e Commer., Rel. Comm., Rome,
Italy (in Italian).
Mercalli, G. (1897). I Terremoti della Calabria Meridionale e del Messinese,
Mem. Soc. It. Sc. III, Roma (1897) (in Italian).
Mercalli, G. (1909). Contributo allo studio del terremoto Calabro-Messinese
del mattino del 28 dicembre 1908, Boll. Soc. Met. It. III, vol. 28,
Torino, Italy (in Italian).
Mulargia, F., and E. Boschi (1983). The 1908 Messina Erthquake and related
seismicity, in Earthquakes: Observation, Theory and Interpretation,
Proc. Int. School Phys. “Enrico Fermi”. Course LXXXV, pp. 479–
492, E. Boschi and H. Kanamori (Editors), Varenna, North-Holland,
Amsterdam.
Neri, G., D. Caccamo, O. Cocina, and A. Montalto (1996). Geodynamic
implications of earthquake data in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea,
Tectonophysics 258, 233–249.
Sabetta, F., and A. Pugliese (1987). Attenuation of peak horizontal
acceleration and velocity from Italian strong-motion records, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 77, 1491–1513.
Sartori, C. (1998). Il Forte del S.S. Salvatore nella zona falcata. L’intervento
di restauro della Soprintendenza BB. CC. AA. di Messina, in Rivista
d’informazione dell’Ordine degli Architetti di Messina 29, 14–18
(in Italian).
Schick, R. (1977). Eine seismotektonische Bearbeitung des Erdbebens von
Messina in Jarhe 1908, Geol. Jahrb. R. E. H. 11, 74 (in German).
Seed, H. B. (1983). Earthquake resistant design of earth dams, Proc.,
Symposium on Seismic Design of Embankments and Caverns,
Pennsylvania, ASCE, New York, 41–64.
Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss (1967). Analysis of soil liquefaction: Niigata
earthquake, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 93, 83–108.
Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss (1971). Simplified procedures for evaluating soil
liquefaction potential, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 1249–1273.
Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss (1982). Ground motions and soil liquefaction
during earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,
University of California, Berkeley, California, p. 134.
Seed, H. B., I. M. Idriss, and L. Arango (1983). Evaluation of liquefaction
potential using field performance data, J. Geotech. Geoenvir. Eng.
109, 965–976.
Seed, H. B., K. Mori, and C. K. Chan (1975). Influence of seismic history on
the liquefaction characteristics of sands, Report No. EERC 75-25,
Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California,
Berkeley, California.
Seed, H. B., K. Tokimatsu, L. F. Harder, and R. M. Chung (1985).
Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations,
J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE 111, 1425–1445.
Sherif, M. A., and I. Ishibashi (1978). Soil dynamics consideration
for microzonation, Proc. of the 2nd International Conf. on Microzonation,
San Francisco, vol. I, pp. 81–96.
Siro, L. (1983). Indagini di microzonazione sismica, Intervento urgente in
39 abitati della Campania e Basilicata colpiti dal terremoto del
23.11.1990, CNR, Progetto finalizzato Geodinamica, pubblicazione
n. 492 (in Italian).
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modelling for the determination of regional attenuation coefficients,
Nat. Hazards 17, 17–30.
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active tectonics in the Calabrian arc (southern Italy), Tectonophysics
243, 37–55.
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earthquake revealed by geodetic data analysis, Eos Trans. AGU, Fall
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98, 21,741–21,772.
of horizontal response spectra in Europe, Earthquake Eng. Struct.
Dynam. 25, 371–400.
Aureli, A., P. Carveni, and D. Marino (1994). La frana subacquea verificatasi
il 17 giugno 1987 nel tratto di mare antistante alla spiaggia di Catona
frazione di Reggio Calabria, Boll. Acc. Gioenia Sc. Nat. 27, no. 346,
63–78 (in Italian).
Baratta, G. M. (1901). I terremoti d’Italia. Fratelli Bocca Eds., Torino, Italy
(in Italian).
Baratta, M. (1910). La castrofe sismica calabro-messinese 28 dicembre
1908, Rel. Soc. Geogr. Ital., Roma (in Italian).
Barbano, M. S., A. Bottari, P. Carveni, M. Cosentino, B. Federico, G. Fonte,
E. lo Giudice, G. Lombardo, and G. Patané (1979). Macroseismic
study of the Gulf of Patti earthquake in the geostructural frame of
the north-eastern Sicily, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. 98, 155–174.
Barrier, P., I. Di Geronimo, and C. Montenat (1987). The Messina Strait
(Italy): Pliocene and Pleistocene Tectono-sedimentary evolution and
present environment, Doc. Trav. IGAL, Paris, 11, 272.
Bonfiglio, L., M. G. Bacci, D. Barra, G. Bonaduce, I. Di Geronimo,
L. Mandra, A. Proposito, and D. Violanti (1994). Paleoecological,
radiometric and archaeological core analysis of Holocene deposits
in the Messina harbour area north-eastern Sicily, in Studies on Ecology
and Paleoecology of Benthic Communities, Matteucci et al. (Editors),
Boll. Soc. Paleont. It., Spec. vol., 2, 47–60.
Boschi, E., D. Pantosti, and G. Valensise (1989). Modello di sorgente per il
terremoto di Messina del 1908 ed evoluzione recente dell’area dello
Stretto, Proc. 8° Meeting Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra
Solida, Rome, 245–258 (in Italian).
Bottari, A., E. Carapezza, M. Carapezza, P. Carveni, F. Cefali, E. Lo Giudice,
and C. Pandolfo (1986). The 1908 Messina Strait earthquake in the
regional geostructural framework, J. of Geodyn. 5, 275–302.
Bottari, A., E. Lo Giudice, P. G. Nicoletti, and M. Sorriso-Valvo (1982). The
Ferruzzano earthquake of 1978: Macroseismic effects and slopestability
conditions in southern Calabria (Italy), Rév. Gèol. Dynam.
Gèogr. Phys. 23, no. 1, 73–84.
Bottari, A., M. Pietrafesa, and E. Stillitani (1990). Sull’attenuazione
dell’intensità macrosismica nella regione dell’Arco Calabro-
Peloritano, Atti del Convegno del GNDT, CNR, Roma, vol. 1,
pp. 1–13 (in Italian).
Bottari, C., D. Termini, and A. Teramo (2005). Macroseismic parameters
of seismogenetic zones of Calabria and Sicily for seismic hazard
evaluation, Pure Appl. Geophys. 162, 739–746.
Boulanger, R. W. (2003). High overburden stress effects in liquefaction
analyses, J Geotech Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 129, no. 12, 1071–82.
Boulanger, R.W., and I. M. Idriss (2004). State normalization of penetration
resistance and the effect of overburden stress on liquefaction
resistance, Proc., 11th International Conf. on Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering and 3rd International Conference on
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, California.
Bousquet, J. C., P. Carveni, G. Lanzafame, H. Philip, and L. Tortorici
(1980). La distension Plistocène sur le bord oriental du détroit
de Messina: Analogies entre les résultats microtectoniques et le
mécanisme au foyer du séisme de (1908), Bull. Soc. Géol. France
22, 327–336 (in French).
Capuano, P., G. De Natale, P. Gasparini, F. Pingue, and R. Scarpa (1988).
A model for the 1908 Messina Straits Italy earthquake by inversion of
levelling data, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 78, 1930–1947.
Catalano, S., and G. De Guidi (2003). Late Quaternary uplift of northeastern
Sicily: Relation with the active normal faulting deformation,
J. Geodyn. 36, 445–467.
Copat, B. (2005–2006). Agenzia Industria e Difesa, Arsenale Militare di
Messina, Progetto di verifica strutturale del bacino di carenaggio,
Messina (in Italian).
Copat, B. (2004–2007). Progetto di bonifica della zona falcata—Comune di
Messina (in Italian).
CPTI04 (2004). Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, Istituto
Nazionale di Geofisica Vulcanologia, Bologna, Italy (in Italian).
Del Ben, A., C. Gargano, and F. Lentini (1996). Ricostruzione strutturale e
stratigrafica dell’area dello Stretto di Messina mediante analisi
comparata dei dati geologici e sismici, Mem. Soc. Geol. It. 51,
703–717 (in Italian).
De Natale, G., and F. Pingue (1991). A variable slip fault model for the
1908 Messina Straits (Italy) earthquake by inversion of levelling data,
Geophys. J. Int. 104, 73–84.
Di Mauro, M. (1999). Bastioni a mare delle vecchie fortificazioni su cui
sorge la madonnina del Porto di Messina, Relazione Geologica e
studio geotecnica. Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici Artistici
e Storici, Catania (in Italian).
Dolomieu, D. (1784). Mémoire sur le Tremblement de Terre de la Calabre
Pendant l’Année 1783, Fulgoni, Rome (in French).
Finetti, I., and A. Del Ben (1985). Technical report n°850016, Stretto di
Messina S.p.A., Roma, pp. 22 (in Italian).
Franchi, S. (1909). Il terremoto del 28 dicembre 1908 a Messina, in rapporto
alla natura del terreno e alla riedificazione della città, Boll. R. Comit.
Geol. It. s. IV, no. 92, 111–157 (in Italian).
Frepoli, A., and A. Amato (2000). Fault plane solutions of crustal earthquakes
in southern Italy 1988–1995: Seismotectonic implications,
Ann. Geophys. 43, 437–467.
Gargano, C. (1994). Carta geologica di Messina e del settore nord-orientale
dei Monti Peloritani, Se.L.Ca., Firenze, Italy (in Italian).
GeoLogismiki, (2006). LiqIT v. 4.7.6.1.
Ghisetti, F. (1984). Recent deformations and the seismogenic source in the
Messina Straits southern Italy, Tectonophysics 109, 191–208.
Ghisetti, F. (1992). Fault parameters in the Messina Strait southern Italy and
relations with the seismogenic structure, Tectonophysics 210, 117–133.
Ghisetti, F., R. Scarpa, and L. Vezzani (1982). Seismic activity, deep
structures and deformation processes in the Calabrian Arc, southern
Italy, Earth Evol. Sci. 3, 248–260.
Hamilton, W. (1783). Relazione dell’ultimo terremoto delle Calabrie e delle
Sicilia, inviata da Hamilton, S. E. G. e tradotta dal dottor Sella,
G., Firenze (in Italian).
Idriss, I. M. (1999). An update to the Seed-Idriss simplified procedure
for evaluating liquefaction potential, Proc., TRB Workshop on New
Approaches to Liquefaction, January, Publication No. FHWA-RD-
99-165, Federal Highway Administration.
Idriss, I. M., and R. W. Boulanger (2006). Semi-empirical procedures for
evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes, Soil Dynam.
Earthquake Eng. 26, 115–130.
Jacques, E., C. Monaco, P. Tapponier, L. Tortrici, and T. Winter (2001).
Faulting and earthquake triggering during the 1783 Calabria seismic
sequence, Geophys. J. Int. 147, 499–516.
Lentini, F., S. Catalano, M. S. Carbone, A. Caliri, P. Carveni, A. Di Stefano,
C. Gargano, M. Grasso, F. La Manna, R. Lentini, A. Messina,M. Romeo, S. Strazzulla, G. Vinci, and G. Vinciguerra (2000).
Carta geologica della provincia di Messina, scala 1:50.000.
Se.L.Ca., Firenze (in Italian).
Lo Perfido, A. (1909). Livellazione geometrica di precisione eseguita
dall’Istituto Geografico Militare sulla costa orientale della Sicilia,
da Messina a Catania, a Gesso ed a Faro Peloro e sulla costa occidentale
della Calabria da Gioia Tauro a Melito di Porto Salvo, incarico,
pp. 131–169, Minist. dell’Agric., Ind. e Commer., Rel. Comm., Rome,
Italy (in Italian).
Mercalli, G. (1897). I Terremoti della Calabria Meridionale e del Messinese,
Mem. Soc. It. Sc. III, Roma (1897) (in Italian).
Mercalli, G. (1909). Contributo allo studio del terremoto Calabro-Messinese
del mattino del 28 dicembre 1908, Boll. Soc. Met. It. III, vol. 28,
Torino, Italy (in Italian).
Mulargia, F., and E. Boschi (1983). The 1908 Messina Erthquake and related
seismicity, in Earthquakes: Observation, Theory and Interpretation,
Proc. Int. School Phys. “Enrico Fermi”. Course LXXXV, pp. 479–
492, E. Boschi and H. Kanamori (Editors), Varenna, North-Holland,
Amsterdam.
Neri, G., D. Caccamo, O. Cocina, and A. Montalto (1996). Geodynamic
implications of earthquake data in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea,
Tectonophysics 258, 233–249.
Sabetta, F., and A. Pugliese (1987). Attenuation of peak horizontal
acceleration and velocity from Italian strong-motion records, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 77, 1491–1513.
Sartori, C. (1998). Il Forte del S.S. Salvatore nella zona falcata. L’intervento
di restauro della Soprintendenza BB. CC. AA. di Messina, in Rivista
d’informazione dell’Ordine degli Architetti di Messina 29, 14–18
(in Italian).
Schick, R. (1977). Eine seismotektonische Bearbeitung des Erdbebens von
Messina in Jarhe 1908, Geol. Jahrb. R. E. H. 11, 74 (in German).
Seed, H. B. (1983). Earthquake resistant design of earth dams, Proc.,
Symposium on Seismic Design of Embankments and Caverns,
Pennsylvania, ASCE, New York, 41–64.
Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss (1967). Analysis of soil liquefaction: Niigata
earthquake, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 93, 83–108.
Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss (1971). Simplified procedures for evaluating soil
liquefaction potential, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 1249–1273.
Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss (1982). Ground motions and soil liquefaction
during earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,
University of California, Berkeley, California, p. 134.
Seed, H. B., I. M. Idriss, and L. Arango (1983). Evaluation of liquefaction
potential using field performance data, J. Geotech. Geoenvir. Eng.
109, 965–976.
Seed, H. B., K. Mori, and C. K. Chan (1975). Influence of seismic history on
the liquefaction characteristics of sands, Report No. EERC 75-25,
Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California,
Berkeley, California.
Seed, H. B., K. Tokimatsu, L. F. Harder, and R. M. Chung (1985).
Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations,
J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE 111, 1425–1445.
Sherif, M. A., and I. Ishibashi (1978). Soil dynamics consideration
for microzonation, Proc. of the 2nd International Conf. on Microzonation,
San Francisco, vol. I, pp. 81–96.
Siro, L. (1983). Indagini di microzonazione sismica, Intervento urgente in
39 abitati della Campania e Basilicata colpiti dal terremoto del
23.11.1990, CNR, Progetto finalizzato Geodinamica, pubblicazione
n. 492 (in Italian).
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