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Source Scaling and Site Effects at Vesuvius Volcano
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
3/99(2009)
Publisher
Seismological Society of America.
Pages (printed)
1705-1719
Issued date
June 2009
Abstract
The site-corrected source scaling pattern is estimated for local earthquakes
(0:9 ≤MD ≤ 3:6) at Mt. Vesuvius. The dataset comprises 35 low-to-moderate
local earthquakes recorded by 14 three-component seismic stations during 1993,
1996, and 1999.
Site-transfer functions in the frequency range 1 Hz–25 Hz are estimated from the
spectra of S waves and coda waves and from the horizontal-to-vertical (H=V) spectral
ratios. We applied the direct spectral ratios method to S waves, considering as a reference
the average spectrum and the inversion method to S waves and coda waves.
The site amplification on the coda waves was also compared with that evaluated using
the wavelet transform. The standard deviation associated with the experimental results
is computed for all of the used methods.
Results indicate a general agreement among the methods, and the site-transfer
functions show interesting features. The highest amplifications are found for frequencies
lower than 12 Hz for sites located at lower altitude. The methods based on coda
waves show highest amplification with respect to the methods based on S waves for
most of the sites located in the summit part of the volcano. This can be a phenomenon
of coda localization, which consists in the trapping inside the upper part of the volcano
of scattered waves. The H=V spectral ratios do not show total agreement with the other
methods, mostly for the sites located in the summit part of the volcano. The discrepancies
among the results obtained in this work are also due to the different normalization
applied in the methods of analysis.
Generalized inversion method allowed us to estimate the source scaling of the
site-corrected source seismic spectrum for the investigated area. The source scaling
obtained in terms of seismic moment and source radii shows that the seismicity of
Mt. Vesuvius is characterized by stress drop as low as a few bars (10 bars) except
for the event of MD 3:6 (Δσ 100 bars). The scaling pattern shows an apparent
linear relationship between source size and seismic moment (for MD ≤ 3:3) but the
statistical test shows that the linear trend has low reliability.
(0:9 ≤MD ≤ 3:6) at Mt. Vesuvius. The dataset comprises 35 low-to-moderate
local earthquakes recorded by 14 three-component seismic stations during 1993,
1996, and 1999.
Site-transfer functions in the frequency range 1 Hz–25 Hz are estimated from the
spectra of S waves and coda waves and from the horizontal-to-vertical (H=V) spectral
ratios. We applied the direct spectral ratios method to S waves, considering as a reference
the average spectrum and the inversion method to S waves and coda waves.
The site amplification on the coda waves was also compared with that evaluated using
the wavelet transform. The standard deviation associated with the experimental results
is computed for all of the used methods.
Results indicate a general agreement among the methods, and the site-transfer
functions show interesting features. The highest amplifications are found for frequencies
lower than 12 Hz for sites located at lower altitude. The methods based on coda
waves show highest amplification with respect to the methods based on S waves for
most of the sites located in the summit part of the volcano. This can be a phenomenon
of coda localization, which consists in the trapping inside the upper part of the volcano
of scattered waves. The H=V spectral ratios do not show total agreement with the other
methods, mostly for the sites located in the summit part of the volcano. The discrepancies
among the results obtained in this work are also due to the different normalization
applied in the methods of analysis.
Generalized inversion method allowed us to estimate the source scaling of the
site-corrected source seismic spectrum for the investigated area. The source scaling
obtained in terms of seismic moment and source radii shows that the seismicity of
Mt. Vesuvius is characterized by stress drop as low as a few bars (10 bars) except
for the event of MD 3:6 (Δσ 100 bars). The scaling pattern shows an apparent
linear relationship between source size and seismic moment (for MD ≤ 3:3) but the
statistical test shows that the linear trend has low reliability.
References
Abercrombie, R. E. (1995). Earthquake source scaling relationship from 1
to 5ML using seismograms recorded at 2.5 km depth, J. Geophys. Res.
100, 24015–24036.
Aki, K., and B. Chouet (1975). Origin of coda waves: source, attenuation,
and scattering effect, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3322–3342.
Aki, K., and V. Ferrazzini (2000). Seismic monitoring and modeling on
an active volcano for prediction, J. Geophys. Res. 105, no. B7,
16617–16640.
Archuleta, R. J. (1982). Analysis of near-source static and dynamic measurements
from the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc.
Am. 72, 1927–1956.
Atkinson, G. (1993). Earthquake source spectra in eastern North America,
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 83, 1778–1798.
Bianco, F., M. Castellano, E. Del Pezzo, and J. M. Ibanez (1999). Attenuation
of short-period seismic waves at Mt. Vesuvius, Italy, Geophys. J.
Int. 138, 67–76.
Birgoren, G., and K. Irikura (2005). Estimation of site response in time domain
using the Meyer–Yamada wavelet analysis, Bull. Seismol. Soc.
Am. 95, no. 4, 1447–1456.
Bonilla, L. F., H. J. Steidl, G. T. Lindley, A. G. Tumarkin, and R. Archuleta
(1997). Site amplification in the San Fernando Valley, California:
Variability of the site-effect estimation using the S-wave, coda, and
H=V methods, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 87, no. 3, 710–730.
Boore, D. M. (2004). Can site response be predicted?, J. Earthq. Eng. 8,
no. 1, 1–41.
Borcherdt, R. D. (1970). Effects of local geology on ground motion near San
Francisco Bay, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 60, 29–61.
Brune, J. N. (1970). Tectonic stress and seismic shear waves from earthquakes,
J. Geophys. Res. 75, 4997–5009.
Brune, J. N. (1971). Correction, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 5002.
Chávez-García , F. J., M. Rodriguez, E. H. Field, and D. Hatzfeld (1997).
Topographic site effects. A comparison of two nonreference methods,
(Short Note), Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 87, 1667–1673.
Cubellis, E., G. Luongo, and A. Maturano (2007). Seismic hazard assessment
at Mt. Vesuvius: Maximum expected magnitude, J. Vol. Geoth.
Res. 162, 139–148.
Del Pezzo, E., F. Bianco, and G. Saccorotti (2004). Seismic source dynamics
at Vesuvius volcano, Italy, J. Vol. Geoth. Res. 133, 23–39.
Del Pezzo, E., F. Bianco, and L. Zaccarelli (2006). Separation of Qi and Qs
from passive data at Mt. Vesuvius: A reappraisal of the seismic
attenuation estimates, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors. 159, 202–212.
Del Pezzo, E., S. De Martino, M. T. Parrinello, and C. Sabbarese (1993).
Seismic site amplification factors in Campi Flegrei, southern Italy,
Phys. Earth. Plan. Interiors. 78, 105–117.
Drouet, S., A. Souriau, and F. Cotton (2005). Attenuation, seismic moments,
and site effects for weak-motion events: Application to Pyrenees, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 95, no. 5, 1731–1748.
Field, E. H. (1996). Spectral amplification in a sediment-filled valley
exhibiting clear basin-edge induced waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.
86, 991–1005.
Frankel, A., and L. Wennerberg (1989). Microearthquake spectra from the
Anza, California seismic network: site response and source scaling,
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 79, no. 3, 581–609.
Galluzzo, D., E. Del Pezzo, R. Maresca, M. La Rocca, and M. Castellano
(2006). Site-effect estimation and source-scaling dynamics for local
earthquakes at Mt. Vesuvius, Italy, Proceedings of Third International
Symposium of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France,
September 2006, 951–960.
Guidoboni, E., and A. Comastri (2005). Catalogue of Earthquakes and
Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Area from the 11th to the 15th
CenturyIsituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome.
Ide, S., G. C. Beroza, S. G. Prejean, and W. L. Ellsworth (2003). Apparent
break in earthquake scaling due to path and site effect on deep borehole
recordings, J. Geophys. Res. 108, no. B5, 2271.
Jin, A., C. A. Moya, and M. Ando (2000). Simultaneous determination of
site response and source parameters of small earthquakes along the
Atotsugawa Fault Zone, central Japan, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90,
no. 6, 1430–1445.
Kanamori, H., and L. Rivera (2004). Static and dynamic scaling relations for
earthquakes and their implications for rupture speed and stress drop,
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, no. 1, 314–319.
Kato, K., K. Aki, and M. Takemura (1995). Site amplification from coda
waves: Validation and application to S-wave site response, Bull. Seismol.
Soc. Am. 85, no. 2, 467–477.
Lachet, C., D. Hatzfeld, P. Bard, N. Theodulidis, C. Papaioannou, and
A. Savvaidis (1996). Site effect and microzonation in the city of
Thessaloniky (Greece). Comparison of different approaches, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, no. 6, 1692–1703.
Lay, T., and T. C. Wallace (1995). Modern Global Seismology, Academic
Cambridge Press, London.
Malagnini, L., K. Mayeda, A. Akinci, and P. L. Bragato (2004).
Estimating absolute site effects, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, no. 4,
1343–1352.
Mayeda, K., and W. R. Walter (1996). Moment, energy, stress drop, and
source spectra of western United States earthquakes from regional
coda envelopes, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 11,195–11,208.
Mayeda, K., S. Koynagi, and K. Aki (1991). Site amplification from S-wave
coda in the Long Valley Caldera region, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc.
Am. 81, no. 6, 2194–2213.
Meyer, Y. (1989). Orthonormal wavelets, in Wavelets, J. M. Combes,
A. Grossman and P. Tchamitchian (Editors), Springer, Berlin.
O’Connell, D. R. H. (1999). Replication of apparent nonlinear seismic
response with linear wave propagation models, Science 283, no. 26,
2045–2050.
Paolucci, R. (2002). Amplification of earthquake ground motion by
steep topographic irregularities, Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31,
1831–1853.
Parolai, S., D. Bindi, and L. Troiani (2001). Site response for the RSM Seismic
Network and Source Parameters in the central Appenines (Italy),
Pure Appl. Geophys. 158, 695–715.
1716 D. Galluzzo, E. Del Pezzo, M. La Rocca, M. Castellano, and F. Bianco
Phillips, W. S., and K. Aki (1986). Site amplification of coda waves from
local earthquakes in central California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 76,
627–648.
Sato, H., and M. Fehler (1997). Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in
the Heterogenous Earth, Springer-Verlag New York.
Satoh, T., H. Kawase, and S. Matsushima (2001). Differences between site
characteristics obtained from microtremors, S waves, P waves, and
codas, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 91, 313–334.
Scarpa, R., F. Tronca, F. Bianco, and E. Del Pezzo (2002). High resolution
velocity structure beneath Mount Vesuvius from seismic array data,
Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, no. 21, 2040, doi 10.1029/2002GL015576.
Sonley, E., and R. E. Abercrombie (2006). Effects of methods of attenuation
correction on source parameter determination, Earthquakes: Radiated
Energy and the Physics of Faulting, Geophysical Monograph Series,
Vol. 170, AGU.
Steidl, J. H., A. G. Tumarkin, and R. J. Archuleta (1996). What is a reference
site?, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, 1733–1748.
Tramelli, A. (2008). Elastic propagation in random media: application to the
imaging of volcano structures, PhD Thesis.
Wald, D. J., and T. I. Allen (2007). Topographic slope as a proxy for
seismic site conditions and amplification, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.
97, 1379–1395.
to 5ML using seismograms recorded at 2.5 km depth, J. Geophys. Res.
100, 24015–24036.
Aki, K., and B. Chouet (1975). Origin of coda waves: source, attenuation,
and scattering effect, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3322–3342.
Aki, K., and V. Ferrazzini (2000). Seismic monitoring and modeling on
an active volcano for prediction, J. Geophys. Res. 105, no. B7,
16617–16640.
Archuleta, R. J. (1982). Analysis of near-source static and dynamic measurements
from the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc.
Am. 72, 1927–1956.
Atkinson, G. (1993). Earthquake source spectra in eastern North America,
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 83, 1778–1798.
Bianco, F., M. Castellano, E. Del Pezzo, and J. M. Ibanez (1999). Attenuation
of short-period seismic waves at Mt. Vesuvius, Italy, Geophys. J.
Int. 138, 67–76.
Birgoren, G., and K. Irikura (2005). Estimation of site response in time domain
using the Meyer–Yamada wavelet analysis, Bull. Seismol. Soc.
Am. 95, no. 4, 1447–1456.
Bonilla, L. F., H. J. Steidl, G. T. Lindley, A. G. Tumarkin, and R. Archuleta
(1997). Site amplification in the San Fernando Valley, California:
Variability of the site-effect estimation using the S-wave, coda, and
H=V methods, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 87, no. 3, 710–730.
Boore, D. M. (2004). Can site response be predicted?, J. Earthq. Eng. 8,
no. 1, 1–41.
Borcherdt, R. D. (1970). Effects of local geology on ground motion near San
Francisco Bay, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 60, 29–61.
Brune, J. N. (1970). Tectonic stress and seismic shear waves from earthquakes,
J. Geophys. Res. 75, 4997–5009.
Brune, J. N. (1971). Correction, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 5002.
Chávez-García , F. J., M. Rodriguez, E. H. Field, and D. Hatzfeld (1997).
Topographic site effects. A comparison of two nonreference methods,
(Short Note), Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 87, 1667–1673.
Cubellis, E., G. Luongo, and A. Maturano (2007). Seismic hazard assessment
at Mt. Vesuvius: Maximum expected magnitude, J. Vol. Geoth.
Res. 162, 139–148.
Del Pezzo, E., F. Bianco, and G. Saccorotti (2004). Seismic source dynamics
at Vesuvius volcano, Italy, J. Vol. Geoth. Res. 133, 23–39.
Del Pezzo, E., F. Bianco, and L. Zaccarelli (2006). Separation of Qi and Qs
from passive data at Mt. Vesuvius: A reappraisal of the seismic
attenuation estimates, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors. 159, 202–212.
Del Pezzo, E., S. De Martino, M. T. Parrinello, and C. Sabbarese (1993).
Seismic site amplification factors in Campi Flegrei, southern Italy,
Phys. Earth. Plan. Interiors. 78, 105–117.
Drouet, S., A. Souriau, and F. Cotton (2005). Attenuation, seismic moments,
and site effects for weak-motion events: Application to Pyrenees, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 95, no. 5, 1731–1748.
Field, E. H. (1996). Spectral amplification in a sediment-filled valley
exhibiting clear basin-edge induced waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.
86, 991–1005.
Frankel, A., and L. Wennerberg (1989). Microearthquake spectra from the
Anza, California seismic network: site response and source scaling,
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 79, no. 3, 581–609.
Galluzzo, D., E. Del Pezzo, R. Maresca, M. La Rocca, and M. Castellano
(2006). Site-effect estimation and source-scaling dynamics for local
earthquakes at Mt. Vesuvius, Italy, Proceedings of Third International
Symposium of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France,
September 2006, 951–960.
Guidoboni, E., and A. Comastri (2005). Catalogue of Earthquakes and
Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Area from the 11th to the 15th
CenturyIsituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome.
Ide, S., G. C. Beroza, S. G. Prejean, and W. L. Ellsworth (2003). Apparent
break in earthquake scaling due to path and site effect on deep borehole
recordings, J. Geophys. Res. 108, no. B5, 2271.
Jin, A., C. A. Moya, and M. Ando (2000). Simultaneous determination of
site response and source parameters of small earthquakes along the
Atotsugawa Fault Zone, central Japan, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90,
no. 6, 1430–1445.
Kanamori, H., and L. Rivera (2004). Static and dynamic scaling relations for
earthquakes and their implications for rupture speed and stress drop,
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, no. 1, 314–319.
Kato, K., K. Aki, and M. Takemura (1995). Site amplification from coda
waves: Validation and application to S-wave site response, Bull. Seismol.
Soc. Am. 85, no. 2, 467–477.
Lachet, C., D. Hatzfeld, P. Bard, N. Theodulidis, C. Papaioannou, and
A. Savvaidis (1996). Site effect and microzonation in the city of
Thessaloniky (Greece). Comparison of different approaches, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, no. 6, 1692–1703.
Lay, T., and T. C. Wallace (1995). Modern Global Seismology, Academic
Cambridge Press, London.
Malagnini, L., K. Mayeda, A. Akinci, and P. L. Bragato (2004).
Estimating absolute site effects, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, no. 4,
1343–1352.
Mayeda, K., and W. R. Walter (1996). Moment, energy, stress drop, and
source spectra of western United States earthquakes from regional
coda envelopes, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 11,195–11,208.
Mayeda, K., S. Koynagi, and K. Aki (1991). Site amplification from S-wave
coda in the Long Valley Caldera region, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc.
Am. 81, no. 6, 2194–2213.
Meyer, Y. (1989). Orthonormal wavelets, in Wavelets, J. M. Combes,
A. Grossman and P. Tchamitchian (Editors), Springer, Berlin.
O’Connell, D. R. H. (1999). Replication of apparent nonlinear seismic
response with linear wave propagation models, Science 283, no. 26,
2045–2050.
Paolucci, R. (2002). Amplification of earthquake ground motion by
steep topographic irregularities, Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31,
1831–1853.
Parolai, S., D. Bindi, and L. Troiani (2001). Site response for the RSM Seismic
Network and Source Parameters in the central Appenines (Italy),
Pure Appl. Geophys. 158, 695–715.
1716 D. Galluzzo, E. Del Pezzo, M. La Rocca, M. Castellano, and F. Bianco
Phillips, W. S., and K. Aki (1986). Site amplification of coda waves from
local earthquakes in central California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 76,
627–648.
Sato, H., and M. Fehler (1997). Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in
the Heterogenous Earth, Springer-Verlag New York.
Satoh, T., H. Kawase, and S. Matsushima (2001). Differences between site
characteristics obtained from microtremors, S waves, P waves, and
codas, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 91, 313–334.
Scarpa, R., F. Tronca, F. Bianco, and E. Del Pezzo (2002). High resolution
velocity structure beneath Mount Vesuvius from seismic array data,
Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, no. 21, 2040, doi 10.1029/2002GL015576.
Sonley, E., and R. E. Abercrombie (2006). Effects of methods of attenuation
correction on source parameter determination, Earthquakes: Radiated
Energy and the Physics of Faulting, Geophysical Monograph Series,
Vol. 170, AGU.
Steidl, J. H., A. G. Tumarkin, and R. J. Archuleta (1996). What is a reference
site?, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, 1733–1748.
Tramelli, A. (2008). Elastic propagation in random media: application to the
imaging of volcano structures, PhD Thesis.
Wald, D. J., and T. I. Allen (2007). Topographic slope as a proxy for
seismic site conditions and amplification, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.
97, 1379–1395.
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